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Article ; Online: Ultra-processed foods and human health: An umbrella review and updated meta-analyses of observational evidence.

Dai, Shuhui / Wellens, Judith / Yang, Nan / Li, Doudou / Wang, Jingjing / Wang, Lijuan / Yuan, Shuai / He, Yazhou / Song, Peige / Munger, Ron / Kent, Monique Potvin / MacFarlane, Amanda J / Mullie, Patrick / Duthie, Susan / Little, Julian / Theodoratou, Evropi / Li, Xue

Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)

2024 Volume 43, Issue 6, Page(s) 1386–1394

Abstract: Background & aims: Ultra-processed food (UPF) intake has increased sharply over the last few decades and has been consistently asserted to be implicated in the development of non-communicable diseases. We aimed to evaluate and update the existing ... ...

Abstract	Background & aims: Ultra-processed food (UPF) intake has increased sharply over the last few decades and has been consistently asserted to be implicated in the development of non-communicable diseases. We aimed to evaluate and update the existing observational evidence for associations between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and human health. Methods: We searched Medline and Embase from inception to March 2023 to identify and update meta-analyses of observational studies examining the associations between UPF consumption, as defined by the NOVA classification, and a wide spectrum of health outcomes. For each health outcome, we estimated the summary effect size, 95% confidence interval (CI), between-study heterogeneity, evidence of small-study effects, and evidence of excess-significance bias. These metrics were used to evaluate evidence credibility of the identified associations. Results: This umbrella review identified 39 meta-analyses on the associations between UPF consumption and health outcomes. We updated all meta-analyses by including 122 individual articles on 49 unique health outcomes. The majority of the included studies divided UPF consumption into quartiles, with the lowest quartile being the reference group. We identified 25 health outcomes associated with UPF consumption. For observational studies, 2 health outcomes, including renal function decline (OR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.18, 1.33) and wheezing in children and adolescents (OR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.34, 1.49), showed convincing evidence (Class I); and five outcomes were reported with highly suggestive evidence (Class II), including diabetes mellitus, overweight, obesity, depression, and common mental disorders. Conclusions: High UPF consumption is associated with an increased risk of a variety of chronic diseases and mental health disorders. At present, not a single study reported an association between UPF intake and a beneficial health outcome. These findings suggest that dietary patterns with low consumption of UPFs may render broad public health benefits.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	604812-2
ISSN	1532-1983 ; 0261-5614
ISSN (online)	1532-1983
ISSN	0261-5614
DOI	10.1016/j.clnu.2024.04.016
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Article: P13 Evidence and Influences Regarding Food Insecurity Among Refugee in the USA: A Systematic Review

Nur, Habiba / Atoloye, Abiodun / Wengreen, Heidi / Archuleta, Martha / Roskos, Mateja Savoie / Munger, Ron / Straquadine, Gary

Journal of nutrition education and behavior. 2021 July, v. 53, no. 7

2021

Abstract: As refugees resettle in the USA, they face many challenges related to obtaining and preparing appropriate food. These challenges include having low incomes, lack of transportation, limited access to food assistance programs, and unfamiliar food ... ...

Abstract	As refugees resettle in the USA, they face many challenges related to obtaining and preparing appropriate food. These challenges include having low incomes, lack of transportation, limited access to food assistance programs, and unfamiliar food environments, all of which increase the risk of food insecurity.The objective of this review was to gain an understanding of the prevalence and impact of food insecurity among refugees in the USA.A systematic review of the literature was conducted in 10 electronic databases, including articles from 1980-2020. The following search terms were used: (food insecurity and refugee in the USA) or (food security and refugee in the USA). The quality of the selected articles was scored using the Hawker method (range: 9 – 36).The search identified a total of 550 articles, 22 of which met the inclusion criteria. Studies dealing with food security among refugees in the USA were included in this review. The mean quality score was 31.9 (SD = 2.5).Food insecurity among refugees ranged from 4% to 85% (median: 61%). Common challenges included sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors (such as low income, low education, and language barriers), lack of resources (such as transportation and access to SNAP, WIC, and health care services), lack of community support, lack of nutrition education, lack of familiarity with the food environment, and depression. Food insecurity was associated with increased consumption of meat and eggs, decreased consumption of fruits and vegetables, increased consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and snacks, and increased prevalence of chronic diseases and overweight/obesity.The rate of food insecurity is high among refugees in the USA. In addition to meeting food and nutrition needs among refugees, there is the need for social support and equitable access to health care to address chronic diseases and depression.
Keywords	behavior ; food security ; health services ; income ; low educational status ; meat ; nutrition education ; risk ; social support ; systematic review ; transportation
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-07
Size	p. S29-S30.
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2080501-9
ISSN	1708-8259 ; 1499-4046
ISSN (online)	1708-8259
ISSN	1499-4046
DOI	10.1016/j.jneb.2021.04.405
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Article ; Online: Phenome-wide association study of genetically predicted B vitamins and homocysteine biomarkers with multiple health and disease outcomes: analysis of the UK Biobank.

