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Article ; Online: Exosomal MicroRNAs in Pregnancy Provides Insight into a Possible Cure for Cancer.

Pillay, Preenan / Moodley, Kogi / Vatish, Manu / Moodley, Jagidesa

International journal of molecular sciences

2020 Volume 21, Issue 15

Abstract: The biological links between cancer and pregnancy are of recent interest due to parallel proliferative, immunosuppressive and invasive mechanisms between tumour and trophoblast development. Therefore, understanding "cancer-like" mechanisms in pregnancy ... ...

Abstract	The biological links between cancer and pregnancy are of recent interest due to parallel proliferative, immunosuppressive and invasive mechanisms between tumour and trophoblast development. Therefore, understanding "cancer-like" mechanisms in pregnancy could lead to the development of novel cancer therapeutics, however, little is understood on how tumour and trophoblast cells recapitulate similar molecular mechanisms. Based on our observations from a previous study, it was not only evident that exosomal miRNAs are involved in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia but also contained cancer-specific miRNAs, which suggested that "pseudo-malignant-like" exosomal-mediated mechanisms exist in pregnancy. The presented study therefore aimed to identify exosomal miRNAs (exomiR) in pregnancy which can be repurposed towards preventing tumour metastasis and immunosuppression. It was identified that exomiR-302d-3p, exomiR-223-3p and exomiR-451a, commonly associated with cancer metastasis, were found to be highly expressed in pregnancy. Furthermore, computational merging and meta-analytical pathway analysis (DIANA miRPath) of significantly expressed exomiRs between 38 ± 1.9 vs. 30 ± 1.11 weeks of gestation indicated controlled regulation of biological pathways associated with cancer metastasis and immunosuppression. Therefore, the observations made in this study provide the experimental framework for the repurposing of exosomal miRNA molecular mechanisms in pregnancy towards treating and preventing cancer.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Biomarkers/blood ; Exosomes/chemistry ; Exosomes/genetics ; Exosomes/metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Ontology ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; MicroRNAs/blood ; MicroRNAs/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods ; Neoplasms/blood ; Neoplasms/genetics ; Neoplasms/pathology ; Neoplasms/therapy ; Pre-Eclampsia/blood ; Pre-Eclampsia/genetics ; Pre-Eclampsia/pathology ; Pregnancy ; Trophoblasts/chemistry ; Trophoblasts/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; MIRN223 microRNA, human ; MIRN302A microRNA, human ; MIRN451 microRNA, human ; MicroRNAs
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-29
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2019364-6
ISSN	1422-0067 ; 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
ISSN (online)	1422-0067
ISSN	1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
DOI	10.3390/ijms21155384
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: METABOLIC EFFECTS OF

Moodley, Kogi / Mackraj, Irene

African journal of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicines : AJTCAM

2016 Volume 13, Issue 4, Page(s) 113–122

Abstract: Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a cluster of metabolic diseases with chronic hyperglycemia as a defining feature, associated with long-term organ damage and dysfunction. In this study we examined the effect of : Materials and methods: Male ... ...

Abstract	Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a cluster of metabolic diseases with chronic hyperglycemia as a defining feature, associated with long-term organ damage and dysfunction. In this study we examined the effect of Materials and methods: Male Wistar rats (250-300g) were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with streptozotocin (60mg/kg body weight) to induce diabetes; or provided with distilled water for the control (CON) (3 ml/kg/b.w.) animals and treatment with TVL (60mg/kg.b.w). The rats were divided into 5 groups of 6 animals per group as follows: Non-diabetic control (NDC)-received distilled water (3ml/kg.b.w), Non-diabetic TVL (ND+TVL)-received TVL (60mh/kg b.w), Diabetic control (DC)-received distilled water (3ml/kg.b.w), Diabetic experimental (D+TVL)-received TVL (60mg/kg.b.w), Diabetic experimental (D+M)-received Metformin (250 mg/kg.b.w). All doses were administered daily via oral gavage. Results: TVL-treated animals showed reduced blood glucose, increased plasma insulin, reduced plasma TG, TC, VLDL and increased HDL. Furthermore we found decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and nitric oxide significantly. Regarding renal parameters we found increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and improved renal morphology in TVL-treated animals. Conclusion: Tulbaghia violacea
MeSH term(s)	Amaryllidaceae/chemistry ; Animals ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy ; Diabetes Mellitus/metabolism ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage ; Insulin/metabolism ; Male ; Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; Plant Extracts/administration & dosage ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism ; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Blood Glucose ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; Insulin ; Plant Extracts ; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ; Superoxide Dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1)
Language	English
Publishing date	2016
Publishing country	Nigeria
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2505-0044
ISSN (online)	2505-0044
DOI	10.21010/ajtcam.v13i4.16
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Article ; Online: Protective role of wild garlic on isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis in wistar rats.

