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Article ; Online: Evolutionary history and intraspecific competition mediate ballistic seed dispersal

Kaproth, Matthew A. / Eppinga, Maarten B. / Molofsky, Jane

Functional Ecology. 2023 July, v. 37, no. 7 p.1935-1947

2023

Abstract: Dispersal plays an important role in the survival and spread of plant populations. However, when grown under stress, a plants' architecture and fecundity may be modified, which can compromise seed dispersal. While populations within a species exhibit ... ...

Abstract	Dispersal plays an important role in the survival and spread of plant populations. However, when grown under stress, a plants' architecture and fecundity may be modified, which can compromise seed dispersal. While populations within a species exhibit trait variation in response to their environment, a mechanistic understanding of how trade‐offs between dispersal ability and competitive ability vary across species' ranges is currently lacking. Using a common garden design, populations of a widespread weedy species (Cardamine hirsuta) were grown to (1) characterize how traits that influence dispersal differ between populations and (2) identify whether a trade‐off between dispersal ability and competitive ability varies among populations in response to intraspecific competition. We measured trait differences between populations and characterized dispersal kernels through exhaustively capturing seeds. In the absence of competition, populations exhibited differences in fecundity and height. Of these traits, fecundity varied more strongly between populations and had a stronger influence on dispersal capacity. The experimental data were then used to parameterize cellular automaton models to explore the consequences of these trait‐mediated dispersal responses for long‐term population dynamics. These simulations identified intraspecific competitive effects on fecundity as the primary driver of variation in spread and patch density among populations. Within‐species variation of dispersal traits occurs among populations across the range of C. hirsuta. In response to conspecific competition, populations also have unequal fecundity and long‐distance dispersal (LDD). Model simulations suggest predictions of species spread are highly modified by characterization of metapopulation life‐history traits such as high fecundity and maintenance of LDD. These mechanisms creating within‐species variation would be important to incorporate in population models of species range expansion and stability. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Keywords	Cardamine hirsuta ; fecundity ; intraspecific competition ; life history ; population dynamics ; seed dispersal
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-07
Size	p. 1935-1947.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2020307-X
ISSN	1365-2435 ; 0269-8463
ISSN (online)	1365-2435
ISSN	0269-8463
DOI	10.1111/1365-2435.14347
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Closely related invasive species may be controlled by the same demographic life stages

Molofsky, Jane / Thom, Dominik / Keller, Stephen R. / Milbrath, Lindsey R.

NeoBiota. 2023 Mar. 02, v. 82 p.189-207

2023

Abstract: AbstractInvasive species that are closely related to each other may have similar population dynamics and, therefore, be controlled by targeting similar life stages. We studied two invasive knapweed species, spotted knapweed (Centaureastoebesubsp ... ...

Abstract	AbstractInvasive species that are closely related to each other may have similar population dynamics and, therefore, be controlled by targeting similar life stages. We studied two invasive knapweed species, spotted knapweed (Centaureastoebesubsp.micranthos) and the hybrid meadow knapweed complex (Centaurea × moncktonii) in New York, USA, to determine their individual population growth rates (λ) across several sites over three years. Both knapweed species had growth rates that were greater than 1 (spotted knapweed λ ranged from 1.005–1.440; meadow knapweed λ ranged from 1.541–2.408), but there was high variability between years and sites. One study population of meadow knapweed was composed primarily of individuals of black knapweed ancestry (C. nigra), a species that, while introduced, is not invasive. For this population, the projected dynamics were stable (λ approximately 1). Elasticity analysis showed that the flowering-to-flowering stage contributed the most to population growth rate for six of seven sites and three additional transitions were also influential for four of seven sites of spotted and meadow knapweed: the seedling-to-vegetative stage, vegetative-to-flowering stage and flowering-to-seedling stage. We simulated how increasing vital rates would affect population growth and found that both spotted and meadow knapweed followed the same pattern. The vital rate of established seedlings maturing to flowering plants had the greatest effect on population growth, followed by the survival of new and established seedlings. In all cases, the responses were non-linear, with small initial changes having a large effect. Increases in the vital rates of later stages also tended to have a positive effect on growth rate, but the effects were more modest. Although the sensitivity analysis indicated that early vital rates had the largest effect on population growth, targeting these stages is not practical for management. Rather, reducing older life stage survival or delaying maturation of vegetative individuals would be more effective. The similarity between the population dynamics and how each life stage contributes to population growth provides support that protocols developed for one species should be effective for the other species with the caveat that any biological control agent should be directly tested on the target species before being utilised.
Keywords	Centaurea nigra ; ancestry ; biological control agents ; hybrids ; invasive species ; meadows ; population growth ; New York ; Biocontrol agents ; biological invasions ; Centaurea×moncktonii ; Centaureanigra ; Centaureastoebesubsp.micranthos ; elasticity analysis ; knapweed ; population demography ; population growth rate
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0302
Size	p. 189-207.
Publishing place	Pensoft Publishers
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2628537-X
ISSN	1314-2488 ; 1619-0033
ISSN (online)	1314-2488
ISSN	1619-0033
DOI	10.3897/neobiota.82.95127
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Phenotypic shifts following admixture in recombinant offspring of Arabidopsis thaliana

