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Article: Evidence for shallow cognitive maps in schizophrenia.

Karagoz, Ata B / Moran, Erin K / Barch, Deanna M / Kool, Wouter / Reagh, Zachariah M

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

2024

Abstract: Individuals with schizophrenia can have marked deficits in goal-directed decision making. Prominent theories differ in whether schizophrenia (SZ) affects the ability to exert cognitive control, or the motivation to exert control. An alternative ... ...

Abstract	Individuals with schizophrenia can have marked deficits in goal-directed decision making. Prominent theories differ in whether schizophrenia (SZ) affects the ability to exert cognitive control, or the motivation to exert control. An alternative explanation is that schizophrenia negatively impacts the formation of cognitive maps, the internal representations of the way the world is structured, necessary for the formation of effective action plans. That is, deficits in decision-making could also arise when goal-directed control and motivation are intact, but used to plan over ill-formed maps. Here, we test the hypothesis that individuals with SZ are impaired in the construction of cognitive maps. We combine a behavioral representational similarity analysis technique with a sequential decision-making task. This enables us to examine how relationships between choice options change when individuals with SZ and healthy age-matched controls build a cognitive map of the task structure. Our results indicate that SZ affects how people represent the structure of the task, focusing more on simpler visual features and less on abstract, higher-order, planning-relevant features. At the same time, we find that SZ were able to display similar performance on this task compared to controls, emphasizing the need for a distinction between cognitive map formation and changes in goal-directed control in understanding cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Preprint
DOI	10.1101/2024.02.26.582214
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Article ; Online: Associations Between Cognitive and Physical Effort-Based Decision Making in People With Schizophrenia and Healthy Control Subjects.

Culbreth, Adam J / Dershwitz, Sally D / Barch, Deanna M / Moran, Erin K

Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging

2023 Volume 8, Issue 7, Page(s) 695–702

Abstract: Background: Effort can take a variety of forms including physical (e.g., button pressing) and cognitive (e.g., working memory tasks). Few studies have examined whether individual differences in willingness to expend effort are similar or different ... ...

Abstract	Background: Effort can take a variety of forms including physical (e.g., button pressing) and cognitive (e.g., working memory tasks). Few studies have examined whether individual differences in willingness to expend effort are similar or different across modalities. Methods: We recruited 30 individuals with schizophrenia and 44 healthy control subjects to complete 2 effort-cost decision-making tasks: the Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task (physical effort) and the cognitive effort discounting task (cognitive effort). Results: Willingness to expend cognitive and physical effort was positively associated for both individuals with schizophrenia and control subjects. Further, we found that individual differences in motivation and pleasure dimension of negative symptoms modulated the association between physical and cognitive effort. Specifically, participants with lower motivation and pleasure scores, irrespective of group status, showed stronger associations between task measures of cognitive and physical effort-cost decision making. Conclusions: These results suggest a generalized deficit across effort modalities in individuals with schizophrenia. Further, reductions in motivation and pleasure may impact effort-cost decision making in a domain-general manner.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Schizophrenia ; Decision Making ; Physical Exertion ; Reward ; Cognition
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2879089-3
ISSN	2451-9030 ; 2451-9022
ISSN (online)	2451-9030
ISSN	2451-9022
DOI	10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.02.003
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Article ; Online: Effort-cost decision-making in psychotic and mood disorders.

Moran, Erin K / Prevost, Caroline / Culbreth, Adam J / Barch, Deanna M

Journal of psychopathology and clinical science

2023 Volume 132, Issue 4, Page(s) 490–498

Abstract: Avolition and anhedonia are core symptoms across psychosis and mood disorders. One important mechanism thought to relate to these symptoms is effort-cost decision-making (ECDM), the valuation and estimation of work required to obtain a given reward. ... ...

Abstract	Avolition and anhedonia are core symptoms across psychosis and mood disorders. One important mechanism thought to relate to these symptoms is effort-cost decision-making (ECDM), the valuation and estimation of work required to obtain a given reward. While recent work suggests impairments in ECDM in both mood disorders and psychosis relative to controls, limited work has taken a transdiagnostic approach to examine how these deficits relate to different symptom profiles across disorders. The present study investigated ECDM across schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder (N = 33), bipolar disorder (N = 47), unipolar depression (N = 61), and healthy controls (N = 58) to examine willingness to expend physical effort. Moreover, we examined the relationship between ECDM and motivation and pleasure symptoms across participants. We found that people with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder showed a reduced willingness to expend physical effort at high reward values relative to controls, while as a group, those with depression showed no differences relative to controls. However, individual differences in self-reported motivation and pleasure predicted reduced ECDM, particularly at high reward values, suggesting that both severity of symptoms and diagnostic categories are important for understanding altered ECDM in psychopathology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Mood Disorders/diagnosis ; Decision Making ; Psychotic Disorders/diagnosis ; Schizophrenia/diagnosis ; Motivation
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3121059-4
ISSN	2769-755X
ISSN (online)	2769-755X
DOI	10.1037/abn0000822
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Article ; Online: Negative and depressive symptoms differentially relate to real-world anticipatory and consummatory pleasure in schizophrenia.

