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Article ; Online: Cognitive resilience/reserve: Myth or reality? A review of definitions and measurement methods.

Pappalettera, Chiara / Carrarini, Claudia / Miraglia, Francesca / Vecchio, Fabrizio / Rossini, Paolo M

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association

2024 Volume 20, Issue 5, Page(s) 3567–3586

Abstract: Introduction: This review examines the concept of cognitive reserve (CR) in relation to brain aging, particularly in the context of dementia and its early stages. CR refers to an individual's ability to maintain or regain cognitive function despite ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: This review examines the concept of cognitive reserve (CR) in relation to brain aging, particularly in the context of dementia and its early stages. CR refers to an individual's ability to maintain or regain cognitive function despite brain aging, damage, or disease. Various factors, including education, occupation complexity, leisure activities, and genetics are believed to influence CR. Methods: We revised the literature in the context of CR. A total of 842 articles were identified, then we rigorously assessed the relevance of articles based on titles and abstracts, employing a systematic approach to eliminate studies that did not align with our research objectives. Results: We evaluate-also in a critical way-the methods commonly used to define and measure CR, including sociobehavioral proxies, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological and genetic measures. The challenges and limitations of these measures are discussed, emphasizing the need for more targeted research to improve the understanding, definition, and measurement of CR. Conclusions: The review underscores the significance of comprehending CR in the context of both normal and pathological brain aging and emphasizes the importance of further research to identify and enhance this protective factor for cognitive preservation in both healthy and neurologically impaired older individuals. Highlights: This review examines the concept of cognitive reserve in brain aging, in the context of dementia and its early stages. We have evaluated the methods commonly used to define and measure cognitive reserve. Sociobehavioral proxies, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological and genetic measures are discussed. The review emphasizes the importance of further research to identify and enhance this protective factor for cognitive preservation.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Cognitive Reserve/physiology ; Dementia ; Brain/physiology ; Neuroimaging ; Aging/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2211627-8
ISSN	1552-5279 ; 1552-5260
ISSN (online)	1552-5279
ISSN	1552-5260
DOI	10.1002/alz.13744
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Article ; Online: Early dementia diagnosis, MCI-to-dementia risk prediction, and the role of machine learning methods for feature extraction from integrated biomarkers, in particular for EEG signal analysis.

Rossini, Paolo Maria / Miraglia, Francesca / Vecchio, Fabrizio

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association

2022 Volume 18, Issue 12, Page(s) 2699–2706

Abstract: Introduction: Dementia in its various forms represents one of the most frightening emergencies for the aging population. Cognitive decline-including Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia-does not develop in few days; disease mechanisms act progressively for ...

Abstract	Introduction: Dementia in its various forms represents one of the most frightening emergencies for the aging population. Cognitive decline-including Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia-does not develop in few days; disease mechanisms act progressively for several years before clinical evidence. Methods: A preclinical stage, characterized by measurable cognitive impairment, but not overt dementia, is represented by mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which progresses to-or, more accurately, is already in a prodromal form of-AD in about half cases; people with MCI are therefore considered the population at risk for AD deserving special attention for validating screening methods. Results: Graph analysis tools, combined with machine learning methods, represent an interesting probe to identify the distinctive features of physiological/pathological brain aging focusing on functional connectivity networks evaluated on electroencephalographic data and neuropsychological/imaging/genetic/metabolic/cerebrospinal fluid/blood biomarkers. Discussion: On clinical data, this innovative approach for early diagnosis might provide more insight into pathophysiological processes underlying degenerative changes, as well as toward a personalized risk evaluation for pharmacological, nonpharmacological, and rehabilitation treatments.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Aged ; Cognitive Dysfunction/pathology ; Alzheimer Disease/pathology ; Biomarkers ; Machine Learning ; Early Diagnosis ; Electroencephalography ; Disease Progression
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2211627-8
ISSN	1552-5279 ; 1552-5260
ISSN (online)	1552-5279
ISSN	1552-5260
DOI	10.1002/alz.12645
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Article ; Online: Commentary on Comparison of Machine Learning-based Approaches to Predict the Conversion to Alzheimer's Disease from Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Rossini, Paolo Maria / Miraglia, Francesca / Vecchio, Fabrizio

Neuroscience

2022 Volume 514, Page(s) 141–142

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis ; Cognitive Dysfunction/psychology ; Machine Learning
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Editorial ; Comment
ZDB-ID	196739-3
ISSN	1873-7544 ; 0306-4522
ISSN (online)	1873-7544
ISSN	0306-4522
DOI	10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.12.018
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Article ; Online: Modulation of brain signals during sensorimotor and imaging tasks in a person with an implanted upper-limb prosthesis following amputation of the left hand.

