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Book ; Online: AttnGrounder

Mittal, Vivek

Talking to Cars with Attention

2020

Abstract: We propose Attention Grounder (AttnGrounder), a single-stage end-to-end trainable model for the task of visual grounding. Visual grounding aims to localize a specific object in an image based on a given natural language text query. Unlike previous ... ...

Abstract	We propose Attention Grounder (AttnGrounder), a single-stage end-to-end trainable model for the task of visual grounding. Visual grounding aims to localize a specific object in an image based on a given natural language text query. Unlike previous methods that use the same text representation for every image region, we use a visual-text attention module that relates each word in the given query with every region in the corresponding image for constructing a region dependent text representation. Furthermore, for improving the localization ability of our model, we use our visual-text attention module to generate an attention mask around the referred object. The attention mask is trained as an auxiliary task using a rectangular mask generated with the provided ground-truth coordinates. We evaluate AttnGrounder on the Talk2Car dataset and show an improvement of 3.26% over the existing methods.
Keywords	Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Subject code	004
Publishing date	2020-09-11
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
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Article ; Online: Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Tumor Metastasis.

Mittal, Vivek

Annual review of pathology

2018 Volume 13, Page(s) 395–412

Abstract: Metastasis is the major cause of cancer-related deaths; therefore, the prevention and treatment of metastasis are fundamental to improving clinical outcomes. Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), an evolutionarily conserved developmental program, has ... ...

Abstract	Metastasis is the major cause of cancer-related deaths; therefore, the prevention and treatment of metastasis are fundamental to improving clinical outcomes. Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), an evolutionarily conserved developmental program, has been implicated in carcinogenesis and confers metastatic properties upon cancer cells by enhancing mobility, invasion, and resistance to apoptotic stimuli. Furthermore, EMT-derived tumor cells acquire stem cell properties and exhibit marked therapeutic resistance. Given these attributes, the complex biological process of EMT has been heralded as a key hallmark of carcinogenesis, and targeting EMT pathways constitutes an attractive strategy for cancer treatment. However, demonstrating the necessity of EMT for metastasis in vivo has been technically challenging, and recent efforts to demonstrate a functional contribution of EMT to metastasis have yielded unexpected results. Therefore, determining the functional role of EMT in metastasis remains an area of active investigation. Studies using improved lineage tracing systems, dynamic in vivo imaging, and clinically relevant in vivo models have the potential to uncover the direct link between EMT and metastasis. This review focuses primarily on recent advances in and emerging concepts of the biology of EMT in metastasis in vivo and discusses future directions in the context of novel diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities.
MeSH term(s)	Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/physiology ; Humans ; Neoplasm Invasiveness/pathology ; Neoplasm Invasiveness/physiopathology ; Neoplasms/pathology ; Neoplasms/physiopathology
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-03-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Review
ZDB-ID	2227429-7
ISSN	1553-4014 ; 1553-4006
ISSN (online)	1553-4014
ISSN	1553-4006
DOI	10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-043854
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Article: Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Aggressive Lung Cancers.

Mittal, Vivek

Advances in experimental medicine and biology

2016 Volume 890, Page(s) 37–56

Abstract: The progression of a cancer cell into a metastatic entity contributes to more than 90 % of cancer related deaths. Therefore, the prevention and treatment of metastasis is an unmet clinical need. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an ... ...