Wang, Lijuan / Li, Xue / Montazeri, Azita / MacFarlane, Amanda J / Momoli, Franco / Duthie, Susan / Senekal, Marjanne / Eguiagaray, Ines Mesa / Munger, Ron / Bennett, Derrick / Campbell, Harry / Rubini, Michele / McNulty, Helene / Little, Julian / Theodoratou, Evropi

The American journal of clinical nutrition

2023 Volume 117, Issue 3, Page(s) 564–575

Abstract: Background: Although a number of health outcomes such as CVDs, metabolic-related outcomes, neurological disorders, pregnancy outcomes, and cancers have been identified in relation to B vitamins, evidence is of uneven quality and volume, and there is ... ...

Abstract	Background: Although a number of health outcomes such as CVDs, metabolic-related outcomes, neurological disorders, pregnancy outcomes, and cancers have been identified in relation to B vitamins, evidence is of uneven quality and volume, and there is uncertainty about putative causal relationships. Objectives: To explore the effects of B vitamins and homocysteine on a wide range of health outcomes based on a large biorepository linking biological samples and electronic medical records. Methods: First, we performed a phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) to investigate the associations of genetically predicted plasma concentrations (genetic component of the circulating concentrations) of folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and their metabolite homocysteine with a wide range of disease outcomes (including both prevalent and incident events) among 385,917 individuals in the UK Biobank. Second, 2-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was used to replicate any observed associations and detect causality. We considered MR P <0.05 as significant for replication. Third, dose-response, mediation, and bioinformatics analyses were carried out to examine any nonlinear trends and to disentangle the underlying mediating biological mechanisms for the identified associations. Results: In total, 1117 phenotypes were tested in each PheWAS analysis. After multiple corrections, 32 phenotypic associations of B vitamins and homocysteine were identified. Two-sample MR analysis supported that 3 of them were causal, including associations of higher plasma vitamin B6 with lower risk of calculus of kidney (OR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.97; P = 0.033), higher homocysteine concentration with higher risk of hypercholesterolemia (OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.56; P = 0.018), and chronic kidney disease (OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.63; P = 0.012). Significant nonlinear dose-response relationships were observed for the associations of folate with anemia, vitamin B12 with vitamin B-complex deficiencies, anemia and cholelithiasis, and homocysteine with cerebrovascular disease. Conclusions: This study provides strong evidence for the associations of B vitamins and homocysteine with endocrine/metabolic and genitourinary disorders.
MeSH term(s)	Pregnancy ; Female ; Humans ; Vitamin B Complex ; Biological Specimen Banks ; Folic Acid ; Vitamin B 12 ; Vitamin B 6 ; Biomarkers ; Vitamin A ; Vitamin K ; United Kingdom ; Homocysteine ; Mendelian Randomization Analysis
Chemical Substances	Vitamin B Complex (12001-76-2) ; Folic Acid (935E97BOY8) ; Vitamin B 12 (P6YC3EG204) ; Vitamin B 6 (8059-24-3) ; Biomarkers ; Vitamin A (11103-57-4) ; Vitamin K (12001-79-5) ; Homocysteine (0LVT1QZ0BA)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	280048-2
ISSN	1938-3207 ; 0002-9165
ISSN (online)	1938-3207
ISSN	0002-9165
DOI	10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.01.005
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Article ; Online: Diet quality is associated with better cognitive test performance among aging men and women.

Wengreen, Heidi J / Neilson, Chailyn / Munger, Ron / Corcoran, Chris

The Journal of nutrition

2009 Volume 139, Issue 10, Page(s) 1944–1949

Abstract: Most studies of association between diet and cognition among the elderly focus on the role of single nutrients or foods and ignore the complexity of dietary patterns and total diet quality. We prospectively examined associations between an index of diet ... ...

