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  1. Book ; Online: Differentially Private Synthetic Control

    Rho, Saeyoung / Cummings, Rachel / Misra, Vishal

    2023  

    Abstract: Synthetic control is a causal inference tool used to estimate the treatment effects of an intervention by creating synthetic counterfactual data. This approach combines measurements from other similar observations (i.e., donor pool ) to predict a ... ...

    Abstract Synthetic control is a causal inference tool used to estimate the treatment effects of an intervention by creating synthetic counterfactual data. This approach combines measurements from other similar observations (i.e., donor pool ) to predict a counterfactual time series of interest (i.e., target unit) by analyzing the relationship between the target and the donor pool before the intervention. As synthetic control tools are increasingly applied to sensitive or proprietary data, formal privacy protections are often required. In this work, we provide the first algorithms for differentially private synthetic control with explicit error bounds. Our approach builds upon tools from non-private synthetic control and differentially private empirical risk minimization. We provide upper and lower bounds on the sensitivity of the synthetic control query and provide explicit error bounds on the accuracy of our private synthetic control algorithms. We show that our algorithms produce accurate predictions for the target unit, and that the cost of privacy is small. Finally, we empirically evaluate the performance of our algorithm, and show favorable performance in a variety of parameter regimes, as well as providing guidance to practitioners for hyperparameter tuning.
    Keywords Computer Science - Machine Learning ; Computer Science - Data Structures and Algorithms ; Statistics - Machine Learning
    Subject code 006
    Publishing date 2023-03-24
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Book ; Online: Bandwidth Allocation Games

    Bayat, Niloofar / Misra, Vishal / Rubenstein, Dan

    2022  

    Abstract: Internet providers often offer data plans that, for each user's monthly billing cycle, guarantee a fixed amount of data at high rates until a byte threshold is reached, at which point the user's data rate is throttled to a lower rate for the remainder of ...

    Abstract Internet providers often offer data plans that, for each user's monthly billing cycle, guarantee a fixed amount of data at high rates until a byte threshold is reached, at which point the user's data rate is throttled to a lower rate for the remainder of the cycle. In practice, the thresholds and rates of throttling can appear and may be somewhat arbitrary. In this paper, we evaluate the choice of threshold and rate as an optimization problem (regret minimization) and demonstrate that intuitive formulations of client regret, which preserve desirable fairness properties, lead to optimization problems that have tractably computable solutions. We begin by exploring the effectiveness of using thresholding mechanisms to modulate overall bandwidth consumption. Next, we separately consider the regret of heterogeneous users who are {\em streamers}, wishing to view content over a finite period of fixed rates, and users who are {\em file downloaders}, desiring a fixed amount of bandwidth per month at their highest obtainable rate. We extend our analysis to a game-theoretic setting where users can choose from a variety of plans that vary the cap on the unbounded-rate data, and demonstrate the convergence of the game. Our model provides a fresh perspective on a fair allocation of resources where the demand is higher than capacity, while focusing on the real-world phenomena of bandwidth throttling practiced by ISPs. We show how the solution to the optimization problem results in allocations that exhibit several desirable fairness properties among the users between whom the capacity must be partitioned.
    Keywords Computer Science - Computer Science and Game Theory
    Subject code 003
    Publishing date 2022-04-26
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article: Synthetic Control, Synthetic Interventions, and COVID-19 spread: Exploring the impact of lockdown measures and herd immunity

    Bayat, Niloofar / Morrin, Cody / Wang, Yuheng / Misra, Vishal

    Abstract: The synthetic control method is an empirical methodology forcausal inference using observational data. By observing thespread of COVID-19 throughout the world, we analyze the dataon the number of deaths and cases in different regions usingthe power of ... ...

