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Article: Urinary immunoglobulins in viral diagnosis: An overview.

Mohandas, Sreelekshmy / Balan, Sudeep / Mourya, Devendra T

2022 Volume 155, Issue 1, Page(s) 11–21

Abstract: Antibody detection by serological methods gained a lot of interest in recent years and has become the backbone of virological diagnosis. Despite the detection of all five classes of immunoglobulins in urine, not much attention has been paid to the use of ...

Abstract	Antibody detection by serological methods gained a lot of interest in recent years and has become the backbone of virological diagnosis. Despite the detection of all five classes of immunoglobulins in urine, not much attention has been paid to the use of urine as a diagnostic sample to detect viral antibodies. Unlike venipuncture, this non-invasive mode of sample collection can help cover all age groups, especially paediatric and old age patients, where blood collection is difficult. Using urine as a sample is also economical and involves lesser risk in sample collection. The antibodies are found to be stable in urine at room temperature for a prolonged period, which makes the sample transport management easier as well. A few recent studies, have also shown that the detection limit of antibodies in urine is at par with serum or other clinical material. So, the ease in sample collection, availability of samples in large quantity and stability of immunoglobulins in urine for prolonged periods can make urine an ideal sample for viral diagnosis.
MeSH term(s)	Antibodies, Viral ; Child ; Humans ; Specimen Handling
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-20
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	390883-5
ISSN	0971-5916 ; 0019-5340
ISSN	0971-5916 ; 0019-5340
DOI	10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_808_18
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Article ; Online: Genomic characterization, transcriptome analysis, and pathogenicity of the Nipah virus (Indian isolate).

Mohandas, Sreelekshmy / Shete, Anita / Sarkale, Prasad / Kumar, Abhinendra / Mote, Chandrasekhar / Yadav, Pragya

Virulence

2023 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 2224642

Abstract: Nipah virus (NiV) is a high-risk pathogen which can cause fatal infections in humans. The Indian isolate from the 2018 outbreak in the Kerala state of India showed ~ 4% nucleotide and amino acid difference in comparison to the Bangladesh strains of NiV ... ...

Abstract	Nipah virus (NiV) is a high-risk pathogen which can cause fatal infections in humans. The Indian isolate from the 2018 outbreak in the Kerala state of India showed ~ 4% nucleotide and amino acid difference in comparison to the Bangladesh strains of NiV and the substitutions observed were mostly not present in the region of any functional significance except for the phosphoprotein gene. The differential expression of viral genes was observed following infection in Vero (ATCC® CCL-81™) and BHK-21 cells. Intraperitoneal infection in the 10-12-week-old, Syrian hamster model induced dose dependant multisystemic disease characterized by prominent vascular lesions in lungs, brain, kidney and extra vascular lesions in brain and lungs. Congestion, haemorrhages, inflammatory cell infiltration, thrombosis and rarely endothelial syncitial cell formation were seen in the blood vessels. Intranasal infection resulted in respiratory tract infection characterised by pneumonia. The model showed disease characteristics resembling the human NiV infection except that of myocarditis similar to that reported by NiV-Malaysia and NiV-Bangladesh isolates in hamster model. The variation observed in the genome of the Indian isolate at the amino acid levels should be explored further for any functional significance.
MeSH term(s)	Cricetinae ; Animals ; Humans ; Nipah Virus/genetics ; Virulence ; Henipavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Henipavirus Infections/pathology ; Mesocricetus ; Genomics ; Gene Expression Profiling
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2657572-3
ISSN	2150-5608 ; 2150-5594
ISSN (online)	2150-5608
ISSN	2150-5594
DOI	10.1080/21505594.2023.2224642
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Article ; Online: A qualitative IgG ELISA for detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in Syrian hamster serum samples.

Shete, Anita / Mohandas, Sreelekshmy / Jain, Rajlaxmi / Yadav, Pragya D

STAR protocols

2021 Volume 2, Issue 2, Page(s) 100573

Abstract: This protocol describes an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for qualitative detection of IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Syrian hamster serum samples. We describe the preparation of ... ...