Abstract	Most studies of association between diet and cognition among the elderly focus on the role of single nutrients or foods and ignore the complexity of dietary patterns and total diet quality. We prospectively examined associations between an index of diet quality and cognitive function and decline among elderly men and women of the Cache County Study on Memory and Aging in Utah. In 1995, 3634 resident men and women > or =65 y of age completed a baseline survey that included a 142-item FFQ. Cognition was assessed using an adapted version of the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS) at baseline and 3 subsequent interviews spanning approximately 11 y. A recommended food score (RFS) and non-RFS were computed by summing the number of recommended foods (n = 57) and nonrecommended foods (n = 23) regularly consumed. Multivariable-mixed models were used to estimate associations between the RFS and non-RFS and average 3MS score over time. Those in the highest quartile of RFS scored 1.80 points higher on the baseline 3MS test than did those in the lowest quartile of RFS (P < 0.001). This effect was strengthened over 11 y of follow-up. Those with the highest RFS declined by 3.41 points over 11 y compared with the 5.2-point decline experienced by those with the lowest RFS (P = 0.0013). The non-RFS was not associated with cognitive scores. Consuming a diverse diet that includes a variety of recommended foods may help to attenuate age-related cognitive decline among the elderly.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aging/physiology ; Cognition/physiology ; Diet/standards ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Male
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-08-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	218373-0
ISSN	1541-6100 ; 0022-3166
ISSN (online)	1541-6100
ISSN	0022-3166
DOI	10.3945/jn.109.106427
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Article: Diet Quality Is Associated with Better Cognitive Test Performance among Aging Men and Women

Wengreen, Heidi J / Neilson, Chailyn / Munger, Ron / Corcoran, Chris

Journal of nutrition. 2009 Oct., v. 139, no. 10

2009

Abstract	Most studies of association between diet and cognition among the elderly focus on the role of single nutrients or foods and ignore the complexity of dietary patterns and total diet quality. We prospectively examined associations between an index of diet quality and cognitive function and decline among elderly men and women of the Cache County Study on Memory and Aging in Utah. In 1995, 3634 resident men and women greater-than-or-equal65 y of age completed a baseline survey that included a 142-item FFQ. Cognition was assessed using an adapted version of the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS) at baseline and 3 subsequent interviews spanning ~11 y. A recommended food score (RFS) and non-RFS were computed by summing the number of recommended foods (n = 57) and nonrecommended foods (n = 23) regularly consumed. Multivariable-mixed models were used to estimate associations between the RFS and non-RFS and average 3MS score over time. Those in the highest quartile of RFS scored 1.80 points higher on the baseline 3MS test than did those in the lowest quartile of RFS (P < 0.001). This effect was strengthened over 11 y of follow-up. Those with the highest RFS declined by 3.41 points over 11 y compared with the 5.2-point decline experienced by those with the lowest RFS (P = 0.0013). The non-RFS was not associated with cognitive scores. Consuming a diverse diet that includes a variety of recommended foods may help to attenuate age-related cognitive decline among the elderly.
Keywords	men ; women ; elderly ; elderly nutrition ; diet ; nutritional adequacy ; cognition ; senescence ; food frequency questionnaires ; functional status ; food choices ; foods ; temporal variation ; Utah
Language	English
Dates of publication	2009-10
Size	p. 1944-1949.
Publishing place	American Society for Nutrition
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	218373-0
ISSN	1541-6100 ; 0022-3166
ISSN (online)	1541-6100
ISSN	0022-3166
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Cleft lip and palate.

Mossey, Peter A / Little, Julian / Munger, Ron G / Dixon, Mike J / Shaw, William C

Lancet (London, England)

2009 Volume 374, Issue 9703, Page(s) 1773–1785

Abstract: Clefts of the lip and palate are generally divided into two groups, isolated cleft palate and cleft lip with or without cleft palate, representing a heterogeneous group of disorders affecting the lips and oral cavity. These defects arise in about 1.7 per ...

Abstract	Clefts of the lip and palate are generally divided into two groups, isolated cleft palate and cleft lip with or without cleft palate, representing a heterogeneous group of disorders affecting the lips and oral cavity. These defects arise in about 1.7 per 1000 liveborn babies, with ethnic and geographic variation. Effects on speech, hearing, appearance, and psychology can lead to longlasting adverse outcomes for health and social integration. Typically, children with these disorders need multidisciplinary care from birth to adulthood and have higher morbidity and mortality throughout life than do unaffected individuals. This Seminar describes embryological developmental processes, epidemiology, known environmental and genetic risk factors, and their interaction. Although access to care has increased in recent years, especially in developing countries, quality of care still varies substantially. Prevention is the ultimate objective for clefts of the lip and palate, and a prerequisite of this aim is to elucidate causes of the disorders. Technological advances and international collaborations have yielded some successes.
MeSH term(s)	Cleft Lip/embryology ; Cleft Lip/epidemiology ; Cleft Lip/surgery ; Cleft Palate/embryology ; Cleft Palate/epidemiology ; Cleft Palate/surgery ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Risk Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-09-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	3306-6
ISSN	1474-547X ; 0023-7507 ; 0140-6736
ISSN (online)	1474-547X
ISSN	0023-7507 ; 0140-6736
DOI	10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60695-4
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Article ; Online: Use of diuretics is associated with reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease: the Cache County Study.

