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  1. Article: The Spanos Attitudes Toward Hypnosis Questionnaire: psychometric characteristics and normative data.

    Milling, Leonard S

    The American journal of clinical hypnosis

    2012  Volume 54, Issue 3, Page(s) 202–212

    Abstract: The Attitudes Toward Hypnosis Questionnaire (ATHQ) is a 14-item, self-report measure of positive versus negative attitudes about hypnosis. It is composed of three subscales identified via factor analysis: Positive Beliefs, Fearlessness, and Mental ... ...

    Abstract The Attitudes Toward Hypnosis Questionnaire (ATHQ) is a 14-item, self-report measure of positive versus negative attitudes about hypnosis. It is composed of three subscales identified via factor analysis: Positive Beliefs, Fearlessness, and Mental Stability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the generalizability of the original factor structure of the ATHQ and to provide normative data based on a large sample of 925 introductory psychology students. Internal consistency analysis and factor analysis did not support the scale's original factor structure. Accordingly, it is recommended that the subscales be abandoned and that the 14 items of the ATHQ be utilized as a unidimensional scale. Although attitudes toward hypnosis have been described as an important determinant of hypnotic responding, there has been very little research evaluating this association. If employed as a unidimensional scale, the ATHQ could be a very useful tool in future studies on this topic.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Attitude to Health ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Female ; Humans ; Hypnosis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Psychometrics/statistics & numerical data ; Reference Values ; Reproducibility of Results ; Students/psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2012-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Validation Studies
    ZDB-ID 219387-5
    ISSN 0002-9157
    ISSN 0002-9157
    DOI 10.1080/00029157.2011.631229
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: A Meta-Analysis of Hypnotic Interventions for Depression Symptoms: High Hopes for Hypnosis?

    Milling, Leonard S / Valentine, Keara E / McCarley, Hannah S / LoStimolo, Lindsey M

    The American journal of clinical hypnosis

    2021  Volume 61, Issue 3, Page(s) 227–243

    Abstract: This meta-analysis quantifies the effectiveness of hypnosis for treating the symptoms of depression. To be included in the meta-analysis, studies were required to use a between-subjects or mixed-model design in which a hypnotic intervention for ... ...

    Abstract This meta-analysis quantifies the effectiveness of hypnosis for treating the symptoms of depression. To be included in the meta-analysis, studies were required to use a between-subjects or mixed-model design in which a hypnotic intervention for depression was compared with a control condition in reducing depression symptoms. Of 197 records screened, 10 studies incorporating 13 trials of hypnosis met the inclusion criteria. The mean weighted effect size for 13 trials of hypnosis at the end of active treatment was 0.71 (
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-11-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 219387-5
    ISSN 2160-0562 ; 0002-9157
    ISSN (online) 2160-0562
    ISSN 0002-9157
    DOI 10.1080/00029157.2018.1489777
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  3. Article ; Online: THE EFFICACY OF HYPNOSIS AS A TREATMENT FOR ANXIETY:

    Valentine, Keara E / Milling, Leonard S / Clark, Lauren J / Moriarty, Caitlin L

    The International journal of clinical and experimental hypnosis

    2019  Volume 67, Issue 3, Page(s) 336–363

    Abstract: This meta-analysis quantifies the effectiveness of hypnosis in treating anxiety. Included studies were required to utilize a between-subjects or mixed-model design in which a hypnosis intervention was compared with a control condition in alleviating the ... ...

    Abstract This meta-analysis quantifies the effectiveness of hypnosis in treating anxiety. Included studies were required to utilize a between-subjects or mixed-model design in which a hypnosis intervention was compared with a control condition in alleviating the symptoms of anxiety. Of 399 records screened, 15 studies incorporating 17 trials of hypnosis met the inclusion criteria. At the end of active treatment, 17 trials produced a mean weighted effect size of 0.79 (
    MeSH term(s) Anxiety/therapy ; Humans ; Hypnosis/methods ; Treatment Outcome
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-06-27
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis
    ZDB-ID 218267-1
    ISSN 1744-5183 ; 0020-7144
    ISSN (online) 1744-5183
    ISSN 0020-7144
    DOI 10.1080/00207144.2019.1613863
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  4. Article ; Online: Is high hypnotic suggestibility necessary for successful hypnotic pain intervention?