    Abstract The synthetic control method is an empirical methodology forcausal inference using observational data. By observing thespread of COVID-19 throughout the world, we analyze the dataon the number of deaths and cases in different regions usingthe power of prediction, counterfactual analysis, and syntheticinterventions of the synthetic control and its extensions. Weobserve that the number of deaths and cases in different re-gions would have been much smaller had the lockdowns beenimposed earlier and had the re-openings been done later, es-pecially among indoor bars and restaurants. We also analyzethe speculated impact of herd immunity on the spread giventhe population of each region and show that lockdown policieshave a very strong impact on the spread regardless of the levelof prior infections. Our most up-to-date code, model, and data can be foundon github: https://github.com/niloofarbayat/COVID19-synthetic-control-analysis
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher ArXiv
    Document type Article
    Database COVID19

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  4. Book ; Online: Zero-Rating and Net Neutrality

    Bayat, Niloofar / Ma, Richard / Misra, Vishal / Rubenstein, Dan

    Who Wins, Who Loses?

    2020  

    Abstract: An objective of network neutrality is that the design of regulations for the Internet will ensure that it remains a public, open platform where innovations can thrive. While there is broad agreement that preserving the content quality of service falls ... ...

    Abstract An objective of network neutrality is that the design of regulations for the Internet will ensure that it remains a public, open platform where innovations can thrive. While there is broad agreement that preserving the content quality of service falls under the purview of net neutrality, the role of differential pricing, especially the practice of \emph {zero-rating} remains controversial. Even though some countries (India, Canada) have banned zero-rating, others have either taken no stance or explicitly allowed it (South Africa, Kenya, U.S.). In this paper, we model zero-rating options available between Internet service providers (ISPs) and content providers (CPs) and use these models to better understand the conditions under which offering zero-rated services are preferred, and who specifically gains in utility. We develop a formulation in which providers' incomes vary, from low-income startups to high-income incumbents, and where their decisions to zero-rate are a variation of the traditional prisoner's dilemma game. We find that if zero-rating is permitted, low-income CPs often lose utility, whereas high-income CPs often gain utility. We also study the competitiveness of the CP markets via the \emph{Herfindahl Index}. Our findings suggest that in most cases the introduction of zero-rating \emph{reduces} competitiveness.
    Keywords Computer Science - Computer Science and Game Theory
    Subject code 303
    Publishing date 2020-02-13
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Book ; Online: Synthetic Control, Synthetic Interventions, and COVID-19 spread

    Bayat, Niloofar / Morrin, Cody / Wang, Yuheng / Misra, Vishal

    Exploring the impact of lockdown measures and herd immunity

    2020  

    Abstract: The synthetic control method is an empirical methodology forcausal inference using observational data. By observing thespread of COVID-19 throughout the world, we analyze the dataon the number of deaths and cases in different regions usingthe power of ... ...

    Abstract The synthetic control method is an empirical methodology forcausal inference using observational data. By observing thespread of COVID-19 throughout the world, we analyze the dataon the number of deaths and cases in different regions usingthe power of prediction, counterfactual analysis, and syntheticinterventions of the synthetic control and its extensions. Weobserve that the number of deaths and cases in different re-gions would have been much smaller had the lockdowns beenimposed earlier and had the re-openings been done later, es-pecially among indoor bars and restaurants. We also analyzethe speculated impact of herd immunity on the spread giventhe population of each region and show that lockdown policieshave a very strong impact on the spread regardless of the levelof prior infections. Our most up-to-date code, model, and data can be foundon github: https://github.com/niloofarbayat/COVID19-synthetic-control-analysis
    Keywords Computer Science - Computers and Society ; covid19
    Subject code 306
    Publishing date 2020-09-21
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Book ; Online: Predicting Ground Reaction Force from Inertial Sensors

    Song, Bowen / Paolieri, Marco / Stewart, Harper E. / Golubchik, Leana / McNitt-Gray, Jill L. / Misra, Vishal / Shah, Devavrat

    2023  

    Abstract: The study of ground reaction forces (GRF) is used to characterize the mechanical loading experienced by individuals in movements such as running, which is clinically applicable to identify athletes at risk for stress-related injuries. Our aim in this ... ...

