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  1. Book ; Article ; Online: EU trade policy reform

    Gnutzmann-Mkrtchyan, Arevik / Volmer, Maximilian

    towards reciprocal concessions with developing countries

    2022  

    Abstract: The European Union (EU) supports developing countries with a unilateral trade preference scheme. The scheme underwent a major reform in 2014, in which many countries lost access to reduced tariff rates. We analyse how this radical step that removed ... ...

    Abstract The European Union (EU) supports developing countries with a unilateral trade preference scheme. The scheme underwent a major reform in 2014, in which many countries lost access to reduced tariff rates. We analyse how this radical step that removed preferences from 103 countries by 2018 fits into the EU's strategy to promote bilateral agreements and how it affected imports from the removed beneficiaries. Using the gravity model of trade with high-dimensional fixed effects, we show that the removal results in a significant decline in exports of affected developing countries. Some countries formed a bilateral free trade agreement with the EU, in which case the negative effect of removal of unilateral trade preferences is compensated but we do not find significant and consistent additional benefits. Thus, the threat of removal can be seen as a lever for beneficiaries that are about to become ineligible to negotiate a bilateral agreement with the EU.
    Keywords ddc:330 ; F13 ; F14 ; O19 ; O24 ; D78 ; trade preferences ; reciprocity ; GSP ; FTA ; gravity model
    Subject code 381
    Language English
    Publisher Hannover: Leibniz Universität Hannover, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät
    Publishing country de
    Document type Book ; Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Book ; Article ; Online: Gravity-based tools for assessing the impact of tariff changes

    Gnutzmann-Mkrtchyan, Arevik / Hugot, Jules

    2022  

    Abstract: This paper presents two empirical tools to quantify the impacts of tariff changes on bilateral trade and welfare. Both tools are rooted in the structural gravity literature. The first tool estimates the impact of tariff changes on bilateral trade for 5, ... ...

    Abstract This paper presents two empirical tools to quantify the impacts of tariff changes on bilateral trade and welfare. Both tools are rooted in the structural gravity literature. The first tool estimates the impact of tariff changes on bilateral trade for 5,020 products in a partial equilibrium framework. The second tool quantifies the impact on bilateral aggregate trade in a general equilibrium setup, allowing estimates of trade reallocation and welfare changes. These tools are used to estimate the impact of tariff changes affecting Armenia, including (i) the alignment with the external tariff of the Eurasian Economic Union, (ii) free trade agreements between the Eurasian Economic Union, and other economies-Iran and the People's Republic of China, and (iii) the loss of beneficiary status for the Generalised Scheme of Preferences of the European Union.
    Keywords ddc:330 ; F13 ; F14 ; F15 ; F17 ; gravity ; Eurasian Economic Union ; free trade agreements ; generalised scheme of preferences ; Armenia
    Subject code 381
    Language English
    Publisher Manila: Asian Development Bank (ADB)
    Publishing country de
    Document type Book ; Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article: Hybrid Silicon Nitride Photonic Integrated Circuits Covered by Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Films.

    Komrakova, Sophia / An, Pavel / Kovalyuk, Vadim / Golikov, Alexander / Gladush, Yury / Mkrtchyan, Aram / Chermoshentsev, Dmitry / Krasnikov, Dmitry / Nasibulin, Albert / Goltsman, Gregory

    Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)

    2023  Volume 13, Issue 16

    Abstract: The integration of low-dimensional materials with optical waveguides presents promising opportunities for enhancing light manipulation in passive photonic circuits. In this study, we investigate the potential of aerosol-synthesized single-walled carbon ... ...

    Abstract The integration of low-dimensional materials with optical waveguides presents promising opportunities for enhancing light manipulation in passive photonic circuits. In this study, we investigate the potential of aerosol-synthesized single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) films for silicon nitride photonic circuits as a basis for developing integrated optics devices. Specifically, by measuring the optical response of SWCNT-covered waveguides, we retrieve the main SWCNT film parameters, such as absorption, nonlinear refractive, and thermo-optic coefficients, and we demonstrate the enhancement of all-optical wavelength conversion and the photoresponse with a 1.2 GHz bandwidth.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-11
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2662255-5
    ISSN 2079-4991
    ISSN 2079-4991
    DOI 10.3390/nano13162307
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Book ; Article ; Online: Consequences of FTA Withdrawal

    Gnutzmann, Hinnerk / Gnutzmann-Mkrtchyan, Arevik / Korn, Tobias

    Evidence from "Uxit"

    2021  

    Abstract: We use a unique case study to estimate the effect of withdrawing from a free trade agreement on international trade. Lately, the political opposition to international economic cooperation has been on the rise, but little is known about how the withdrawal ...