    Milling, Leonard S

    Current pain and headache reports

    2008  Volume 12, Issue 2, Page(s) 98–102

    Abstract: Hypnotic suggestibility is a trait-like, individual difference variable reflecting the general tendency to respond to hypnosis and hypnotic suggestions. Research with standardized measures of hypnotic suggestibility has demonstrated that there are ... ...

    Abstract Hypnotic suggestibility is a trait-like, individual difference variable reflecting the general tendency to respond to hypnosis and hypnotic suggestions. Research with standardized measures of hypnotic suggestibility has demonstrated that there are substantial individual differences in this variable. Higher suggestibility has been found to be associated with greater relief from hypnotic pain interventions. Although individuals in the high suggestibility range show the strongest response to hypnotic analgesia, people of medium suggestibility, who represent approximately one third of the population, also have been found to obtain significant relief from hypnosis. Thus, high hypnotic suggestibility is not necessary for successful hypnotic pain intervention. However, the available evidence does not support the efficacy of hypnotic pain interventions for people who fall in the low hypnotic suggestibility range. However, some studies suggest that these individuals may benefit from imaginative analgesia suggestions, or suggestions for pain reduction that are delivered while the person is not in hypnosis.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Hypnosis/methods ; Individuality ; Pain/psychology ; Pain Management ; Pain Measurement/methods ; Pain Measurement/psychology ; Suggestion
    Language English
    Publishing date 2008-05-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2055062-5
    ISSN 1534-3081 ; 1531-3433
    ISSN (online) 1534-3081
    ISSN 1531-3433
    DOI 10.1007/s11916-008-0019-0
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  5. Article ; Online: Hypnosis and the Alleviation of Clinical Pain: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis.

    Milling, Leonard S / Valentine, Keara E / LoStimolo, Lindsey M / Nett, Alyssa M / McCarley, Hannah S

    The International journal of clinical and experimental hypnosis

    2021  Volume 69, Issue 3, Page(s) 297–322

    Abstract: This is the first comprehensive meta-analysis in approximately 20 years of all controlled studies of the use of hypnosis for relieving clinical pain. To be included, studies were required to utilize a between-subjects or mixed model design in which a ... ...

    Abstract This is the first comprehensive meta-analysis in approximately 20 years of all controlled studies of the use of hypnosis for relieving clinical pain. To be included, studies were required to utilize a between-subjects or mixed model design in which a hypnosis intervention was compared with a control condition in alleviating any form of clinical pain. Of 523 records screened, 42 studies incorporating 45 trials of hypnosis met the inclusion criteria. Our most conservative estimates of the impact of hypnosis on pain yielded mean weighted effect sizes of 0.60 (
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Hypnosis ; Pain
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-26
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis
    ZDB-ID 218267-1
    ISSN 1744-5183 ; 0020-7144
    ISSN (online) 1744-5183
    ISSN 0020-7144
    DOI 10.1080/00207144.2021.1920330
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  6. Article: On false premises and the hypnotic enhancement effect: reply to Schnall (2004).

    Milling, Leonard S

    Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association

    2005  Volume 24, Issue 1, Page(s) 112

    Abstract: Replies to the comments by E. Schnall (see record 2004-13299-016) on the current author's original article (see record 2003-05896-014), which examined whether adding hypnosis enhances cognitive-behavioral pain treatments. Here, the author addresses ... ...