Abstract	The progression of a cancer cell into a metastatic entity contributes to more than 90 % of cancer related deaths. Therefore, the prevention and treatment of metastasis is an unmet clinical need. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an evolutionary conserved developmental program, which is induced during cancer progression and contributes to metastatic colonization. EMT endows metastatic properties upon cancer cells by enhancing mobility, invasion, and resistance to apoptotic stimuli. Furthermore, EMT-derived tumor cells acquire stem cell properties and exhibit therapeutic resistance. The disseminated tumor cells recruited to distant organs are suggested to subsequently undergo an EMT reversion through mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET), necessary for efficient colonization and macrometastasis. A major focus of cancer research is to determine the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying EMT/MET in tumor invasion, dissemination and metastasis. In this chapter, we will focus on the contribution of the EMT signaling pathways in lung cancer progression, cancer stem cells and acquired resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors and chemotherapy. We will also discuss the potential of targeting EMT pathways as an attractive strategy for the treatment of lung cancer.
MeSH term(s)	Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use ; Biomarkers, Tumor/antagonists & inhibitors ; Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics ; Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics ; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/drug effects ; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Lung Neoplasms/genetics ; Lung Neoplasms/metabolism ; Lung Neoplasms/pathology ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; Mutation ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism ; Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/genetics ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/metabolism ; Signal Transduction
Chemical Substances	Antineoplastic Agents ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors ; EGFR protein, human (EC 2.7.10.1) ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor (EC 2.7.10.1)
Language	English
Publishing date	2016
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ISSN	2214-8019 ; 0065-2598
ISSN (online)	2214-8019
ISSN	0065-2598
DOI	10.1007/978-3-319-24932-2_3
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Article: Thrombospondin in Tumor Microenvironment.

Ramchandani, Divya / Mittal, Vivek

Advances in experimental medicine and biology

2020 Volume 1272, Page(s) 133–147

Abstract: Thrombospondins (TSPs) are multifaceted proteins that contribute to physiologic as well as pathologic conditions. Due to their multiple receptor-binding domains, TSPs display both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive qualities and are thus essential ... ...

Abstract	Thrombospondins (TSPs) are multifaceted proteins that contribute to physiologic as well as pathologic conditions. Due to their multiple receptor-binding domains, TSPs display both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive qualities and are thus essential components of the extracellular matrix. Known for their antiangiogenic capacity, TSPs are an important component of the tumor microenvironment. The N- and C-terminal domains of TSP are, respectively, involved in cell adhesion and spreading, an important feature of wound healing as well as cancer cell migration. Previously known for the activation of TGF-β to promote tumor growth and inflammation, TSP-1 has recently been found to be transcriptionally induced by TGF-β, implying the presence of a possible feedback loop. TSP-1 is an endogenous inhibitor of T cells and also mediates its immunosuppressive effects via induction of Tregs. Given the diverse roles of TSPs in the tumor microenvironment, many therapeutic strategies have utilized TSP-mimetic peptides or antibody blockade as anti-metastatic approaches. This chapter discusses the diverse structural domains, functional implications, and anti-metastatic therapies in the context of the role of TSP in the tumor microenvironment.
MeSH term(s)	Angiogenesis Inhibitors/metabolism ; Cell Movement ; Humans ; Neoplasms/metabolism ; Neoplasms/pathology ; Thrombospondins/metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; Tumor Microenvironment
Chemical Substances	Angiogenesis Inhibitors ; Thrombospondins ; Transforming Growth Factor beta
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2214-8019 ; 0065-2598
ISSN (online)	2214-8019
ISSN	0065-2598
DOI	10.1007/978-3-030-48457-6_8
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Article ; Online: A signature of enhanced proliferation associated with response and survival to anti-PD-L1 therapy in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer.

Altorki, Nasser K / Bhinder, Bhavneet / Borczuk, Alain C / Elemento, Olivier / Mittal, Vivek / McGraw, Timothy E

Cell reports. Medicine

2024 Volume 5, Issue 3, Page(s) 101438

Abstract: In early-stage non-small cell lung cancer, the combination of neoadjuvant anti-PD-L1 and subablative stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is associated with higher rates of major pathologic response compared to anti-PD-L1 alone. Here, we identify a ...

Abstract	In early-stage non-small cell lung cancer, the combination of neoadjuvant anti-PD-L1 and subablative stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is associated with higher rates of major pathologic response compared to anti-PD-L1 alone. Here, we identify a 140-gene set, enriched in genes characteristic of highly proliferating cells, associated with response to the dual therapy. Analysis of on-treatment transcriptome data indicate roles for T and B cells in response. The 140-gene set is associated with disease-free survival when applied to the combined trial arms. This 140-gene set identifies a subclass of tumors in all 7 of The Cancer Genome Atlas tumor types examined. Worse survival is associated with the 140-gene signature in 5 of these tumor types. Collectively, our data support that this 140-gene set, discovered in association with response to combined anti-PD-L1 and SBRT, identifies a clinically aggressive subclass of solid tumors that may be more likely to respond to immunotherapies.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Lung Neoplasms/genetics ; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ; Progression-Free Survival ; Cell Proliferation/genetics
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2666-3791
ISSN (online)	2666-3791
DOI	10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101438
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Article: Neglected posterior dislocation of elbow: A review.