Chuang, Yi-Fang / Breitner, John C S / Chiu, Yen-Ling / Khachaturian, Ara / Hayden, Kathleen / Corcoran, Chris / Tschanz, JoAnn / Norton, Maria / Munger, Ron / Welsh-Bohmer, Kathleen / Zandi, Peter P

Neurobiology of aging

2014 Volume 35, Issue 11, Page(s) 2429–2435

Abstract: Although the use of antihypertensive medications has been associated with reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), it remains unclear which class provides the most benefit. The Cache County Study of Memory Health and Aging is a prospective longitudinal ... ...

Abstract	Although the use of antihypertensive medications has been associated with reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), it remains unclear which class provides the most benefit. The Cache County Study of Memory Health and Aging is a prospective longitudinal cohort study of dementing illnesses among the elderly population of Cache County, Utah. Using waves I to IV data of the Cache County Study, 3417 participants had a mean of 7.1 years of follow-up. Time-varying use of antihypertensive medications including different class of diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, β-blockers, and calcium channel blockers was used to predict the incidence of AD using Cox proportional hazards analyses. During follow-up, 325 AD cases were ascertained with a total of 23,590 person-years. Use of any antihypertensive medication was associated with lower incidence of AD (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61-0.97). Among different classes of antihypertensive medications, thiazide (aHR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.53-0.93), and potassium-sparing diuretics (aHR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.48-0.99) were associated with the greatest reduction of AD risk. Thiazide and potassium-sparing diuretics were associated with decreased risk of AD. The inverse association of potassium-sparing diuretics confirms an earlier finding in this cohort, now with longer follow-up, and merits further investigation.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer Disease/epidemiology ; Alzheimer Disease/prevention & control ; Antihypertensive Agents/administration & dosage ; Cohort Studies ; Diuretics, Potassium Sparing/administration & dosage ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Risk ; Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors/administration & dosage
Chemical Substances	Antihypertensive Agents ; Diuretics, Potassium Sparing ; Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-05-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	604505-4
ISSN	1558-1497 ; 0197-4580
ISSN (online)	1558-1497
ISSN	0197-4580
DOI	10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.05.002
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Article ; Online: Hormone therapy and Alzheimer disease dementia: new findings from the Cache County Study.

Shao, Huibo / Breitner, John C S / Whitmer, Rachel A / Wang, Junmin / Hayden, Kathleen / Wengreen, Heidi / Corcoran, Chris / Tschanz, Joann / Norton, Maria / Munger, Ron / Welsh-Bohmer, Kathleen / Zandi, Peter P

Neurology

2012 Volume 79, Issue 18, Page(s) 1846–1852

Abstract: Objectives: Observational studies suggest reduced risk of Alzheimer disease (AD) in users of hormone therapy (HT), but trials show higher risk. We examined whether the association of HT with AD varies with timing or type of HT use.: Methods: Between ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: Observational studies suggest reduced risk of Alzheimer disease (AD) in users of hormone therapy (HT), but trials show higher risk. We examined whether the association of HT with AD varies with timing or type of HT use. Methods: Between 1995 and 2006, the population-based Cache County Study followed 1,768 women who had provided a detailed history on age at menopause and use of HT. During this interval, 176 women developed incident AD. Cox proportional hazard models evaluated the association of HT use with AD, overall and in relation to timing, duration of use, and type (opposed vs unopposed) of HT. Results: Women who used any type of HT within 5 years of menopause had 30% less risk of AD (95% confidence interval 0.49-0.99), especially if use was for 10 or more years. By contrast, AD risk was not reduced among those who had initiated HT 5 or more years after menopause. Instead, rates were increased among those who began "opposed" estrogen-progestin compounds within the 3 years preceding the Cache County Study baseline (adjusted hazard ratio 1.93; 95% confidence interval 0.94-3.96). This last hazard ratio was similar to the ratio of 2.05 reported in randomized trial participants assigned to opposed HT. Conclusions: Association of HT use and risk of AD may depend on timing of use. Although possibly beneficial if taken during a critical window near menopause, HT (especially opposed compounds) initiated in later life may be associated with increased risk. The relation of AD risk to timing and type of HT deserves further study.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer Disease/chemically induced ; Alzheimer Disease/epidemiology ; Alzheimer Disease/prevention & control ; Estrogen Replacement Therapy/adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Menopause/drug effects ; Risk Factors ; Time Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-10-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	207147-2
ISSN	1526-632X ; 0028-3878
ISSN (online)	1526-632X
ISSN	0028-3878
DOI	10.1212/WNL.0b013e318271f823
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Article ; Online: Modifying dementia risk and trajectories of cognitive decline in aging: the Cache County Memory Study.