Nucci, Lorenzo / Miraglia, Francesca / Pappalettera, Chiara / Micera, Silvestro / Rossini, Paolo Maria / Vecchio, Fabrizio

Annals of physical and rehabilitation medicine

2023 Volume 67, Issue 3, Page(s) 101802

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Artificial Limbs ; Hand/surgery ; Amputation, Surgical ; Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Brain/surgery ; Upper Extremity ; Electroencephalography/methods
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-19
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Letter
ZDB-ID	2480363-7
ISSN	1877-0665 ; 1877-0657
ISSN (online)	1877-0665
ISSN	1877-0657
DOI	10.1016/j.rehab.2023.101802
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Article ; Online: Brain complexity in stroke recovery after bihemispheric transcranial direct current stimulation in mice.

Miraglia, Francesca / Pappalettera, Chiara / Barbati, Saviana Antonella / Podda, Maria Vittoria / Grassi, Claudio / Rossini, Paolo Maria / Vecchio, Fabrizio

Brain communications

2024 Volume 6, Issue 3, Page(s) fcae137

Abstract: Stroke is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. There are many different rehabilitation approaches aimed at improving clinical outcomes for stroke survivors. One of the latest therapeutic techniques is the non-invasive brain stimulation. ... ...

Abstract	Stroke is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. There are many different rehabilitation approaches aimed at improving clinical outcomes for stroke survivors. One of the latest therapeutic techniques is the non-invasive brain stimulation. Among non-invasive brain stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation has shown promising results in enhancing motor and cognitive recovery both in animal models of stroke and stroke survivors. In this framework, one of the most innovative methods is the bihemispheric transcranial direct current stimulation that simultaneously increases excitability in one hemisphere and decreases excitability in the contralateral one. As bihemispheric transcranial direct current stimulation can create a more balanced modulation of brain activity, this approach may be particularly useful in counteracting imbalanced brain activity, such as in stroke. Given these premises, the aim of the current study has been to explore the recovery after stroke in mice that underwent a bihemispheric transcranial direct current stimulation treatment, by recording their electric brain activity with local field potential and by measuring behavioural outcomes of Grip Strength test. An innovative parameter that explores the complexity of signals, namely the
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-05-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2632-1297
ISSN (online)	2632-1297
DOI	10.1093/braincomms/fcae137
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Article ; Online: Dynamics of the "Cognitive" Brain Wave P3b at Rest for Alzheimer Dementia Prediction in Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Porcaro, Camillo / Vecchio, Fabrizio / Miraglia, Francesca / Zito, Giancarlo / Rossini, Paolo Maria

International journal of neural systems

2022 Volume 32, Issue 5, Page(s) 2250022

Abstract: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia that involves a progressive and irrevocable decline in cognitive abilities and social behavior, thus annihilating the patient's autonomy. The theoretical assumption that disease-modifying ... ...