Pal, Chandra Prakash / Mittal, Vivek / Dinkar, Karuna Shankar / Kapoor, Rajat / Gupta, Mayur

Journal of clinical orthopaedics and trauma

2021 Volume 18, Page(s) 100–104

Abstract: Untreated traumatic posterior dislocation of the elbow joint, 3 weeks or older, is defined as "neglected posterior dislocation of the elbow". Around 90% of these are of posterolateral type. These are much more common in the developing and underdeveloped ... ...

Abstract	Untreated traumatic posterior dislocation of the elbow joint, 3 weeks or older, is defined as "neglected posterior dislocation of the elbow". Around 90% of these are of posterolateral type. These are much more common in the developing and underdeveloped countries. Patients presents with a deformed, stiff and painful elbow with difficulty to perform activities of daily living. The clinical picture looks quite similar to malunited supracondylar fracture of the elbow. Diagnosis is usually confirmed radiographically. CT and MRI scan give additional information and are recommended before embarking on surgery. Treatment is quite challenging due to the significant soft tissue contractures, ligamentous insufficiencies and fibrosis, with possible associated nerve injuries, myositis ossificans, non-compliant patients and the need for long-term postoperative physiotherapy. Goal of surgical treatment is to achieve a painless, stable and mobile elbow with a congruent joint space. We have reviewed the literature and present our view on the prognosis and recommended surgical technique to treat this condition.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-24
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2596956-0
ISSN	2213-3445 ; 0976-5662
ISSN (online)	2213-3445
ISSN	0976-5662
DOI	10.1016/j.jcot.2021.04.016
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Article ; Online: Global evolution of the tumor microenvironment associated with progression from preinvasive invasive to invasive human lung adenocarcinoma.

Altorki, Nasser K / Borczuk, Alain C / Harrison, Sebron / Groner, Lauren K / Bhinder, Bhavneet / Mittal, Vivek / Elemento, Olivier / McGraw, Timothy E

Cell reports

2022 Volume 39, Issue 1, Page(s) 110639

Abstract: To investigate changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) during lung cancer progression, we interrogate tumors from two chest computed tomography (CT)-defined groups. Pure non-solid (pNS) CT density nodules contain preinvasive/minimally invasive ... ...

Abstract	To investigate changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) during lung cancer progression, we interrogate tumors from two chest computed tomography (CT)-defined groups. Pure non-solid (pNS) CT density nodules contain preinvasive/minimally invasive cancers, and solid density nodules contain invasive cancers. Profiling data reveal a dynamic interaction between the tumor and its TME throughout progression. Alterations in genes regulating the extracellular matrix and genes regulating fibroblasts are central at the preinvasive state. T cell-mediated immune suppression is initiated in preinvasive nodules and sustained with rising intensity through progression to invasive tumors. Reduced T cell infiltration of the cancer cell nests is more frequently associated with preinvasive cancers, possibly until tumor evolution leads to a durable, viable invasive phenotype accompanied by more varied and robust immune suppression. Upregulation of immune checkpoints occurs only in the invasive nodules. Throughout progression, an effector immune response is present but is effectively thwarted by the immune-suppressive elements.
MeSH term(s)	Adenocarcinoma/pathology ; Adenocarcinoma of Lung/genetics ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/pathology ; Neoplasm Invasiveness/pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Tumor Microenvironment
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2649101-1
ISSN	2211-1247 ; 2211-1247
ISSN (online)	2211-1247
ISSN	2211-1247
DOI	10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110639
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Book ; Online: Cryptocurrency Bubble Detection

Sawhney, Ramit / Agarwal, Shivam / Mittal, Vivek / Rosso, Paolo / Nanda, Vikram / Chava, Sudheer

A New Stock Market Dataset, Financial Task & Hyperbolic Models

2022

Abstract: The rapid spread of information over social media influences quantitative trading and investments. The growing popularity of speculative trading of highly volatile assets such as cryptocurrencies and meme stocks presents a fresh challenge in the ... ...