Welsh-Bohmer, Kathleen A / Breitner, John C S / Hayden, Kathleen M / Lyketsos, Constantine / Zandi, Peter P / Tschanz, Joann T / Norton, Maria C / Munger, Ron

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association

2006 Volume 2, Issue 3, Page(s) 257–260

Abstract: The Cache County Study of Memory, Health, and Aging, more commonly referred to as the "Cache County Memory Study (CCMS)" is a longitudinal investigation of aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) based in an exceptionally long-lived population residing in ... ...

Abstract	The Cache County Study of Memory, Health, and Aging, more commonly referred to as the "Cache County Memory Study (CCMS)" is a longitudinal investigation of aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) based in an exceptionally long-lived population residing in northern Utah. The study begun in 1994 has followed an initial cohort of 5,092 older individuals (many over age 84) and has examined the development of cognitive impairment and dementia in relation to genetic and environmental antecedents. This article summarizes the major contributions of the CCMS towards the understanding of mild cognitive disorders and AD across the lifespan, underscoring the role of common health exposures in modifying dementia risk and trajectories of cognitive change. The study now in its fourth wave of ascertainment illustrates the role of population-based approaches in informing testable models of cognitive aging and Alzheimer's disease.
Language	English
Publishing date	2006-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	News
ZDB-ID	2211627-8
ISSN	1552-5279 ; 1552-5260
ISSN (online)	1552-5279
ISSN	1552-5260
DOI	10.1016/j.jalz.2006.04.011
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Article: Vascular risk factors for incident Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia: the Cache County study.

Hayden, Kathleen M / Zandi, Peter P / Lyketsos, Constantine G / Khachaturian, Ara S / Bastian, Lori A / Charoonruk, Gene / Tschanz, JoAnn T / Norton, Maria C / Pieper, Carl F / Munger, Ron G / Breitner, John C S / Welsh-Bohmer, Kathleen A

Alzheimer disease and associated disorders

2006 Volume 20, Issue 2, Page(s) 93–100

Abstract: Vascular risk factors for Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) have been evaluated; however, few studies have compared risks by dementia subtypes and sex. We evaluated relationships between cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, high ... ...

Abstract	Vascular risk factors for Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) have been evaluated; however, few studies have compared risks by dementia subtypes and sex. We evaluated relationships between cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, and obesity), events (stroke, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, and myocardial infarction), and subsequent risk of AD and VaD by sex in a community-based cohort of 3264 Cache County residents aged 65 or older. Cardiovascular history was ascertained by self-report or proxy-report in detailed interviews. AD and VaD were diagnosed using standard criteria. Estimates from discrete-time survival models showed no association between self-reported history of hypertension and high cholesterol and AD after adjustments. Hypertension increased the risk of VaD [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 2.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.95-7.44]. Obesity increased the risk of AD in females (aHR 2.23, 95% CI 1.09-4.30) but not males. Diabetes increased the risk of VaD in females after adjustments (aHR 3.33, 95% CI 1.03-9.78) but not males. The risk of VaD after stroke was increased in females (aHR 16.90, 95% CI 5.58-49.03) and males (aHR 10.95, 95% CI 2.48-44.78). The results indicate that vascular factors increase risks for AD and VaD differentially by sex. Future studies should focus on specific causal pathways for each of these factors with regard to sex to determine if sex differences in the prevalence of vascular factors have an influence on sex differences in dementia risk.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer Disease/epidemiology ; Alzheimer Disease/etiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases/complications ; Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology ; Causality ; Cerebrovascular Disorders/complications ; Cerebrovascular Disorders/epidemiology ; Dementia, Vascular/epidemiology ; Dementia, Vascular/etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Risk ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Statistics as Topic
Language	English
Publishing date	2006-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1002700-2
ISSN	1546-4156 ; 0893-0341
ISSN (online)	1546-4156
ISSN	0893-0341
DOI	10.1097/01.wad.0000213814.43047.86
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In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

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In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

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