Abstract	Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia that involves a progressive and irrevocable decline in cognitive abilities and social behavior, thus annihilating the patient's autonomy. The theoretical assumption that disease-modifying drugs are most effective in the early stages hopefully in the prodromal stage called mild cognitive impairment (MCI) urgently pushes toward the identification of robust and individualized markers of cognitive decline to establish an early pharmacological intervention. This requires the combination of well-established neural mechanisms and the development of increasingly sensitive methodologies. Among the neurophysiological markers of attention and cognition, one of the sub-components of the 'cognitive brain wave' P300 recordable in an odd-ball paradigm -namely the P3b- is extensively regarded as a sensitive indicator of cognitive performance. Several studies have reliably shown that changes in the amplitude and latency of the P3b are strongly related to cognitive decline and aging both healthy and pathological. Here, we used a P3b spatial filter to enhance the electroencephalographic (EEG) characteristics underlying 175 subjects divided into 135 MCI subjects, 20 elderly controls (EC), and 20 young volunteers (Y). The Y group served to extract the P3b spatial filter from EEG data, which was later applied to the other groups during resting conditions with eyes open and without being asked to perform any task. The group of 135 MCI subjects could be divided into two subgroups at the end of a month follow-up: 75 with stable MCI (MCI-S, not converted to AD), 60 converted to AD (MCI-C). The P3b spatial filter was built by means of a signal processing method called Functional Source Separation (FSS), which increases signal-to-noise ratio by using a weighted sum of all EEG recording channels rather than relying on a single, or a small sub-set, of channels. A clear difference was observed for the P3b dynamics at rest between groups. Moreover, a machine learning approach showed that P3b at rest could correctly distinguish MCI from EC (80.6% accuracy) and MCI-S from MCI-C (74.1% accuracy), with an accuracy as high as 93.8% in discriminating between MCI-C and EC. Finally, a comparison of the Bayes factor revealed that the group differences among MCI-S and MCI-C were 138 times more likely to be detected using the P3b dynamics compared with the best performing single electrode (Pz) approach. In conclusion, we propose that P3b as measured through spatial filters can be safely regarded as a simple and sensitive marker to predict the conversion from an MCI to AD status eventually combined with other non-neurophysiological biomarkers for a more precise definition of dementia having neuropathological Alzheimer characteristics.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis ; Bayes Theorem ; Biomarkers ; Brain Waves ; Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnosis ; Disease Progression ; Electroencephalography/methods ; Humans
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-18
Publishing country	Singapore
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1793-6462
ISSN (online)	1793-6462
DOI	10.1142/S0129065722500228
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Article ; Online: Time-frequency analysis of brain activity in response to directional and non-directional visual stimuli: an event related spectral perturbations (ERSP) study.

Vecchio, Fabrizio / Nucci, Lorenzo / Pappalettera, Chiara / Miraglia, Francesca / Iacoviello, Daniela / Rossini, Paolo Maria

Journal of neural engineering

2022 Volume 19, Issue 6

Abstract: Objective. ...

Abstract	Objective.
MeSH term(s)	Electroencephalography ; Brain/physiology ; Cerebral Cortex ; Nervous System Physiological Phenomena
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2170901-4
ISSN	1741-2552 ; 1741-2560
ISSN (online)	1741-2552
ISSN	1741-2560
DOI	10.1088/1741-2552/ac9c96
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Article ; Online: Analysis of complexity in the EEG activity of Parkinson's disease patients by means of approximate entropy.

Pappalettera, Chiara / Miraglia, Francesca / Cotelli, Maria / Rossini, Paolo Maria / Vecchio, Fabrizio

GeroScience

2022 Volume 44, Issue 3, Page(s) 1599–1607

Abstract: The objective of the present study is to explore the brain resting state differences between Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and age- and gender-matched healthy controls (elderly) in terms of complexity of electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. One non- ...

Abstract	The objective of the present study is to explore the brain resting state differences between Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and age- and gender-matched healthy controls (elderly) in terms of complexity of electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. One non-linear approach to determine the complexity of EEG is the entropy. In this pilot study, 28 resting state EEGs were analyzed from 13 PD patients and 15 elderly subjects, applying approximate entropy (ApEn) analysis to EEGs in ten regions of interest (ROIs), five for each brain hemisphere (frontal, central, parietal, occipital, temporal). Results showed that PD patients presented statistically higher ApEn values than elderly confirming the hypothesis that PD is characterized by a remarkable modification of brain complexity and globally modifies the underlying organization of the brain. The higher-than-normal entropy of PD patients may describe a condition of low order and consequently low information flow due to an alteration of cortical functioning and processing of information. Understanding the dynamics of brain applying ApEn could be a useful tool to help in diagnosis, follow the progression of Parkinson's disease, and set up personalized rehabilitation programs.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Brain ; Electroencephalography/methods ; Entropy ; Humans ; Parkinson Disease/diagnosis ; Pilot Projects
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-28
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2886586-8
ISSN	2509-2723 ; 2509-2715
ISSN (online)	2509-2723
ISSN	2509-2715
DOI	10.1007/s11357-022-00552-0
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Article ; Online: Approximate entropy analysis across electroencephalographic rhythmic frequency bands during physiological aging of human brain.