    Abstract Replies to the comments by E. Schnall (see record 2004-13299-016) on the current author's original article (see record 2003-05896-014), which examined whether adding hypnosis enhances cognitive-behavioral pain treatments. Here, the author addresses Schnall's critique point-by-point, and concludes that--Schnall aside--a a voluminous body of research has clearly established that both hypnosis and cognitive-behavioral treatments are useful for reducing pain, and all evidence from a small but growing literature currently suggests that there is no benefit in adding one procedure to the other.
    MeSH term(s) Analgesia/methods ; Cognitive Therapy/methods ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Humans ; Hypnosis/methods ; Pain/prevention & control ; Pain Management ; Relaxation Therapy ; Research Design/standards ; Suggestion
    Language English
    Publishing date 2005-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comment ; Letter
    ZDB-ID 226369-5
    ISSN 1930-7810 ; 0278-6133
    ISSN (online) 1930-7810
    ISSN 0278-6133
    DOI 10.1037/0278-6133.24.1.112
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  7. Article ; Online: The efficacy of hypnosis as an intervention for labor and delivery pain: a comprehensive methodological review.

    Landolt, Alison S / Milling, Leonard S

    Clinical psychology review

    2011  Volume 31, Issue 6, Page(s) 1022–1031

    Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive methodological review of research on the efficacy of hypnosis for reducing labor and delivery pain. To be included, studies were required to use a between-subjects or mixed model design in which hypnosis was compared ... ...

    Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive methodological review of research on the efficacy of hypnosis for reducing labor and delivery pain. To be included, studies were required to use a between-subjects or mixed model design in which hypnosis was compared with a control condition or alternative intervention in reducing labor pain. An exhaustive search of the PsycINFO and PubMed databases produced 13 studies satisfying these criteria. Hetero-hypnosis and self-hypnosis were consistently shown to be more effective than standard medical care, supportive counseling, and childbirth education classes in reducing pain. Other benefits included better infant Apgar scores and shorter Stage 1 labor. Common methodological limitations of the literature include a failure to use random assignment, to specify the demographic characteristics of samples, and to use a treatment manual.
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Humans ; Hypnosis ; Labor, Obstetric/psychology ; Pain/psychology ; Pain Management/methods ; Parturition/psychology ; Pregnancy ; Treatment Outcome
    Language English
    Publishing date 2011-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 604577-7
    ISSN 1873-7811 ; 0272-7358
    ISSN (online) 1873-7811
    ISSN 0272-7358
    DOI 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.06.002
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  8. Article ; Online: The effectiveness of virtual reality distraction for pain reduction: a systematic review.

    Malloy, Kevin M / Milling, Leonard S

    Clinical psychology review

    2010  Volume 30, Issue 8, Page(s) 1011–1018

    Abstract: Virtual reality technology enables people to become immersed in a computer-simulated, three-dimensional environment. This article provides a comprehensive review of controlled research on the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) distraction for reducing ...

    Abstract Virtual reality technology enables people to become immersed in a computer-simulated, three-dimensional environment. This article provides a comprehensive review of controlled research on the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) distraction for reducing pain. To be included in the review, studies were required to use a between-subjects or mixed model design in which VR distraction was compared with a control condition or an alternative intervention in relieving pain. An exhaustive search identified 11 studies satisfying these criteria. VR distraction was shown to be effective for reducing experimental pain, as well as the discomfort associated with burn injury care. Studies of needle-related pain provided less consistent findings. Use of more sophisticated virtual reality technology capable of fully immersing the individual in a virtual environment was associated with greater relief. Overall, controlled research suggests that VR distraction may be a useful tool for clinicians who work with a variety of pain problems.
    MeSH term(s) Attention ; Burns/psychology ; Burns/therapy ; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic ; Humans ; Injections/psychology ; Pain/psychology ; Pain Management ; Research ; Treatment Outcome ; User-Computer Interface
    Language English
    Publishing date 2010-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 604577-7
    ISSN 1873-7811 ; 0272-7358
    ISSN (online) 1873-7811
    ISSN 0272-7358
    DOI 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.07.001
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  9. Article ; Online: The effectiveness of hypnosis for reducing procedure-related pain in children and adolescents: a comprehensive methodological review.