Murugesan, Saravanakumar / Pandiyan, Arunagiri / Saravanakumar, Lakshmi / Moodley, Kogi / Mackraj, Irene

Journal of ethnopharmacology

2019 Volume 237, Page(s) 108–115

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Tulbaghia violacea Harv. (TVL) is a folk medicine, native to South Africa which has previously shown antioxidant, anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic effects.: The aim of the study: The aim of the current study was to ... ...

Abstract	Ethnopharmacological relevance: Tulbaghia violacea Harv. (TVL) is a folk medicine, native to South Africa which has previously shown antioxidant, anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic effects. The aim of the study: The aim of the current study was to investigate the protective role of wild garlic or TVL on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial necrosis in rats. Materials and methods: Animal (n = 6 each group) were pre and co-treated with TVL (60 mg/kg body weight) daily for 30 days. Myocardial necrosis was administrated by subcutaneous injection of ISO (85 mg/kg body weight) into rats on 29th and 30th day. On the 31st day, rats were anaesthetized and blood, heart samples were obtained for the biochemical, histopathological and molecular study. The specific protein target analysis from TVL was done by reverse docking study (reverse pharmacophore mapping) using PharmMapper. Results: The levels of cardiac markers, lipid peroxidation products, and heart rate were considerably increased in ISO-induced myocardial necrosis in rats whilst plasma enzymatic antioxidants were significantly decreased. Myocardial necrotic mRNA genes were increased in ISO-induced myocardial necrosis in rats compared to controls. Pre and co-treatment with TVL and ramipril of myocardial necrosis in rats showed significant effects on all the biochemical and molecular studies evaluated. TVL reduced heart rate, prevented oxidative stress and downregulated the Fas-receptor and caspase-mediated apoptosis-signaling pathway, and heart muscle damage in myocardial necrosis in rats. The specific target protein [disulfide, bis (2-sulfhydrylethyl] from TVL mediates the protective effects. Conclusion: Wild garlic or TVL extract has shown a protective effect on ISO-induced myocardial necrosis in rats by increasing antioxidant production confirmed with docking studies.
MeSH term(s)	Amaryllidaceae ; Animals ; Cardiotonic Agents/pharmacology ; Cardiotonic Agents/therapeutic use ; Caspases/genetics ; Heart Rate/drug effects ; Isoproterenol ; Male ; Myocardium/metabolism ; Myocardium/pathology ; Necrosis ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Plant Extracts/therapeutic use ; Rats, Wistar ; Rhizome ; fas Receptor/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Cardiotonic Agents ; Plant Extracts ; fas Receptor ; Caspases (EC 3.4.22.-) ; Isoproterenol (L628TT009W)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-03-21
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	134511-4
ISSN	1872-7573 ; 0378-8741
ISSN (online)	1872-7573
ISSN	0378-8741
DOI	10.1016/j.jep.2019.03.049
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Article ; Online: Placenta-derived exosomes: potential biomarkers of preeclampsia.

Pillay, Preenan / Moodley, Kogi / Moodley, Jagidesa / Mackraj, Irene

International journal of nanomedicine

2017 Volume 12, Page(s) 8009–8023

Abstract: Preeclampsia remains a leading cause of maternal and fetal mortality, due to ineffective treatment and diagnostic strategies, compounded by the lack of clarity on the etiology of the disorder. Although several clinical and biological markers of ... ...