Palacio-Lopez, Kattia / Molofsky, Jane

Evolutionary ecology. 2021 Aug., v. 35, no. 4

2021

Abstract: Admixture can act to expand genetic variation and generate new trait combinations or functional trait values compared to parental lines. We examined how admixture between geographically distinct and/or genetically distinct parental genotypes could create ...

Abstract	Admixture can act to expand genetic variation and generate new trait combinations or functional trait values compared to parental lines. We examined how admixture between geographically distinct and/or genetically distinct parental genotypes could create either expanded genetic variation or novel phenotypes in the recombinant individuals of a F₂ population of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. In three different experiments, we grew 13 F₂’s of Arabidopsis that differ in the genetic distance and/or geographic location of their parental source. The experiments tested the response of F₂ recombinant populations to drought, high temperature and overwintering in field conditions. We estimated a multi-trait phenotypic space based on phenology, growth and fitness traits using a non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis. We found that approximately half (51%) of the F₂ recombinant populations across the different experiments shifted their phenotype and occupied a different phenotypic space than their parents. Fitness changes in shifted recombinant F₂’s populations depended upon the experimental conditions. A shift in the phenotypic space was associated with an increase in fitness under drought conditions but the opposite was true under high temperature conditions where the non-shifted F₂ recombinant populations had a higher fitness. Therefore, one recombinant event following admixture was sufficient to shift offspring phenotypes away from parental phenotypes in half of admixture events and the resulting phenotypic shifts could result in a fitness increase under specific environmental conditions. Our study provides experimental evidence that admixture can provide a rapid shift in plant phenotypes with a resulting increase in fitness suggesting that such events are an important mechanism for rapid evolution post-introduction.
Keywords	Arabidopsis thaliana ; drought ; evolution ; genetic distance ; genetic variation ; overwintering ; phenology ; phenotype ; progeny ; temperature
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-08
Size	p. 575-593.
Publishing place	Springer International Publishing
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	15919-0
ISSN	1573-8477 ; 0269-7653
ISSN (online)	1573-8477
ISSN	0269-7653
DOI	10.1007/s10682-021-10118-9
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Simulating phase transitions and control measures for network epidemics caused by infections with presymptomatic, asymptomatic, and symptomatic stages.

Braun, Benjamin / Taraktaş, Başak / Beckage, Brian / Molofsky, Jane

PloS one

2020 Volume 15, Issue 9, Page(s) e0238412

Abstract: We investigate phase transitions associated with three control methods for epidemics on small world networks. Motivated by the behavior of SARS-CoV-2, we construct a theoretical SIR model of a virus that exhibits presymptomatic, asymptomatic, and ... ...