    Accardi, Michelle C / Milling, Leonard S

    Journal of behavioral medicine

    2009  Volume 32, Issue 4, Page(s) 328–339

    Abstract: A comprehensive, methodologically informed review of studies of the effectiveness of hypnosis for reducing procedure-related pain in children and adolescents is provided. To be included in the review, studies were required to use a between-subjects or ... ...

    Abstract A comprehensive, methodologically informed review of studies of the effectiveness of hypnosis for reducing procedure-related pain in children and adolescents is provided. To be included in the review, studies were required to use a between-subjects or mixed model design in which hypnosis was compared with a control condition or an alternative intervention in reducing the procedure-related pain of patients younger than age 19. An exhaustive search identified 13 studies satisfying these criteria. Hypnosis was consistently found to be more effective than control conditions in alleviating discomfort associated with bone marrow aspirations, lumbar punctures, voiding cystourethograms, the Nuss procedure, and post-surgical pain. Furthermore, hypnosis was as at least as effective as distraction. Three hypnotic interventions met criteria as a possibly efficacious empirically supported therapy for reducing post-surgical or lumbar puncture pain. Several other hypnotic interventions would have achieved the status of a possibly efficacious therapy had studies used a treatment manual.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Attention ; Bone Marrow Examination ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ; Humans ; Hypnosis, Anesthetic ; Imagination ; Pain/drug therapy ; Pain/etiology ; Pain Management ; Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy ; Pain, Postoperative/therapy ; Spinal Puncture ; Treatment Outcome
    Language English
    Publishing date 2009-03-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 441827-x
    ISSN 1573-3521 ; 0160-7715
    ISSN (online) 1573-3521
    ISSN 0160-7715
    DOI 10.1007/s10865-009-9207-6
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  10. Article: The efficacy of vitamins for reducing or preventing depression symptoms in healthy individuals: natural remedy or placebo?

    America, Alison / Milling, Leonard S

    Journal of behavioral medicine

    2007  Volume 31, Issue 2, Page(s) 157–167

    Abstract: Over-the-counter vitamins have become increasingly popular as a natural remedy for reducing or preventing depression symptoms and enhancing the emotional well-being of healthy individuals in the general population. This placebo-controlled, single-blind ... ...

    Abstract Over-the-counter vitamins have become increasingly popular as a natural remedy for reducing or preventing depression symptoms and enhancing the emotional well-being of healthy individuals in the general population. This placebo-controlled, single-blind trial evaluated the effect of vitamins on depression symptoms experienced by a nonclinical sample of participants. One hundred and fourteen healthy young adults were randomly assigned to multivitamin, B-complex vitamin, placebo vitamin, or no-treatment control conditions. At the end of a 6-week regimen, participants administered vitamins reported significant reductions in depression symptoms as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory compared to those who received no treatment. There was no difference between the multivitamin, the B-vitamin, and the placebo. The effect of each of the vitamin regimens on depression symptoms was partially mediated by response expectancies. The results do not support the efficacy of vitamins as a natural remedy for reducing or preventing depression symptoms among healthy people in the general population.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Depression/diagnosis ; Depression/prevention & control ; Depression/psychology ; Dietary Supplements ; Female ; Health Status ; Humans ; Male ; Naturopathy ; Placebo Effect ; Severity of Illness Index ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Vitamin B Complex/therapeutic use ; Vitamins/therapeutic use
    Chemical Substances Vitamins ; Vitamin B Complex (12001-76-2)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2007-11-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial
    ZDB-ID 441827-x
    ISSN 1573-3521 ; 0160-7715
    ISSN (online) 1573-3521
    ISSN 0160-7715
    DOI 10.1007/s10865-007-9134-3
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