Abstract	Preeclampsia remains a leading cause of maternal and fetal mortality, due to ineffective treatment and diagnostic strategies, compounded by the lack of clarity on the etiology of the disorder. Although several clinical and biological markers of preeclampsia have been evaluated, they have proven to be ineffective in providing a definitive diagnosis during the various stages of the disorder. Exosomes have emerged as ideal biomarkers of pathological states, such as cancer, and have more recently gained interest in pregnancy-related complications, due to their role in cellular communication in normal and complicated pregnancies. This occurs as a result of the specific placenta-derived exosomal molecular cargo, which may be involved in normal pregnancy-associated immunological events, such as the maintenance of maternal-fetal tolerance. This review provides perspectives on placenta-derived exosomes as possible biomarkers for the diagnosis/prognosis of preeclampsia. Using keywords, online databases were searched to identify relevant publications to review the potential use of placenta-derived exosomes as biomarkers of preeclampsia.
MeSH term(s)	Biomarkers/analysis ; Exosomes/pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Placenta/cytology ; Placenta/pathology ; Pre-Eclampsia/diagnosis ; Pre-Eclampsia/pathology ; Pregnancy ; Prognosis
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-10-31
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2364941-0
ISSN	1178-2013 ; 1176-9114
ISSN (online)	1178-2013
ISSN	1176-9114
DOI	10.2147/IJN.S142732
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Article ; Online: Exosomal Th1/Th2 cytokines in preeclampsia and HIV-positive preeclamptic women on highly active anti-retroviral therapy.

Pillay, Preenan / Moodley, Kogi / Vatish, Manu / Moodley, Jagidesa / Duarte, Raquel / Mackraj, Irene

Cytokine

2019 Volume 125, Page(s) 154795

Abstract: Preeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy which is a leading cause of maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, HIV/Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Treatment has been associated with the increased risk of preeclampsia due to ...

Abstract	Preeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy which is a leading cause of maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, HIV/Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Treatment has been associated with the increased risk of preeclampsia due to maternal immune reconstitution, which complicates the clinical diagnosis of PE in these patients. It is therefore necessary to identify biomarkers involved in the pathology of both disorders with the intent to diagnose. Exosomal cytokines represent ideal biomarkers of PE and inflammatory conditions due to their immunomodulatory role in pregnancy. We therefore quantified exosomal Th1 (IL-2 and TNF-α) and Th2 cytokines (IL-10) in maternal circulation. A significant dysregulation in total exosomes, placental-derived exosomes and exosomal cytokines in PE and HIV-positive PE pregnant woman on Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment (HAART) was observed (p < 0.01). Additionally, we observed a significant shift towards Th1 immunity in PE which becomes amplified in HIV-positive PE pregnant woman on HAART (p < 0.01). Moreover, we show the potential application of exosomal Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) as a biomarker of PE and PE in HIV-positive pregnant women on HAART (CI: 95%, LHR > 10, sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 90%). These findings are in support of exosome release and exosome cytokine encapsulation as a tightly regulated process in favour of maintaining the immune microenvironment, which can orchestrate either normal pregnancy, or the pathogenesis of preeclampsia and preeclampsia in HIV/HAART pregnancies.
MeSH term(s)	Acetylcholinesterase/metabolism ; Adult ; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active ; Biomarkers/blood ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Exosomes/metabolism ; Exosomes/ultrastructure ; Female ; HIV Infections/blood ; HIV Infections/drug therapy ; Humans ; Interleukin-10/blood ; Interleukin-2/blood ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Placenta/metabolism ; Pre-Eclampsia/diagnosis ; Pre-Eclampsia/enzymology ; Pre-Eclampsia/virology ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/diagnosis ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/virology ; Risk Factors ; Th1 Cells/metabolism ; Th2 Cells/metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/blood
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; Cytokines ; IL10 protein, human ; IL2 protein, human ; Interleukin-2 ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Interleukin-10 (130068-27-8) ; Acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-08-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1018055-2
ISSN	1096-0023 ; 1043-4666
ISSN (online)	1096-0023
ISSN	1043-4666
DOI	10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154795
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Article: Effects of Tulbaghia violacea Harv. (Alliaceae) rhizome methanolic extract on kidney function and morphology in Dahl salt-sensitive rats

Moodley, Kogi / Irene Mackraj / Yougasphree Naidoo

Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2014 Sept. 11, v. 155, no. 2

2014

Abstract: Tulbaghia violacea has been used traditionally for the treatment of several ailments, including hypertension. The herb has been shown to have antihypertensive properties which have been attributed to its angiotensin-converting enzymeinhibitory (ACEI) ... ...