Abstract	This protocol describes an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for qualitative detection of IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Syrian hamster serum samples. We describe the preparation of inactivated virus antigens and the negative control antigen and the use of antigen-coated microtiter plates to detect SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies from SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters, including the criteria for differentiating positive versus negative reaction. The limited batch-to-batch variability of this assay has been verified with two batches of independently prepared antigens. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Mohandas et al. (2021).
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; COVID-19/blood ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; COVID-19/immunology ; COVID-19/virology ; Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins/immunology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods ; Immunoglobulin G/blood ; Immunoglobulin G/immunology ; Immunologic Tests/methods ; Mesocricetus ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral ; Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins ; Immunoglobulin G
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	2666-1667
ISSN (online)	2666-1667
DOI	10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100573
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Article: Molecular characterization & recombination analysis of complete enterovirus-88 isolated from acute flaccid paralysis cases in India.

Munivenkatappa, Ashok / Nyayanit, Dimpal A / Mohandas, Sreelekshmy / Luwang, Asia / Shete, Anita / Hanumaiah, H / Mourya, Devendra T / Yadav, Pragya D

The Indian journal of medical research

2023 Volume 157, Issue 1, Page(s) 41–50

Abstract: Background & objectives: Focus on non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) causing acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) due to myelitis has increased with the containment of the poliovirus. Enterovirus-B88 (EV-B88) has been associated with the AFP cases in Bangladesh, ... ...

Abstract	Background & objectives: Focus on non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) causing acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) due to myelitis has increased with the containment of the poliovirus. Enterovirus-B88 (EV-B88) has been associated with the AFP cases in Bangladesh, Ghana, South Africa, Thailand and India. In India, EV-B88 infection was linked to AFP a decade ago; however, to date, no complete genome has been made available. In this study, the complete genome sequence of EV-B88 was identified and reported from two different States (Bihar and Uttar Pradesh) in India using the next-generation sequencing technique. Methods: Virus isolation was performed on the three AFP suspected cases as per the WHO-recommended protocol. Samples showing cytopathic effects in the human Rhabdocarcinoma were labelled as NPEVs. Next-generation sequencing was performed on these NPEVs to identify the aetiological agent. The contiguous sequences (contigs) generated were identified, and reference-based mapping was performed. Results: EV-B88 sequences retrieved in our study were found to be 83 per cent similar to the EV-B88 isolate from Bangladesh in 2001 (strain: BAN01-10398; Accession number: AY843306.1). Recombination analyses of these samples demonstrate recombination events with sequences from echovirus-18 and echovirus-30. Interpretation & conclusions: Recombination events in the EV-B serotypes are known, and this work reconfirms the same for EV-B88 isolates also. This study is a step in increasing the awareness about EV-B88 in India and emphasizes future studies to be conducted in the identification of other types of EV present in India.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Enterovirus/genetics ; alpha-Fetoproteins/genetics ; Paralysis ; Phylogeny ; Enterovirus Infections/complications ; India ; Myelitis/complications ; Recombination, Genetic
Chemical Substances	alpha-Fetoproteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-11
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	390883-5
ISSN	0971-5916 ; 0019-5340
ISSN	0971-5916 ; 0019-5340
DOI	10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1767_19
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Article ; Online: Assessment of antibody kinetics in mpox cases with indigenously developed IgM and IgG ELISA.

Shete, Anita M / Patil, Deepak Y / Jain, Rajlaxmi / Sahay, Rima R / Chenayil, Shubin / Mohandas, Sreelekshmy / Yadav, Pragya D

Journal of medical virology

2023 Volume 95, Issue 9, Page(s) e29073

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Kinetics ; Mpox (monkeypox) ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin M
Chemical Substances	Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin M
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Letter ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	752392-0
ISSN	1096-9071 ; 0146-6615
ISSN (online)	1096-9071
ISSN	0146-6615
DOI	10.1002/jmv.29073
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Article: Surveillance of Nipah virus in

Balasubramanian, R / Mohandas, Sreelekshmy / Thankappan, Ullas P / Shete, Anita / Patil, Dilip / Sabarinath, Kannan / Mathapati, Basavaraj / Sahay, Rima / Patil, Deepak / Yadav, Pragya D