    Abstract The study of ground reaction forces (GRF) is used to characterize the mechanical loading experienced by individuals in movements such as running, which is clinically applicable to identify athletes at risk for stress-related injuries. Our aim in this paper is to determine if data collected with inertial measurement units (IMUs), that can be worn by athletes during outdoor runs, can be used to predict GRF with sufficient accuracy to allow the analysis of its derived biomechanical variables (e.g., contact time and loading rate). In this paper, we consider lightweight approaches in contrast to state-of-the-art prediction using LSTM neural networks. Specifically, we compare use of LSTMs to k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) regression as well as propose a novel solution, SVD Embedding Regression (SER), using linear regression between singular value decomposition embeddings of IMUs data (input) and GRF data (output). We evaluate the accuracy of these techniques when using training data collected from different athletes, from the same athlete, or both, and we explore the use of acceleration and angular velocity data from sensors at different locations (sacrum and shanks). Our results illustrate that simple machine learning methods such as SER and KNN can be similarly accurate or more accurate than LSTM neural networks, with much faster training times and hyperparameter optimization; in particular, SER and KNN are more accurate when personal training data are available, and KNN comes with benefit of providing provenance of prediction. Notably, the use of personal data reduces prediction errors of all methods for most biomechanical variables.
    Keywords Computer Science - Machine Learning ; Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence
    Subject code 006
    Publishing date 2023-11-03
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  7. Book ; Online: Down for Failure

    Bayat, Niloofar / Mahajan, Kunal / Denton, Sam / Misra, Vishal / Rubenstein, Dan

    Active Power Status Monitoring

    2019  

    Abstract: Despite society's strong dependence on electricity, power outages remain prevalent. Standard methods for directly measuring power availability are complex, often inaccurate, and are prone to attack. This paper explores an alternative approach to ... ...

    Abstract Despite society's strong dependence on electricity, power outages remain prevalent. Standard methods for directly measuring power availability are complex, often inaccurate, and are prone to attack. This paper explores an alternative approach to identifying power outages through intelligent monitoring of IP address availability. In finding these outages, we explore the trade-off between the accuracy of detection and false alarms. We begin by experimentally demonstrating that static, residential Internet connections serve as good indicators of power, as they are mostly active unless power fails and rarely have battery backups. We construct metrics that dynamically score the reliability of each residential IP, where a higher score indicates a higher correlation between that IP's availability and its regional power. We monitor specifically selected subsets of residential IPs and evaluate the accuracy with which they can indicate current county power status. Using data gathered during the power outages caused by Hurricane Florence, we demonstrate that we can track power outages at different granularities, state and county, in both sparse and dense regions. By comparing our detection with the reports gathered from power utility companies, we achieve an average detection accuracy of $90\%$, where we also show some of our false alarms and missed outage events could be due to imperfect ground truth data. Therefore, our method can be used as a complementary technique of power outage detection.
    Keywords Computer Science - Networking and Internet Architecture
    Subject code 006
    Publishing date 2019-11-22
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  8. Article ; Online: Pneumatic displacement and intravitreal bevacizumab

    Chawla Shobhit / Misra Vishal / Khemchandani Mohit

    Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, Vol 57, Iss 2, Pp 155-

    A new approach for management of submacular hemorrhage in choroidal neovascular membrane

    2009  Volume 157

    Abstract: Choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) is one of the most common causes of submacular hemorrhage (SMH). Conventional treatment involves management of the SMH with pneumatic displacement with or without tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) followed by ... ...

