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Article ; Online: Allochthonous marsh subsidies enhances food web productivity in an estuary and its surrounding ecosystem mosaic.

Davis, Melanie J / Woo, Isa / De La Cruz, Susan E W / Ellings, Christopher S / Hodgson, Sayre / Nakai, Glynnis

2024 Volume 19, Issue 2, Page(s) e0296836

Abstract: Terrestrial organic matter is believed to play an important role in promoting resilient estuarine food webs, but the inherent interconnectivity of estuarine systems often obscures the origins and importance of these terrestrial inputs. To determine the ... ...

Abstract	Terrestrial organic matter is believed to play an important role in promoting resilient estuarine food webs, but the inherent interconnectivity of estuarine systems often obscures the origins and importance of these terrestrial inputs. To determine the relative contributions of terrestrial (allochthonous) and aquatic (autochthonous) organic matter to the estuarine food web, we analyzed carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur stable isotopes from multiple trophic levels, environmental strata, and habitats throughout the estuarine habitat mosaic. We used a Bayesian stable isotope mixing model (SIMM) to parse out relationships among primary producers, invertebrates, and a pelagic and demersal fish species (juvenile Chinook salmon and sculpin, respectively). The study was carried out in the Nisqually River Delta (NRD), Washington, USA, a recently-restored, macrotidal estuary with a diverse habitat mosaic. Plant groupings of macroalgae, eelgrass, and tidal marsh plants served as the primary base components of the NRD food web. About 90% of demersal sculpin diets were comprised of benthic and pelagic crustaceans that were fed by autochthonous organic matter contributions from aquatic vegetation. Juvenile salmon, on the other hand, derived their energy from a mix of terrestrial, pelagic, and benthic prey, including insects, dipterans, and crustaceans. Consequently, allochthonous terrestrial contributions of organic matter were much greater for salmon, ranging between 26 and 43%. These findings demonstrate how connectivity among estuarine habitat types and environmental strata facilitates organic matter subsidies. This suggests that management actions that improve or restore lateral habitat connectivity as well as terrestrial-aquatic linkages may enhance allochthonous subsidies, promoting increased prey resources and ecosystem benefits in estuaries.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Wetlands ; Estuaries ; Bayes Theorem ; Salmon
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0296836
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: A Climate-Mediated Shift in the Estuarine Habitat Mosaic Limits Prey Availability and Reduces Nursery Quality for Juvenile Salmon

Davis, Melanie J. / Woo, Isa / Ellings, Christopher S. / Hodgson, Sayre / Beauchamp, David A. / Nakai, Glynnis / De La Cruz, Susan E. W.

Estuaries and coasts. 2022 July, v. 45, no. 5

2022

Abstract: The estuarine habitat mosaic supports the reproduction, growth, and survival of resident and migratory fish species by providing a diverse portfolio of unique habitats with varying physical and biological features. Global climate change is expected to ... ...

Abstract	The estuarine habitat mosaic supports the reproduction, growth, and survival of resident and migratory fish species by providing a diverse portfolio of unique habitats with varying physical and biological features. Global climate change is expected to result in increasing temperatures, rising sea levels, and changes in riverine hydrology, which will have profound effects on the extent and composition of the estuarine habitat mosaic and its associated nursery quality for juvenile fish. We used a spatially explicit bioenergetics model to assess how different climate change scenarios might affect juvenile salmon growth rate potential relative to present day conditions in the Nisqually River Delta, WA, USA. The model indicated that prey-rich habitats such as emergent salt marshes and eelgrass meadows were most likely to facilitate growth, and that reductions in their areal extent and accessibility could have severe consequences for salmon. For instance, unmitigated sea-level rise halved the predicted extent of low- and high-elevation emergent salt marsh, leading to a 30% reduction in end-of-season weights. Increasing water temperatures compounded these effects during the late spring and summer such that the average daily growth rate of an individual fish decreased by an additional 5–50% when compared to the effects of sea-level rise alone. Lethal temperatures (> 24 °C) were infrequently observed, but they were more likely to occur during summer low tides in the mudflat and eelgrass habitats when accessibility to prey-rich marsh was minimal, thereby limiting foraging capacity and the availability of thermal refugia. Our findings indicate that, barring the enactment of targeted management strategies, rising tidal levels and increasing ocean temperatures may reduce the quality of the estuarine habitat mosaic for out-migrating salmon and other sensitive fish species.
Keywords	Zostera marina ; climate change ; energy metabolism ; estuaries ; juveniles ; migratory behavior ; models ; refuge habitats ; reproduction ; riparian areas ; river deltas ; salmon ; salt marshes ; sea level ; spring ; summer
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-07
Size	p. 1445-1464.
Publishing place	Springer US
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2229170-2
ISSN	1559-2731 ; 1559-2723
ISSN (online)	1559-2731
ISSN	1559-2723
DOI	10.1007/s12237-021-01003-3
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Carbon accumulation and vertical accretion in a restored versus historic salt marsh in southern Puget Sound, Washington, United States

Drexler, Judith Z / Fuller, Christopher C / Nakai, Glynnis / Woo, Isa

Restoration ecology. 2019 Sept., v. 27, no. 5

2019

Abstract: Few comparisons exist between vertical accretion (VA) and carbon accumulation rates (CARs) in restored versus historic (i.e. reference) marshes. Here, we compare these processes in a formerly diked, sparsely vegetated, restored salt marsh (Six Gill ... ...