Pappalettera, Chiara / Cacciotti, Alessia / Nucci, Lorenzo / Miraglia, Francesca / Rossini, Paolo Maria / Vecchio, Fabrizio

GeroScience

2022 Volume 45, Issue 2, Page(s) 1131–1145

Abstract: Aging is the inevitable biological process that results in a progressive structural and functional decline associated with alterations in the resting/task-related brain activity, morphology, plasticity, and functionality. In the present study, we ... ...

Abstract	Aging is the inevitable biological process that results in a progressive structural and functional decline associated with alterations in the resting/task-related brain activity, morphology, plasticity, and functionality. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of physiological aging on the human brain through entropy measures of electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. One hundred sixty-one participants were recruited and divided according to their age into young (n = 72) and elderly (n = 89) groups. Approximate entropy (ApEn) values were calculated in each participant for each EEG recording channel and both for the total EEG spectrum and for each of the main EEG frequency rhythms: delta (2-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha 1 (8-11 Hz), alpha 2 (11-13 Hz), beta 1 (13-20 Hz), beta 2 (20-30 Hz), and gamma (30-45 Hz), to identify eventual statistical differences between young and elderly. To demonstrate that the ApEn represents the age-related brain changes, the computed ApEn values were used as features in an age-related classification of subjects (young vs elderly), through linear, quadratic, and cubic support vector machine (SVM). Topographic maps of the statistical results showed statistically significant difference between the ApEn values of the two groups found in the total spectrum and in delta, theta, beta 2, and gamma. The classifiers (linear, quadratic, and cubic SVMs) revealed high levels of accuracy (respectively 93.20 ± 0.37, 93.16 ± 0.30, 90.62 ± 0.62) and area under the curve (respectively 0.95, 0.94, 0.93). ApEn seems to be a powerful, very sensitive-specific measure for the study of cognitive decline and global cortical alteration/degeneration in the elderly EEG activity.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Aged ; Entropy ; Electroencephalography/methods ; Brain ; Aging/physiology ; Cognitive Dysfunction
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-20
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2886586-8
ISSN	2509-2723 ; 2509-2715
ISSN (online)	2509-2723
ISSN	2509-2715
DOI	10.1007/s11357-022-00710-4
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Article ; Online: The Effects of Directional and Non-Directional Stimuli during a Visuomotor Task and Their Correlation with Reaction Time: An ERP Study.

Miraglia, Francesca / Pappalettera, Chiara / Di Ienno, Sara / Nucci, Lorenzo / Cacciotti, Alessia / Manenti, Rosa / Judica, Elda / Rossini, Paolo Maria / Vecchio, Fabrizio

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

2023 Volume 23, Issue 6

Abstract: Different visual stimuli can capture and shift attention into different directions. Few studies have explored differences in brain response due to directional (DS) and non-directional visual stimuli (nDS). To explore the latter, event-related potentials ( ...

Abstract	Different visual stimuli can capture and shift attention into different directions. Few studies have explored differences in brain response due to directional (DS) and non-directional visual stimuli (nDS). To explore the latter, event-related potentials (ERP) and contingent negative variation (CNV) during a visuomotor task were evaluated in 19 adults. To examine the relation between task performance and ERPs, the participants were divided into faster (F) and slower (S) groups based on their reaction times (RTs). Moreover, to reveal ERP modulation within the same subject, each recording from the single participants was subdivided into F and S trials based on the specific RT. ERP latencies were analysed between conditions ((DS, nDS); (F, S subjects); (F, S trials)). Correlation was analysed between CNV and RTs. Our results reveal that the ERPs' late components are modulated differently by DS and nDS conditions in terms of amplitude and location. Differences in ERP amplitude, location and latency, were also found according to subjects' performance, i.e., between F and S subjects and trials. In addition, results show that the CNV slope is modulated by the directionality of the stimulus and contributes to motor performance. A better understanding of brain dynamics through ERPs could be useful to explain brain states in healthy subjects and to support diagnoses and personalized rehabilitation in patients with neurological diseases.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Evoked Potentials/physiology ; Brain/physiology ; Contingent Negative Variation ; Attention/physiology ; Electroencephalography
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-15
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2052857-7
ISSN	1424-8220 ; 1424-8220
ISSN (online)	1424-8220
ISSN	1424-8220
DOI	10.3390/s23063143
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