Abstract	The rapid spread of information over social media influences quantitative trading and investments. The growing popularity of speculative trading of highly volatile assets such as cryptocurrencies and meme stocks presents a fresh challenge in the financial realm. Investigating such "bubbles" - periods of sudden anomalous behavior of markets are critical in better understanding investor behavior and market dynamics. However, high volatility coupled with massive volumes of chaotic social media texts, especially for underexplored assets like cryptocoins pose a challenge to existing methods. Taking the first step towards NLP for cryptocoins, we present and publicly release CryptoBubbles, a novel multi-span identification task for bubble detection, and a dataset of more than 400 cryptocoins from 9 exchanges over five years spanning over two million tweets. Further, we develop a set of sequence-to-sequence hyperbolic models suited to this multi-span identification task based on the power-law dynamics of cryptocurrencies and user behavior on social media. We further test the effectiveness of our models under zero-shot settings on a test set of Reddit posts pertaining to 29 "meme stocks", which see an increase in trade volume due to social media hype. Through quantitative, qualitative, and zero-shot analyses on Reddit and Twitter spanning cryptocoins and meme-stocks, we show the practical applicability of CryptoBubbles and hyperbolic models. Comment: Proceedings of the 2022 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies
Keywords	Computer Science - Computation and Language ; Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ; Computer Science - Machine Learning ; Computer Science - Social and Information Networks ; Quantitative Finance - Statistical Finance
Subject code	000
Publishing date	2022-05-11
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Simultaneous quantitative imaging of two PET radiotracers via the detection of positron-electron annihilation and prompt gamma emissions.

Pratt, Edwin C / Lopez-Montes, Alejandro / Volpe, Alessia / Crowley, Michael J / Carter, Lukas M / Mittal, Vivek / Pillarsetty, Nagavarakishore / Ponomarev, Vladimir / Udías, Jose M / Grimm, Jan / Herraiz, Joaquin L

Nature biomedical engineering

2023 Volume 7, Issue 8, Page(s) 1028–1039

Abstract: In conventional positron emission tomography (PET), only one radiotracer can be imaged at a time, because all PET isotopes produce the same two 511 keV annihilation photons. Here we describe an image reconstruction method for the simultaneous in vivo ... ...

Abstract	In conventional positron emission tomography (PET), only one radiotracer can be imaged at a time, because all PET isotopes produce the same two 511 keV annihilation photons. Here we describe an image reconstruction method for the simultaneous in vivo imaging of two PET tracers and thereby the independent quantification of two molecular signals. This method of multiplexed PET imaging leverages the 350-700 keV range to maximize the capture of 511 keV annihilation photons and prompt γ-ray emission in the same energy window, hence eliminating the need for energy discrimination during reconstruction or for signal separation beforehand. We used multiplexed PET to track, in mice with subcutaneous tumours, the biodistributions of intravenously injected [
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Animals ; Mice ; Electrons ; Positron-Emission Tomography/methods ; Iodine Radioisotopes ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Chemical Substances	Iodine-124 ; Iodine Radioisotopes
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-03
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ISSN	2157-846X
ISSN (online)	2157-846X
DOI	10.1038/s41551-023-01060-y
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Article: Improving the efficiency of RNA interference in mammals.

Mittal, Vivek

Nature reviews. Genetics

2004 Volume 5, Issue 5, Page(s) 355–365

MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Silencing ; RNA Interference/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2004-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Review
ZDB-ID	2035157-4
ISSN	1471-0064 ; 1471-0056
ISSN (online)	1471-0064
ISSN	1471-0056
DOI	10.1038/nrg1323
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