Abstract	We investigate phase transitions associated with three control methods for epidemics on small world networks. Motivated by the behavior of SARS-CoV-2, we construct a theoretical SIR model of a virus that exhibits presymptomatic, asymptomatic, and symptomatic stages in two possible pathways. Using agent-based simulations on small world networks, we observe phase transitions for epidemic spread related to: 1) Global social distancing with a fixed probability of adherence. 2) Individually initiated social isolation when a threshold number of contacts are infected. 3) Viral shedding rate. The primary driver of total number of infections is the viral shedding rate, with probability of social distancing being the next critical factor. Individually initiated social isolation was effective when initiated in response to a single infected contact. For each of these control measures, the total number of infections exhibits a sharp phase transition as the strength of the measure is varied.
MeSH term(s)	Asymptomatic Diseases ; Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification ; Betacoronavirus/physiology ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/pathology ; Coronavirus Infections/transmission ; Coronavirus Infections/virology ; Epidemics ; Humans ; Models, Theoretical ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; Pneumonia, Viral/pathology ; Pneumonia, Viral/transmission ; Pneumonia, Viral/virology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Virus Shedding
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0238412
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Phase transitions and social distancing control measures for SARS-CoV-2 on small world networks

Braun, Benjamin / Taraktacs, Bacsak / Beckage, Brian / Molofsky, Jane

Abstract: We investigate the efficacy of three social distancing controls on the spread of SARS-CoV-2 using an agent based SIR model on a small world network structure: 1) Global social distancing with a fixed probability of adherence. 2) Individually initiated ... ...

Abstract	We investigate the efficacy of three social distancing controls on the spread of SARS-CoV-2 using an agent based SIR model on a small world network structure: 1) Global social distancing with a fixed probability of adherence. 2) Individually initiated social isolation when a threshold number of contacts are infected. 3) Use of personal protective equipment (PPE) to reduce viral shedding and resultant infectivity. The primary driver of total number of infections is the viral shedding rate, with probability of social distancing being the next critical factor. These results suggest that higher compliance with PPE usage and personal hygiene has the potential to decrease the number of infections and shorten epidemic duration. Individually initiated social isolation was effective when initiated in response to a single infected contact. The combination of social isolation and PPE resulted in very low levels of infection. Our model suggests that widespread application of social distancing through government control can drastically reduce viral spread; even in the absence of widely adopted social distancing protocols, high use of PPE can also dramatically reduce the viral spread while short-duration quarantine following exposure to an infected individual was less effective.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	ArXiv
Document type	Article
Database	COVID19

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Article: Simulating phase transitions and control measures for network epidemics caused by infections with presymptomatic, asymptomatic, and symptomatic stages

Braun, Benjamin / Taraktas, Basak / Beckage, Brian / Molofsky, Jane

PLoS One

Abstract	We investigate phase transitions associated with three control methods for epidemics on small world networks. Motivated by the behavior of SARS-CoV-2, we construct a theoretical SIR model of a virus that exhibits presymptomatic, asymptomatic, and symptomatic stages in two possible pathways. Using agent-based simulations on small world networks, we observe phase transitions for epidemic spread related to: 1) Global social distancing with a fixed probability of adherence. 2) Individually initiated social isolation when a threshold number of contacts are infected. 3) Viral shedding rate. The primary driver of total number of infections is the viral shedding rate, with probability of social distancing being the next critical factor. Individually initiated social isolation was effective when initiated in response to a single infected contact. For each of these control measures, the total number of infections exhibits a sharp phase transition as the strength of the measure is varied.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #760696
Database	COVID19

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Article: Phase transitions and control measures for network epidemics caused by infections with presymptomatic, asymptomatic,and symptomatic stages

Braun, Benjamin / Taraktacs, Bacsak / Beckage, Brian / Molofsky, Jane

Abstract	We investigate phase transitions associated with three control methods for epidemics on small world networks. Motivated by the behavior of SARS-CoV-2, we construct a theoretical SIR model of a virus that exhibits presymptomatic, asymptomatic, and symptomatic stages in two possible pathways. Using agent-based simulations on small world networks, we observe phase transitions for epidemic spread related to: 1) Global social distancing with a fixed probability of adherence. 2) Individually initiated social isolation when a threshold number of contacts are infected. 3) Viral shedding rate. The primary driver of total number of infections is the viral shedding rate, with probability of social distancing being the next critical factor. Individually initiated social isolation was effective when initiated in response to a single infected contact. For each of these control measures, the total number of infections exhibits a sharp phase transition as the strength of the measure is varied.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	ArXiv
Document type	Article
Database	COVID19

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Book ; Online: Simulating Phase Transitions and Control Measures for Network Epidemics Caused by Infections with Presymptomatic, Asymptomatic, and Symptomatic Stages