Merchant, Jaisal T / Moran, Erin K / Barch, Deanna M

Schizophrenia research

2022 Volume 241, Page(s) 72–77

Abstract: It has been suggested that schizophrenia is associated with deficits in anticipatory but not consummatory pleasure, though there is mixed support for this hypothesis. As individuals with schizophrenia can experience both negative and depressive symptoms, ...

Abstract	It has been suggested that schizophrenia is associated with deficits in anticipatory but not consummatory pleasure, though there is mixed support for this hypothesis. As individuals with schizophrenia can experience both negative and depressive symptoms, symptom heterogeneity in this population could contribute to these mixed hedonic findings. Specifically, while some research suggests that negative symptoms of schizophrenia are related to reduced anticipatory but not consummatory pleasure, research on major depressive disorder suggests that depressive symptoms are associated with both decreased anticipatory and consummatory pleasure. Still, it is unclear whether depressive symptoms are associated with experiences of pleasure in schizophrenia as they are in major depressive disorder. Thus, the present study used Ecological Momentary Assessment (four prompts per day over one week) to investigate the unique relationships of negative and depressive symptoms with daily reports of real-world anticipatory and consummatory pleasure in 63 individuals with schizophrenia. Higher negative symptoms related to reduced anticipatory but not consummatory pleasure. On the other hand, higher depressive symptoms related to reductions in both anticipatory and consummatory pleasure. Overall, these results indicate that negative and depressive symptoms are differentially associated with hedonic experience in schizophrenia, and suggest the need to account for the severity of both these symptom types when examining pleasure in this population. Elucidating the nature of these symptom contributions to hedonic impairments could increase causal understanding of these deficits and contribute to the development of more targeted treatments to enhance motivation and pleasure in schizophrenia.
MeSH term(s)	Anhedonia ; Anticipation, Psychological ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder, Major/complications ; Humans ; Pleasure ; Schizophrenia/complications ; Schizophrenia/diagnosis ; Schizophrenic Psychology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-25
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	639422-x
ISSN	1573-2509 ; 0920-9964
ISSN (online)	1573-2509
ISSN	0920-9964
DOI	10.1016/j.schres.2022.01.012
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Article: Anhedonia in Schizophrenia.

Moran, Erin K / Culbreth, Adam J / Barch, Deanna M

Current topics in behavioral neurosciences

2022 Volume 58, Page(s) 129–145

Abstract: Anhedonia has long been considered a cardinal symptom of schizophrenia. This symptom is strongly associated with poor functional outcome, and limited treatment options are available. While originally conceptualized as an inability to experience pleasure, ...

Abstract	Anhedonia has long been considered a cardinal symptom of schizophrenia. This symptom is strongly associated with poor functional outcome, and limited treatment options are available. While originally conceptualized as an inability to experience pleasure, recent work has consistently shown that individuals with schizophrenia have an intact capacity to experience pleasure in-the-moment. Adjacent work in basic affective neuroscience has broadened the conceptualization of anhedonia to include not only the capacity to experience pleasure but highlights important temporal affective dynamics and decision-making processes that go awry in schizophrenia. Here we detail these mechanisms for emotional and motivational impairment in people with schizophrenia including: (1) initial response to reward; (2) reward anticipation; (3) reward learning; (4) effort-cost decision-making; (5) working memory and cognitive control. We will review studies that utilized various types of rewards (e.g., monetary, social), in order to draw conclusions regarding whether findings vary by reward type. We will then discuss how modern assessment methods may best incorporate each of the mechanisms, to provide a more fine-grained understanding of anhedonia in individuals with schizophrenia. We will close by providing a discussion of relevant future directions.
MeSH term(s)	Anhedonia/physiology ; Humans ; Learning ; Motivation ; Reward ; Schizophrenia
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-28
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1866-3370
ISSN	1866-3370
DOI	10.1007/7854_2022_321
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Article ; Online: Differential deficits in social versus monetary reinforcement learning in schizophrenia: Associations with facial emotion recognition.