Abstract	Tulbaghia violacea has been used traditionally for the treatment of several ailments, including hypertension. The herb has been shown to have antihypertensive properties which have been attributed to its angiotensin-converting enzymeinhibitory (ACEI) activity. It could, therefore, prove beneficial in ameliorating renal pathology associated with hypertension. To evaluate the effects of long-term administration of Tulbaghia violacea on renal function and morphology in the Dahl salt-sensitive (DSS) rat model.Male DSS rats were treated intra-peritoneally (i.p.) as follows: methanolic extract of Tulbaghia violacea: (TVL) (50mg/kg/b.w.), captopril: (CAP) (25mg/kg/b.w.), or distilled water, control: (CON) (3ml/kg/b.w.). Blood pressure (BP) was measured bi-weekly, whilst 24-h urine volumes and electrolyte concentrations were assessed weekly. Animals were sacrificed on day 49 by halothane overdose. Blood was removed for determination of plasma and serum electrolytes. Left kidney tissues were harvested for the determination of nuclear factor-kappaβ (NF-kβ) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) gene expressions.TVL significantly reduced mean arterial pressure (MAP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). TVL showed reduced blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, total protein in urine as well as increased serum total protein. TVL decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and increased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and nitric oxide significantly. NF-kβ and TGF-β) gene expressions were significantly reduced in TVL and CAP treated rats. Moreover, renal morphology improved significantly in TVL and CAP treated animals.TVL and CAP demonstrated marked improvement in renal function and morphology.
Keywords	antihypertensive effect ; blood proteins ; blood serum ; creatinine ; diastolic blood pressure ; electrolytes ; gene expression ; genes ; glutathione peroxidase ; halothane ; hypertension ; kidneys ; nitric oxide ; overdose ; protein content ; rats ; renal function ; rhizomes ; superoxide dismutase ; thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances ; tissues ; traditional medicine ; transforming growth factor beta ; Tulbaghia ; urea nitrogen ; urine
Language	English
Dates of publication	2014-0911
Size	p. 1194-1203.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ireland Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	134511-4
ISSN	1872-7573 ; 0378-8741
ISSN (online)	1872-7573
ISSN	0378-8741
DOI	10.1016/j.jep.2014.07.003
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Article ; Online: Effects of Tulbaghia violacea Harv. (Alliaceae) rhizome methanolic extract on kidney function and morphology in Dahl salt-sensitive rats.

Moodley, Kogi / Naidoo, Yougasphree / Mackraj, Irene

Journal of ethnopharmacology

2014 Volume 155, Issue 2, Page(s) 1194–1203

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Tulbaghia violacea has been used traditionally for the treatment of several ailments, including hypertension. The herb has been shown to have antihypertensive properties which have been attributed to its angiotensin- ... ...