    Abstract We use a unique case study to estimate the effect of withdrawing from a free trade agreement on international trade. Lately, the political opposition to international economic cooperation has been on the rise, but little is known about how the withdrawal from a trade agreement affects trade. We analyze a quasi-natural experiment to provide first empirical evidence. In 2004, Estonia joined the European Union, which mandated that it withdraws from its FTA with Ukraine (“Uxit”). Based on the gravity model of international trade, we provide evidence from triple difference–in–differences as well as PPML panel estimations that trade volumes between Estonia and Ukraine fell by more than 20%. We find that withdrawing an FTA revokes all benefits and that no institutional memory is left behind. General equilibrium estimates suggest that FTA withdrawal led to a noticeable loss in welfare of members.
    Keywords ddc:330 ; F13 ; F14 ; F15 ; F17 ; free trade agreement ; withdrawal ; gravity ; European Union ; Estonia ; Ukraine
    Subject code 381
    Language English
    Publisher Munich: Center for Economic Studies and Ifo Institute (CESifo)
    Publishing country de
    Document type Book ; Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Book ; Article ; Online: Consequences of FTA withdrawal

    Gnutzmann, Hinnerk / Gnutzmann-Mkrtchyan, Arevik / Korn, Tobias

    Evidence from "Uxit"

    2021  

    Abstract: We use a unique case study to estimate the effect of withdrawing from a free trade agreement on international trade. Lately, the political opposition to international economic cooperation has been on the rise, but little is known about how the withdrawal ...

    Abstract We use a unique case study to estimate the effect of withdrawing from a free trade agreement on international trade. Lately, the political opposition to international economic cooperation has been on the rise, but little is known about how the withdrawal from a trade agreement affects trade. We analyze a quasi-natural experiment to provide first empirical evidence. In 2004, Estonia joined the European Union, which mandated that it withdraws from its FTA with Ukraine ('Uxit'). Based on the gravity model of international trade, we provide evidence from triple difference-in-differences as well as PPML panel estimations that trade volumes between Estonia and Ukraine fell by more than 20%. We find that withdrawing an FTA revokes all benefits and that no institutional memory is left behind. General equilibrium estimates suggest that FTA withdrawal led to a noticeable loss in welfare of members.
    Keywords ddc:330 ; F13 ; F14 ; F15 ; F17 ; free trade agreement ; withdrawal ; gravity ; European Union ; Estonia ; Ukraine
    Subject code 381
    Language English
    Publisher Hannover: Leibniz Universität Hannover, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät
    Publishing country de
    Document type Book ; Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Book ; Article ; Online: Peeling Away the Layers

    Gnutzmann-Mkrtchyan, Arevik / Henn, Christian

    Impacts of Durable Tariff Elimination

    2018  

    Abstract: We demonstrate that durable MFN tariff elimination affects trade patterns through several layers, and magnitudes of effects are sizable. The WTO Information Technology Agreement’s (ITA) unique setting allows us to overcome the challenges associated with ... ...

    Abstract We demonstrate that durable MFN tariff elimination affects trade patterns through several layers, and magnitudes of effects are sizable. The WTO Information Technology Agreement’s (ITA) unique setting allows us to overcome the challenges associated with identifying effects of non-discriminatory trade policies due to two reasons: (i) ITA constitutes a quasi-natural experiment of several “passive” signatories joining the agreement as an unavoidable part of pursuing a larger policy objective, and (ii) ITA’s partial coverage of the IT sector provides a natural control group for identification based on cross-product variation. Our analysis finds novel nonlinear impacts of tariff liberalization: Complete tariff elimination results in large additional trade gains - over and above tariff reductions - especially for intermediate goods. The commitment to durable tariff elimination, through WTO bindings, adds a further two layers, boosting both imports and exports more than equivalent unilateral reforms. This commitment spurned development of a downstream IT export sector in “passive” signatories.
    Keywords ddc:330 ; F13 ; F14 ; F15 ; L63 ; non-discriminatory trade policies ; MFN tariff elimination ; World Trade Organization ; Information Technology Agreement ; trade policy certainty ; global value chains
    Subject code 381
    Language English
    Publisher Munich: Center for Economic Studies and ifo Institute (CESifo)
    Publishing country de
    Document type Book ; Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  7. Article ; Online: Access to HIV treatment and care in Armenia

    Grigoryan S / Mkrtchyan A

    Retrovirology, Vol 9, Iss Suppl 1, p P

    2012  Volume 75

    Keywords Medicine (General) ; R5-920 ; Medicine ; R ; DOAJ:Medicine (General) ; DOAJ:Health Sciences ; Immunologic diseases. Allergy ; RC581-607
    Language English
    Publishing date 2012-05-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher BioMed Central
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  8. Article: The problem of adaption of the diaspora Armenians in transition Armenia

    Mkrtchyan, Anahit

    Transition studies review Vol. 15.2009, 4=Nr. 51, S. 701-712

    2009  Volume 15

    Author's details Anahit Mkrtchyan
    Keywords Armenier ; Im Ausland ; Soziale Integration ; Soziale Isolation ; Migrationspolitik ; Armenien
    Language English
    Publisher Springer
    Publishing place Wien
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2129960-2
    ISSN 1614-4007
    Database ECONomics Information System

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  9. Book ; Article ; Online: The layers of the IT Agreement's trade impact

    Henn, Christian / Gnutzmann-Mkrtchyan, Arevik

    2015  

    Abstract: The WTO's plurilateral Information Technology Agreement (ITA) reduced tariffs to zero on many IT products. This paper presents a comprehensive study of its trade impacts by incorporating recent insights from both the global value chain (GVC) and time in ... ...