Merchant, Jaisal T / Barch, Deanna M / Ermel, Julia A / Moran, Erin K / Butler, Pamela D

Journal of psychopathology and clinical science

2023 Volume 133, Issue 1, Page(s) 37–47

Abstract: Despite evidence that individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) have an intact desire for social relationships, they have small social networks and report high levels of loneliness. Difficulty with reinforcement learning (RL), the ability to update behavior ... ...

Abstract	Despite evidence that individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) have an intact desire for social relationships, they have small social networks and report high levels of loneliness. Difficulty with reinforcement learning (RL), the ability to update behavior based on feedback, may inhibit the formation and maintenance of social relationships in SZ. However, impaired RL in SZ has largely been demonstrated via monetary tasks. Thus, it remains unclear whether SZ are similarly impaired in social and monetary RL, or whether social-specific factors may further inhibit their ability to learn from social feedback. Thirty-one individuals with SZ and 31 healthy controls (HCs) participated in a RL paradigm to test hypotheses about social versus monetary RL. SZ exhibited impaired RL compared to HCs in both social and monetary tasks. Further, a Group × Task interaction demonstrated that SZ was more impaired when learning from social than monetary reinforcement,
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Schizophrenia ; Facial Recognition ; Emotions ; Reinforcement, Psychology ; Interpersonal Relations
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3121059-4
ISSN	2769-755X
ISSN (online)	2769-755X
DOI	10.1037/abn0000869
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Article ; Online: Loneliness in the Daily Lives of People With Mood and Psychotic Disorders.

Moran, Erin K / Shapiro, Madelyn / Culbreth, Adam J / Nepal, Subigya / Ben-Zeev, Dror / Campbell, Andrew / Barch, Deanna M

Schizophrenia bulletin

2024

Abstract: Background and hypothesis: Loneliness, the subjective experience of feeling alone, is associated with physical and psychological impairments. While there is an extensive literature linking loneliness to psychopathology, limited work has examined ... ...

Abstract	Background and hypothesis: Loneliness, the subjective experience of feeling alone, is associated with physical and psychological impairments. While there is an extensive literature linking loneliness to psychopathology, limited work has examined loneliness in daily life in those with serious mental illness. We hypothesized that trait and momentary loneliness would be transdiagnostic and relate to symptoms and measures of daily functioning. Study design: The current study utilized ecological momentary assessment and passive sensing to examine loneliness in those with schizophrenia (N = 59), bipolar disorder (N = 61), unipolar depression (N = 60), remitted unipolar depression (N = 51), and nonclinical comparisons (N = 82) to examine relationships of both trait and momentary loneliness to symptoms and social functioning in daily life. Study results: Findings suggest that both trait and momentary loneliness are higher in those with psychopathology (F(4,284) = 28.00, P < .001, ηp2 = 0.27), and that loneliness significantly relates to social functioning beyond negative symptoms and depression (β = -0.44, t = 6.40, P < .001). Furthermore, passive sensing measures showed that greater movement (β = -0.56, t = -3.29, P = .02) and phone calls (β = -0.22, t = 12.79, P = .04), but not text messaging, were specifically related to decreased loneliness in daily life. Individuals higher in trait loneliness show stronger relationships between momentary loneliness and social context and emotions in everyday life. Conclusions: These findings provide further evidence pointing to the importance of loneliness transdiagnostically and its strong relation to social functioning. Furthermore, we show that passive sensing technology can be used to measure behaviors related to loneliness in daily life that may point to potential treatment implications or early detection markers of loneliness.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	439173-1
ISSN	1745-1701 ; 0586-7614
ISSN (online)	1745-1701
ISSN	0586-7614
DOI	10.1093/schbul/sbae022
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Article ; Online: An ecological examination of loneliness and social functioning in people with schizophrenia.

Culbreth, Adam J / Barch, Deanna M / Moran, Erin K

Journal of abnormal psychology

2021 Volume 130, Issue 8, Page(s) 899–908

Abstract: Loneliness is associated with a myriad of detrimental outcomes in mental and physical health. Previous studies have found that people with schizophrenia report greater loneliness than controls, and that loneliness is related to depressive symptoms. ... ...