Abstract	Ethnopharmacological relevance: Tulbaghia violacea has been used traditionally for the treatment of several ailments, including hypertension. The herb has been shown to have antihypertensive properties which have been attributed to its angiotensin-converting enzymeinhibitory (ACEI) activity. It could, therefore, prove beneficial in ameliorating renal pathology associated with hypertension. To evaluate the effects of long-term administration of Tulbaghia violacea on renal function and morphology in the Dahl salt-sensitive (DSS) rat model. Materials and methods: Male DSS rats were treated intra-peritoneally (i.p.) as follows: methanolic extract of Tulbaghia violacea: (TVL) (50 mg/kg/b.w.), captopril: (CAP) (25 mg/kg/b.w.), or distilled water, control: (CON) (3 ml/kg/b.w.). Blood pressure (BP) was measured bi-weekly, whilst 24-h urine volumes and electrolyte concentrations were assessed weekly. Animals were sacrificed on day 49 by halothane overdose. Blood was removed for determination of plasma and serum electrolytes. Left kidney tissues were harvested for the determination of nuclear factor-kappaβ (NF-kβ) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) gene expressions. Results: TVL significantly reduced mean arterial pressure (MAP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). TVL showed reduced blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, total protein in urine as well as increased serum total protein. TVL decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and increased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and nitric oxide significantly. NF-kβ and TGF-β) gene expressions were significantly reduced in TVL and CAP treated rats. Moreover, renal morphology improved significantly in TVL and CAP treated animals. Conclusion: TVL and CAP demonstrated marked improvement in renal function and morphology.
MeSH term(s)	Allium/chemistry ; Animals ; Antihypertensive Agents/administration & dosage ; Antihypertensive Agents/chemistry ; Antihypertensive Agents/isolation & purification ; Antihypertensive Agents/pharmacology ; Arterial Pressure/drug effects ; Biomarkers/blood ; Biomarkers/urine ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Creatinine/blood ; Disease Models, Animal ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Hypertension/blood ; Hypertension/drug therapy ; Hypertension/pathology ; Hypertension/physiopathology ; Hypertension/urine ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Kidney/drug effects ; Kidney/metabolism ; Kidney/pathology ; Kidney/physiopathology ; Male ; Methanol/chemistry ; NF-kappa B/genetics ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; Phytotherapy ; Plant Extracts/administration & dosage ; Plant Extracts/chemistry ; Plant Extracts/isolation & purification ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Plants, Medicinal ; Proteinuria/physiopathology ; Proteinuria/prevention & control ; Rats, Inbred Dahl ; Rhizome ; Solvents/metabolism ; Time Factors ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism ; Urodynamics/drug effects
Chemical Substances	Antihypertensive Agents ; Biomarkers ; NF-kappa B ; Plant Extracts ; Solvents ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; Creatinine (AYI8EX34EU) ; Methanol (Y4S76JWI15)
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-09-11
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	134511-4
ISSN	1872-7573 ; 0378-8741
ISSN (online)	1872-7573
ISSN	0378-8741
DOI	10.1016/j.jep.2014.07.003
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Article: Cardiovascular effects of Tulbaghia violacea Harv. (Alliaceae) root methanolic extract in Dahl salt-sensitive (DSS) rats

Moodley, Kogi / Mackraj, Irene / Naidoo, Yougasphree

Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2013 Mar. 7, v. 146, no. 1

2013

Abstract: ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: In African folk medicine, Tulbaghia violacea Harv.(Alliaceae), a herbaceous plant also known by other common local names such as ‘wild garlic’, ‘society garlic’ and ‘sweet garlic’, has been used for the management, control ...