    Abstract Choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) is one of the most common causes of submacular hemorrhage (SMH). Conventional treatment involves management of the SMH with pneumatic displacement with or without tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) followed by intravitreal injection of bevacizumab in a second sitting. We decided to assess the efficacy of treating SMH secondary to CNVM with pneumatic displacement using sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas and intravitreal bevacizumab. Four patients with SMH secondary to CNVM were included in this study. Intravitreal bevacizumab, 0.05 ml, along with 0.5 ml of SF6 was injected through the pars plana into the vitreous cavity. Postoperative best corrected visual acuity improved in all eyes with complete or partial displacement of SMH out of the foveal area.
    Keywords Bevacizumab ; choroidal neovascular membrane ; pneumatic displacement ; submacular hemorrhage ; Ophthalmology ; RE1-994 ; Medicine ; R ; DOAJ:Ophthalmology ; DOAJ:Medicine (General) ; DOAJ:Health Sciences
    Language English
    Publishing date 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Medknow Publications
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  9. Book ; Online: The Public Option

    Ma, Richard T. B. / Misra, Vishal

    a Non-regulatory Alternative to Network Neutrality

    2011  

    Abstract: Network neutrality and the role of regulation on the Internet have been heavily debated in recent times. Amongst the various definitions of network neutrality, we focus on the one which prohibits paid prioritization of content and we present an ... ...

    Abstract Network neutrality and the role of regulation on the Internet have been heavily debated in recent times. Amongst the various definitions of network neutrality, we focus on the one which prohibits paid prioritization of content and we present an analytical treatment of the topic. We develop a model of the Internet ecosystem in terms of three primary players: consumers, ISPs and content providers. Our analysis looks at this issue from the point of view of the consumer, and we describe the desired state of the system as one which maximizes consumer surplus. By analyzing different scenarios of monopoly and competition, we obtain different conclusions on the desirability of regulation. We also introduce the notion of a Public Option ISP, an ISP that carries traffic in a network neutral manner. Our major findings are (i) in a monopolistic scenario, network neutral regulations benefit consumers; however, the introduction of a Public Option ISP is even better for consumers, as it aligns the interests of the monopolistic ISP with the consumer surplus and (ii) in an oligopolistic situation, the presence of a Public Option ISP is again preferable to network neutral regulations, although the presence of competing price-discriminating ISPs provides the most desirable situation for the consumers.
    Keywords Computer Science - Networking and Internet Architecture ; Computer Science - Computer Science and Game Theory
    Subject code 303
    Publishing date 2011-06-16
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  10. Article: Pneumatic displacement and intravitreal bevacizumab: a new approach for management of submacular hemorrhage in choroidal neovascular membrane.

    Chawla, Shobhit / Misra, Vishal / Khemchandani, Mohit

    Indian journal of ophthalmology

    2009  Volume 57, Issue 2, Page(s) 155–157

    Abstract: Choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) is one of the most common causes of submacular hemorrhage (SMH). Conventional treatment involves management of the SMH with pneumatic displacement with or without tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) followed by ... ...

    Abstract Choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) is one of the most common causes of submacular hemorrhage (SMH). Conventional treatment involves management of the SMH with pneumatic displacement with or without tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) followed by intravitreal injection of bevacizumab in a second sitting. We decided to assess the efficacy of treating SMH secondary to CNVM with pneumatic displacement using sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas and intravitreal bevacizumab. Four patients with SMH secondary to CNVM were included in this study. Intravitreal bevacizumab, 0.05 ml, along with 0.5 ml of SF6 was injected through the pars plana into the vitreous cavity. Postoperative best corrected visual acuity improved in all eyes with complete or partial displacement of SMH out of the foveal area.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Aged ; Angiogenesis Inhibitors/administration & dosage ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; Bevacizumab ; Choroidal Neovascularization/complications ; Choroidal Neovascularization/therapy ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Humans ; Injections ; Intraocular Pressure ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pressure ; Retinal Hemorrhage/etiology ; Retinal Hemorrhage/therapy ; Sulfur Hexafluoride/administration & dosage ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/antagonists & inhibitors ; Visual Acuity/physiology ; Vitreous Body
    Chemical Substances Angiogenesis Inhibitors ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; Bevacizumab (2S9ZZM9Q9V) ; Sulfur Hexafluoride (WS7LR3I1D6)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2009-02-20
    Publishing country India
    Document type Case Reports ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 187392-1
    ISSN 0301-4738
    ISSN 0301-4738
    DOI 10.4103/0301-4738.45511
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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