Abstract	Loneliness is associated with a myriad of detrimental outcomes in mental and physical health. Previous studies have found that people with schizophrenia report greater loneliness than controls, and that loneliness is related to depressive symptoms. However, research has been limited, particularly regarding contributions of loneliness to social and occupational functioning. Further, few studies have examined associations between loneliness and daily experience in schizophrenia. Thus, we recruited 35 individuals with schizophrenia and 37 controls. All participants completed the UCLA loneliness scale, symptom assessments, and measures of social and occupational functioning. Additionally, participants with schizophrenia completed an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocol that indexed daily social and emotional experiences, including loneliness. Similar to previous reports, we found that those with schizophrenia reported greater loneliness than controls. Further, loneliness was positively associated with depressive and negative symptoms, and negatively associated with self-reported social functioning. Interestingly, loneliness remained a significant predictor of functioning even when controlling for other symptoms, suggesting that severity of depressive and negative symptoms cannot fully explain the relationship between loneliness and functioning. In our EMA analyses, loneliness did not significantly differ when individuals were alone versus with others, underscoring the notion that being alone is not the same as feeling lonely. However, self-reported engagement during social interactions was negatively associated with loneliness, at a trend-level, suggesting that quality of social interactions is a potentially important consideration. Taken together, these findings suggest that loneliness is an important treatment target and provide understanding for how loneliness may manifest in daily life in schizophrenia. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Ecological Momentary Assessment ; Humans ; Loneliness ; Schizophrenia ; Social Adjustment ; Social Interaction
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3127-6
ISSN	1939-1846 ; 0021-843X ; 0096-851X ; 0145-2339 ; 0145-2347
ISSN (online)	1939-1846
ISSN	0021-843X ; 0096-851X ; 0145-2339 ; 0145-2347
DOI	10.1037/abn0000706
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Article ; Online: Correlates of real-world goal-directed behavior in schizophrenia.

Merchant, Jaisal T / Moran, Erin K / Strube, Michael J / Barch, Deanna M

Psychological medicine

2021 Volume 53, Issue 6, Page(s) 2409–2417

Abstract: Background: Deficits in goal-directed behavior (i.e. behavior conducted to achieve a specific goal or outcome) are core to schizophrenia, difficult to treat, and associated with poor functional outcomes. Factors such as negative symptoms, effort-cost ... ...

Abstract	Background: Deficits in goal-directed behavior (i.e. behavior conducted to achieve a specific goal or outcome) are core to schizophrenia, difficult to treat, and associated with poor functional outcomes. Factors such as negative symptoms, effort-cost decision-making, cognition, and functional skills have all been associated with goal-directed behavior in schizophrenia as indexed by clinical interviews or laboratory-based tasks. However, little work has examined whether these factors relate to the real-world pursuit of goal-directed activities in this population. Methods: This study aimed to fill this gap by using Ecological Momentary Assessment (four survey prompts per day for 1 week) to test hypotheses about symptom, effort allocation, cognitive, and functional measures associated with planned and completed goal-directed behavior in the daily lives of 63 individuals with schizophrenia. Results: Individuals with schizophrenia completed more goal-directed activities than they planned [ Conclusions: Our results present correlates of real-world goal-directed behavior that largely align with impaired ability to make future estimations in schizophrenia. This insight could help identify targeted treatments for the elusive motivated behavior deficits in this population.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Schizophrenia ; Goals ; Schizophrenic Psychology ; Motivation ; Cognition ; Reward
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	217420-0
ISSN	1469-8978 ; 0033-2917
ISSN (online)	1469-8978
ISSN	0033-2917
DOI	10.1017/S0033291721004281
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Article: Anticipatory Emotion in Schizophrenia.

Moran, Erin K / Kring, Ann M

Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science

2017 Volume 6, Issue 1, Page(s) 63–75

Abstract: While people with schizophrenia report experiencing as much emotion in the presence of emotionally evocative stimuli as do people without schizophrenia, evidence suggests that they have deficits in the anticipation of positive emotion. However, little is ...

Abstract	While people with schizophrenia report experiencing as much emotion in the presence of emotionally evocative stimuli as do people without schizophrenia, evidence suggests that they have deficits in the anticipation of positive emotion. However, little is known about the anticipation of negative emotion in schizophrenia, thus leaving open whether anticipation deficits are more general. We sought to assess anticipation of positive and negative stimuli across multiple methods of measurement. We measured reported experience and emotion modulated startle response in people with (
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-09-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2682220-9
ISSN	2167-7034 ; 2167-7026
ISSN (online)	2167-7034
ISSN	2167-7026
DOI	10.1177/2167702617730877
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