Frontiers in microbiology

2024 Volume 15, Page(s) 1342170

Abstract: Introduction: Since 2018, the Indian state of Kerala has reported four Nipah virus (NiV) disease outbreaks, raising concerns about NiV spillover from bats to the human population. Considering this, a cross-sectional study was undertaken in the : ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Since 2018, the Indian state of Kerala has reported four Nipah virus (NiV) disease outbreaks, raising concerns about NiV spillover from bats to the human population. Considering this, a cross-sectional study was undertaken in the Methods: Throat swabs, rectal swabs, and organ samples were collected from bats to test for NiV using the real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), while serum samples were screened for anti-Nipah IgG antibodies through ELISA. Results: An overall seroprevalence of 20.9% was observed in 272 Discussion: The findings of the study caution that there is a spillover risk in the region and necessary precautions should be taken.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-05
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2587354-4
ISSN	1664-302X
ISSN	1664-302X
DOI	10.3389/fmicb.2024.1342170
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Article: Protective Immunity of the Primary SARS-CoV-2 Infection Reduces Disease Severity Post Re-Infection with Delta Variants in Syrian Hamsters

Mohandas, Sreelekshmy / Yadav, Pragya D. / Shete, Anita / Nyayanit, Dimpal / Jain, Rajlaxmi / Sapkal, Gajanan / Mote, Chandrashekhar

Viruses. 2022 Mar. 13, v. 14, no. 3

2022

Abstract: The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Delta variant has evolved to become the dominant SARS-CoV-2 lineage with multiple sub-lineages and there are also reports of re-infections caused by this variant. We studied the disease ... ...

Abstract	The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Delta variant has evolved to become the dominant SARS-CoV-2 lineage with multiple sub-lineages and there are also reports of re-infections caused by this variant. We studied the disease characteristics induced by the Delta AY.1 variant and compared it with the Delta and B.1 variants in Syrian hamsters. We also assessed the potential of re-infection by these variants in Coronavirus disease 2019 recovered hamsters 3 months after initial infection. The variants produced disease characterized by high viral load in the respiratory tract and interstitial pneumonia. The Delta AY.1 variant produced mild disease in the hamster model and did not show any evidence of neutralization resistance due to the presence of the K417N mutation, as speculated. Re-infection with a high virus dose of the Delta and B.1 variants 3 months after B.1 variant infection resulted in reduced virus shedding, disease severity and increased neutralizing antibody levels in the re-infected hamsters. The reduction in viral load and lung disease after re-infection with the Delta AY.1 variant was not marked. Upper respiratory tract viral RNA loads remained similar after re-infection in all the groups. The present findings show that prior infection could not produce sterilizing immunity but that it can broaden the neutralizing response and reduce disease severity in case of reinfection.
Keywords	COVID-19 infection ; RNA ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; animal models ; mutation ; neutralization ; pneumonia ; respiratory system ; viral load ; viruses
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0313
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14030596
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Vector competence of

Sudeep, A B / Mohandas, Sreelekshmy / Bhanarkar, S R / Ghodke, Y S / Sonawane, P A

Journal of vector borne diseases

2021 Volume 57, Issue 3, Page(s) 234–239

Abstract: Background & objectives: Aedes vittatus (Bigot), an anthropophilic mosquito, plays an important role in the maintenance and transmission of yellow fever (YF), dengue (DEN), chikungunya (CHIKV) and Zika (ZIK) viruses in Africa. In India, though natural ... ...