Abstract	ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: In African folk medicine, Tulbaghia violacea Harv.(Alliaceae), a herbaceous plant also known by other common local names such as ‘wild garlic’, ‘society garlic’ and ‘sweet garlic’, has been used for the management, control and/or treatment of several human ailments; including hypertension. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cardiovascular effects of methanolic extract of Tulbaghia violacea Harv. in Dahl salt-sensitive (DSS) rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: DSS rats were treated intraperitoneally (i.p) as follows: distilled water, control (CON) (3ml/kg/b.w.); captopril (CAP) (25mg/kg/b.w.); or methanolic extract of Tulbaghia violacea (TVL) (50mg/kg/b.w.) for 7 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured bi-weekly whilst 24-hour urine volumes and sodium concentrations were assessed weekly. Animals were sacrificed on day 49 by halothane overdose. Blood was removed for the determination of aldosterone concentration and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity. Left kidney was harvested for angiotensin Ia (AT1a) receptor gene expression. RESULTS: CON showed a significant percentage increase in SBP (mmHg) on day 49 compared to day 0 (baseline values) (9.75±1.7% vs. 2.33±0.77%; p<0.05). CAP and TVL showed significant percentage decreases in SBP at week 7 when compared to baseline (8.13±1.23% and12.88±3.12% p<0.01). Urine volumes (ml) increased significantly in CAP from week 1 to week 4 (9.63±2.22 vs.10.97±1.75 p<0.05) and in TVL from week 2 to 7 (9.23±0.91 vs. 11.90±1.17 p<0.05). Urinary sodium concentration (mmol/L/24h urine samples) was significantly higher in CAP (0.72±0.07 vs.1.31±0.03 p<0.05) and in TVL (0.71±0.09 vs. 1.68±0.16; p<0.05) at week 7 compared to baseline levels. There was no significant difference in the plasma aldosterone levels (pmol/L) of all the three groups. Serum ACE (U/L) activity was significantly higher in CAP compared to CON and TVL (277.0±11.6 vs. 121.5±3.93; and 147.0±6.63; p<0.05 respectively). CAP showed a significant 6.4 fold increase in AT1a mRNA expression vs. CON (p<0.05) and a 4.5 fold increase vs. TVL (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between CON and TVL treated rats. CAP and TVL showed no significant change in the expression of AT2. CONCLUSION: This study showed that TVL possesses antihypertensive effect in Dahl salt-sensitive rats when administered over a long-term.
Keywords	Allium vineale ; Tulbaghia ; antihypertensive effect ; blood ; common names ; garlic ; gene expression ; halothane ; herbaceous plants ; hypertension ; kidneys ; messenger RNA ; normal values ; peptidyl-dipeptidase A ; rats ; sodium ; systolic blood pressure ; traditional medicine ; urine
Language	English
Dates of publication	2013-0307
Size	p. 225-231.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ireland Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	134511-4
ISSN	1872-7573 ; 0378-8741
ISSN (online)	1872-7573
ISSN	0378-8741
DOI	10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.036
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Cardiovascular effects of Tulbaghia violacea Harv. (Alliaceae) root methanolic extract in Dahl salt-sensitive (DSS) rats.

Moodley, Kogi / Mackraj, Irene / Naidoo, Yougasphree

Journal of ethnopharmacology

2013 Volume 146, Issue 1, Page(s) 225–231

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: In African folk medicine, Tulbaghia violacea Harv.(Alliaceae), a herbaceous plant also known by other common local names such as 'wild garlic', 'society garlic' and 'sweet garlic', has been used for the management, ... ...

Abstract	Ethnopharmacological relevance: In African folk medicine, Tulbaghia violacea Harv.(Alliaceae), a herbaceous plant also known by other common local names such as 'wild garlic', 'society garlic' and 'sweet garlic', has been used for the management, control and/or treatment of several human ailments; including hypertension. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cardiovascular effects of methanolic extract of Tulbaghia violacea Harv. in Dahl salt-sensitive (DSS) rats. Materials and methods: DSS rats were treated intraperitoneally (i.p) as follows: distilled water, control (CON) (3 ml/kg/b.w.); captopril (CAP) (25 mg/kg/b.w.); or methanolic extract of Tulbaghia violacea (TVL) (50 mg/kg/b.w.) for 7 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured bi-weekly whilst 24-hour urine volumes and sodium concentrations were assessed weekly. Animals were sacrificed on day 49 by halothane overdose. Blood was removed for the determination of aldosterone concentration and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity. Left kidney was harvested for angiotensin Ia (AT1a) receptor gene expression. Results: CON showed a significant percentage increase in SBP (mmHg) on day 49 compared to day 0 (baseline values) (9.75±1.7% vs. 2.33±0.77%; p<0.05). CAP and TVL showed significant percentage decreases in SBP at week 7 when compared to baseline (8.13±1.23% and12.88±3.12% p<0.01). Urine volumes (ml) increased significantly in CAP from week 1 to week 4 (9.63±2.22 vs.10.97±1.75 p<0.05) and in TVL from week 2 to 7 (9.23±0.91 vs. 11.90±1.17 p<0.05). Urinary sodium concentration (mmol/L/24 h urine samples) was significantly higher in CAP (0.72±0.07 vs.1.31±0.03 p<0.05) and in TVL (0.71±0.09 vs. 1.68±0.16; p<0.05) at week 7 compared to baseline levels. There was no significant difference in the plasma aldosterone levels (pmol/L) of all the three groups. Serum ACE (U/L) activity was significantly higher in CAP compared to CON and TVL (277.0±11.6 vs. 121.5±3.93; and 147.0±6.63; p<0.05 respectively). CAP showed a significant 6.4 fold increase in AT1a mRNA expression vs. CON (p<0.05) and a 4.5 fold increase vs. TVL (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between CON and TVL treated rats. CAP and TVL showed no significant change in the expression of AT2. Conclusion: This study showed that TVL possesses antihypertensive effect in Dahl salt-sensitive rats when administered over a long-term.
MeSH term(s)	Aldosterone/blood ; Allium ; Animals ; Antihypertensive Agents/pharmacology ; Blood Pressure/drug effects ; Hypertension/blood ; Hypertension/drug therapy ; Male ; Medicine, African Traditional ; Methanol/chemistry ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/blood ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Plant Roots ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Dahl ; Solvents/chemistry
Chemical Substances	Antihypertensive Agents ; Plant Extracts ; Solvents ; Aldosterone (4964P6T9RB) ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A (EC 3.4.15.1) ; Methanol (Y4S76JWI15)
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-03-07
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	134511-4
ISSN	1872-7573 ; 0378-8741
ISSN (online)	1872-7573
ISSN	0378-8741
DOI	10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.036
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Article ; Online: Antioxidant, antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of Tulbaghia violacea Harv. (wild garlic) rhizome methanolic extract in a diabetic rat model.