Braun, Benjamin / Taraktaş, Başak / Beckage, Brian / Molofsky, Jane

Mathematics Faculty Publications

2020

Abstract	We investigate phase transitions associated with three control methods for epidemics on small world networks. Motivated by the behavior of SARS-CoV-2, we construct a theoretical SIR model of a virus that exhibits presymptomatic, asymptomatic, and symptomatic stages in two possible pathways. Using agent-based simulations on small world networks, we observe phase transitions for epidemic spread related to: 1) Global social distancing with a fixed probability of adherence. 2) Individually initiated social isolation when a threshold number of contacts are infected. 3) Viral shedding rate. The primary driver of total number of infections is the viral shedding rate, with probability of social distancing being the next critical factor. Individually initiated social isolation was effective when initiated in response to a single infected contact. For each of these control measures, the total number of infections exhibits a sharp phase transition as the strength of the measure is varied.
Keywords	Viral release ; Social distancing ; Agent-based modeling ; Social epidemiology ; Pathogens ; Infectious disease control ; SARS CoV 2 ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus ; Physical distancing ; Mathematics ; covid19
Publishing date	2020-09-10T07:00:00Z
Publisher	UKnowledge
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Phase transitions and control measures for network epidemics caused by infections with presymptomatic, asymptomatic,and symptomatic stages

Braun, Benjamin / Taraktaş, Başak / Beckage, Brian / Molofsky, Jane

2020

Abstract	We investigate phase transitions associated with three control methods for epidemics on small world networks. Motivated by the behavior of SARS-CoV-2, we construct a theoretical SIR model of a virus that exhibits presymptomatic, asymptomatic, and symptomatic stages in two possible pathways. Using agent-based simulations on small world networks, we observe phase transitions for epidemic spread related to: 1) Global social distancing with a fixed probability of adherence. 2) Individually initiated social isolation when a threshold number of contacts are infected. 3) Viral shedding rate. The primary driver of total number of infections is the viral shedding rate, with probability of social distancing being the next critical factor. Individually initiated social isolation was effective when initiated in response to a single infected contact. For each of these control measures, the total number of infections exhibits a sharp phase transition as the strength of the measure is varied.
Keywords	Physics - Physics and Society ; Computer Science - Social and Information Networks ; covid19
Subject code	306
Publishing date	2020-05-19
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Ecological niche differentiation of polyploidization is not supported by environmental differences among species in a cosmopolitan grass genus.

Visser, Vernon / Molofsky, Jane

American journal of botany

2015 Volume 102, Issue 1, Page(s) 36–49

Abstract: Unlabelled: •: Premise of the study: Polyploidization frequently results in the creation of new plant species, the establishment of which is thought to often be facilitated by ecological niche differentiation from the diploid species. We tested this ... ...

Abstract	Unlabelled: • Premise of the study: Polyploidization frequently results in the creation of new plant species, the establishment of which is thought to often be facilitated by ecological niche differentiation from the diploid species. We tested this hypothesis using the cosmopolitan grass genus Phalaris (Poaceae), consisting of 19 species that range from diploid to tetraploid to hexaploid. Specifically, we tested whether (1) polyploids occupy more extreme environments and/or (2) have broader niche breadths and/or (3) whether the polyploid species' distributions indicate a niche shift from diploid species.• Methods: We employed a bootstrapping approach using distribution data for each species and eight environmental variables to investigate differences between species in the means, extremes, and breadths of each environmental variable. We used a kernel smoothing technique to quantify niche overlap between species.• Key results: Although we found some support for the three hypotheses for a few diploid-polyploid pairs and for specific environmental variables, none of these hypotheses were generally supported.• Conclusions: Our results suggest that these commonly held hypotheses about the effects of polyploidization on ecological distributions are not universally applicable. Correlative biogeographic studies like ours provide a necessary first step for suggesting specific hypotheses that require experimental verification. A combination of genetic, physiological, and ecological studies will be required to achieve a better understanding of the role of polyploidization in niche evolution.
MeSH term(s)	Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; Phalaris/genetics ; Phalaris/physiology ; Phylogeny ; Plant Dispersal ; Polyploidy
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2935-x
ISSN	1537-2197 ; 0002-9122
ISSN (online)	1537-2197
ISSN	0002-9122
DOI	10.3732/ajb.1400432
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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