Abstract	Background & objectives: Aedes vittatus (Bigot), an anthropophilic mosquito, plays an important role in the maintenance and transmission of yellow fever (YF), dengue (DEN), chikungunya (CHIKV) and Zika (ZIK) viruses in Africa. In India, though natural isolation of none of these viruses was reported from the mosquito, experimental studies have shown vector competence to DEN and CHIK viruses. Despite wide prevalence in India, their potential in transmitting viruses of public health importance viz., Japanese encephalitis (JEV), West Nile (WNV), Chandipura (CHPV), Chittoor (CHITV) etc., has never been investigated. The objective of the present study is to determine the vector potential of the mosquito to these viruses. Methods: Mosquitoes were infected by intra-thoracic inoculation as well as by oral feeding, and growth kinetics was determined. Virus dissemination to organs was investigated by determining virus in the harvested organs on specified days' post infection (PI). Vector competence was determined by detecting the virus in saliva. Results: Intra thoracic inoculation has shown vector competence of the mosquito to JEV, WNV, CHIV and CHPV. However, using the oral route of infection, replication was observed with only WNV, JEV and CHITV. High degree of WNV replication (6.7log TCID Interpretation & conclusion: From the results it is difficult to indict the mosquito as a vector of the viruses studied. However, presence of WNV in saliva of the mosquito shows its potential as a bridge vector and poses a concern especially when virulent WNV strains are circulating in the country.
MeSH term(s)	Aedes ; Animals ; Bunyamwera virus ; Culex ; Encephalitis, Japanese/epidemiology ; Mosquito Vectors ; West Nile Fever/epidemiology ; West Nile virus ; Zika Virus ; Zika Virus Infection
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-01
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2161218-3
ISSN	0972-9062
ISSN	0972-9062
DOI	10.4103/0972-9062.311776
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Article ; Online: Lack of evidence of viability and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in the fecal specimens of COVID-19 patients.

Joshi, Madhuri / Mohandas, Sreelekshmy / Prasad, Sharda / Shinde, Manohar / Chavan, Nutan / Yadav, Pragya D / Lavania, Mallika

Frontiers in public health

2022 Volume 10, Page(s) 1030249

Abstract: SARS-CoV-2 can be shed in feces and can enter sewage systems. In order to implement effective control measures and identify new channels of transmission, it is essential to identify the presence of infectious virus particles in feces and sewage. In this ... ...

Abstract	SARS-CoV-2 can be shed in feces and can enter sewage systems. In order to implement effective control measures and identify new channels of transmission, it is essential to identify the presence of infectious virus particles in feces and sewage. In this study, we attempt to utilize Molecular techniques, cell cultures and animal models to find out the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in the feces of COVID-19 patients. Our findings exclude the presence of infectious virus particles, suggesting that fecal-oral transmission may not be the main mode of transmission. Larger-scale initiatives are nevertheless required, particularly considering the emergence of new viral strains.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19 ; Sewage ; RNA, Viral ; Feces
Chemical Substances	Sewage ; RNA, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-20
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2711781-9
ISSN	2296-2565 ; 2296-2565
ISSN (online)	2296-2565
ISSN	2296-2565
DOI	10.3389/fpubh.2022.1030249
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Article ; Online: Protective Immunity of the Primary SARS-CoV-2 Infection Reduces Disease Severity Post Re-Infection with Delta Variants in Syrian Hamsters.

Mohandas, Sreelekshmy / Yadav, Pragya D / Shete, Anita / Nyayanit, Dimpal / Jain, Rajlaxmi / Sapkal, Gajanan / Mote, Chandrashekhar

Viruses

2022 Volume 14, Issue 3

Abstract	The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Delta variant has evolved to become the dominant SARS-CoV-2 lineage with multiple sub-lineages and there are also reports of re-infections caused by this variant. We studied the disease characteristics induced by the Delta AY.1 variant and compared it with the Delta and B.1 variants in Syrian hamsters. We also assessed the potential of re-infection by these variants in Coronavirus disease 2019 recovered hamsters 3 months after initial infection. The variants produced disease characterized by high viral load in the respiratory tract and interstitial pneumonia. The Delta AY.1 variant produced mild disease in the hamster model and did not show any evidence of neutralization resistance due to the presence of the K417N mutation, as speculated. Re-infection with a high virus dose of the Delta and B.1 variants 3 months after B.1 variant infection resulted in reduced virus shedding, disease severity and increased neutralizing antibody levels in the re-infected hamsters. The reduction in viral load and lung disease after re-infection with the Delta AY.1 variant was not marked. Upper respiratory tract viral RNA loads remained similar after re-infection in all the groups. The present findings show that prior infection could not produce sterilizing immunity but that it can broaden the neutralizing response and reduce disease severity in case of reinfection.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; COVID-19 ; Cricetinae ; Mesocricetus ; Reinfection ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; Severity of Illness Index ; Trachea
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-13
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14030596
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