Moodley, Kogi / Joseph, Kimane / Naidoo, Yougasphree / Islam, Shahidul / Mackraj, Irene

BMC complementary and alternative medicine

2015 Volume 15, Page(s) 408

Abstract: Background: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) continues to rise alarmingly despite years of intensive research. The need to explore alternative remedies such as traditional phytotherapy has therefore become increasingly important in the ... ...

Abstract	Background: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) continues to rise alarmingly despite years of intensive research. The need to explore alternative remedies such as traditional phytotherapy has therefore become increasingly important in the management and treatment of DM. Methods: Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg.b.w) in male Wistar rats. The rats were divided into 5 groups as follows: non-diabetic control fed distilled water, diabetic control fed distilled water, diabetic group treated with Tulbaghia violacea (TVL) (60 mg/kg.b.w), diabetic group treated with TVL (120 mg/kg.b.w), and diabetic group treated with glibenclamide (10 mg/kg.b.w). Food and water intake, as well as urine output were measured daily, whilst body weight and fasting blood glucose were monitored weekly. On day 42, an oral glucose tolerance test was performed on all groups. After 7 weeks, the animals were sacrificed by halothane overdose, blood was removed by cardiac puncture and tissues were harvested. Assays were performed for the determination of plasma insulin, liver glycogen content, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme levels, plasma nitric oxide levels and serum lipid and liver enzyme levels. Results and discussion: TVL treatment improved body weights, significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels, improved glucose tolerance and significantly increased plasma insulin and liver glycogen content. TVL treatment also reduced liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels, increased liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and increased plasma nitric oxide (NO) levels. Furthermore, TVL administration reduced serum triglycerides, VLDL, total-cholesterol levels and increased HDL-cholesterol levels. TVL also reduced serum levels of liver enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Conclusion: Data obtained in this study demonstrated the hypoglycemic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic effects of TVL in STZ-induced diabetic rats.
MeSH term(s)	Allium ; Animals ; Antioxidants/pharmacology ; Antioxidants/therapeutic use ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy ; Disease Models, Animal ; Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology ; Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use ; Hypolipidemic Agents/therapeutic use ; Liver/drug effects ; Male ; Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; Phytotherapy ; Plant Extracts/chemistry ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Plant Extracts/therapeutic use ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Rhizome
Chemical Substances	Antioxidants ; Blood Glucose ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; Hypolipidemic Agents ; Plant Extracts
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-11-17
Publishing country	England
Document type	Evaluation Studies ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2050429-9
ISSN	1472-6882 ; 1472-6882
ISSN (online)	1472-6882
ISSN	1472-6882
DOI	10.1186/s12906-015-0932-9
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