    Abstract The WTO's plurilateral Information Technology Agreement (ITA) reduced tariffs to zero on many IT products. This paper presents a comprehensive study of its trade impacts by incorporating recent insights from both the global value chain (GVC) and time in trade literatures. Inserting tariffs directly into the gravity equation breaks the ITAs impact down into four layers. Import demand elasticities are found to be non-linear: Tariff reduction (layer 1) has relatively small impacts, while complete tariff elimination (layer 2) has high impacts, especially for intermediate goods. Beyond that, ITA accession has positive non-tariff effects on both imports (layer 3) and exports (layer 4). These commitment effects suggest that higher trade policy certainty affects investment and sourcing decisions in favour of signatories: Their ITA exports performed better relative to other ICT and machinery exports, unlike non-members. But "passive signatories" - which joined mainly as a by-product of a larger policy objective - reaped the most benefits. Featuring a smaller ITA sector upon accession, their final good exports increased also in absolute terms due to downstream GVC integration. However, such impacts are strongly heterogeneous with respect to countries' geographical remoteness, education levels, business environment and institutions. China stands out with especially strong post-accession export increases, also extending to intermediate goods.
    Keywords ddc:330 ; F13 ; F14 ; L63 ; tariffs ; trade policy certainty ; value chains ; fragmentation ; WTO Information Technology Agreement ; gravity equation ; product-level trade ; non-linearity
    Subject code 381
    Language English
    Publisher Geneva: World Trade Organization (WTO)
    Publishing country de
    Document type Book ; Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  10. Article ; Online: Association of Genetic Variants of Dopamine and Serotonin In Schizophrenia.

    Zakharyan, Roksana / Ghazaryan, Hovsep / Kocourkova, Lenka / Chavushyan, Andranik / Mkrtchyan, Artur / Zizkova, Veronika / Arakelyan, Arsen / Petrek, Martin

    Archives of medical research

    2020  Volume 51, Issue 1, Page(s) 13–20

    Abstract: Background: Several studies indicated that antipsychotic treatment response and side effect manifestation can be different due to inter-individual variability in genetic variations.: Aim of the study: Here we perform a case-control study to explore a ...

    Abstract Background: Several studies indicated that antipsychotic treatment response and side effect manifestation can be different due to inter-individual variability in genetic variations.
    Aim of the study: Here we perform a case-control study to explore a potential association between schizophrenia and variants within the antipsychotic drug molecular targets (DRD1, DRD2, DRD3, HTR2A, HTR6) and metabolizing enzymes (CYP2D6, COMT) genes in Armenian population including also analysis of their possible relationship with disease clinical symptoms.
    Methods: A total of 18 SNPs was studied in patients with schizophrenia (n = 78) and healthy control subjects (n = 77) using MassARRAY genotyping.
    Results: We found that two studied genetic variants, namely DRD2 rs4436578*C and HTR2A rs6314*A are underrepresented in the group of patients compared to healthy subjects. After the correction for multiple testing, the rs4436578*C variant remained significant while the rs6314*A reported borderline significance. No significant differences in minor allele frequencies for other studied variants were identified. Also, a relationship between the genotypes and age of onset as well as disease duration has been detected.
    Conclusions: The DRD2 rs4436578*C genetic variant might have protective role against schizophrenia, at least in Armenians.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Aged ; Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use ; Case-Control Studies ; Catechol O-Methyltransferase/genetics ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6/genetics ; Dopamine/genetics ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Association Studies ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genotype ; Humans ; Male ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways/genetics ; Middle Aged ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Receptors, Dopamine/genetics ; Receptors, Serotonin/genetics ; Schizophrenia/drug therapy ; Schizophrenia/genetics ; Serotonin/genetics ; Serotonin/metabolism ; Young Adult
    Chemical Substances Antipsychotic Agents ; Receptors, Dopamine ; Receptors, Serotonin ; Serotonin (333DO1RDJY) ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 (EC 1.14.14.1) ; COMT protein, human (EC 2.1.1.6) ; Catechol O-Methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.6) ; Dopamine (VTD58H1Z2X)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-02-18
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1156844-6
    ISSN 1873-5487 ; 0188-4409 ; 0188-0128
    ISSN (online) 1873-5487
    ISSN 0188-4409 ; 0188-0128
    DOI 10.1016/j.arcmed.2019.12.011
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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