Abstract	Few comparisons exist between vertical accretion (VA) and carbon accumulation rates (CARs) in restored versus historic (i.e. reference) marshes. Here, we compare these processes in a formerly diked, sparsely vegetated, restored salt marsh (Six Gill Slough, SG), whose surface is subsided relative to the tidal frame, to an adjacent, relatively pristine, historic salt marsh (Animal Slough, AS). Six sediment cores were collected at both AS and SG approximately 6 years after restoration. Cores were analyzed for bulk density (BD), % loss of ignition, % organic carbon, and 210Pb. We found that sharp changes in BD in surface layers of SG cores were highly reliable markers for the onset of restoration. The mean VA since restoration at SG (0.79 [SD = 0.29] cm/year) was approximately twice that of AS (0.41 [SD = 0.16] cm/year). In comparison, the VA at AS over 50 years was 0.30 (SD = 0.09) cm/year. VA consisted almost entirely of inorganic sediment at SG whereas at AS it was approximately 55%. Mean CARs at SG were somewhat greater than at AS, but the difference was not significant due to high variability (SG: 81–210 g C m−2 year−1; AS: 115–168 g C m−2 year−1). The mean CAR at AS over the past 50 years was 118 (SD = 23) g C m−2 year−1. This study demonstrates that a sparsely vegetated, restored salt marsh can quickly begin to accumulate carbon and that historic and restored marshes can have similar CARs despite highly divergent formation processes.
Keywords	bulk density ; lead ; organic carbon ; radionuclides ; salt marshes ; sediments ; Puget Sound ; Washington (state)
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-09
Size	p. 1117-1127.
Publishing place	Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	914746-9
ISSN	1526-100X ; 1061-2971
ISSN (online)	1526-100X
ISSN	1061-2971
DOI	10.1111/rec.12941
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Can Coastal Habitats Rise to the Challenge? Resilience of Estuarine Habitats, Carbon Accumulation, and Economic Value to Sea-Level Rise in a Puget Sound Estuary

Moritsch, Monica M. / Byrd, Kristin B. / Davis, Melanie / Good, Anthony / Drexler, Judith Z. / Morris, James T. / Woo, Isa / Windham-Myers, Lisamarie / Grossman, Eric / Nakai, Glynnis / Poppe, Katrina L. / Rybczyk, John M.

Estuaries and Coasts. 2022 Dec., v. 45, no. 8 p.2293-2309

2022

Abstract: Sea-level rise (SLR) and obstructions to sediment delivery pose challenges to the persistence of estuarine habitats and the ecosystem services they provide. Restoration actions and sediment management strategies may help mitigate such challenges by ... ...

Abstract	Sea-level rise (SLR) and obstructions to sediment delivery pose challenges to the persistence of estuarine habitats and the ecosystem services they provide. Restoration actions and sediment management strategies may help mitigate such challenges by encouraging the vertical accretion of sediment in and horizontal migration of tidal forests and marshes. We used a process-based soil accretion model (Coastal Wetland Equilibrium Model) combined with a habitat classification model (MOSAICS) to estimate the effects of SLR, suspended sediment, and inland habitat migration on estuarine habitats, soil carbon accumulation, and economic value of climate change mitigation of carbon accumulation (social cost of carbon dioxide) in a macrotidal estuary in the northwest USA over 100 years (2011 to 2110). Under present-day sediment levels, we projected that after 100 years, most high salt marsh would remain with < 100 cm SLR, but substantial area converted to transitional (low) salt marsh and mudflat with ≥ 100 cm SLR. Increasing sediment availability increased the projected resilience of transitional salt marsh to SLR but did not prevent declines in high marsh area. Projected total carbon accumulation plateaued or declined with ≥ 100 cm SLR, yet the economic value of carbon accumulation continued to rise over time, suggesting that the value of this ecosystem service was resilient to SLR. Doubling or tripling sediment availability increased projected carbon accumulation up to 7.69 and 14.2 kg m⁻² and increased total economic value up to $373,000 and $710,000, respectively. Allowing marsh migration supported conversion of upland to freshwater marsh, with slight increases in carbon accumulation. These results inform climate adaptation planning for wetland managers seeking to understand the resilience of estuarine habitats and ecosystem services to SLR under multiple management strategies.
Keywords	carbon ; carbon dioxide ; climate ; climate change ; economic valuation ; ecosystem services ; ecosystems ; estuaries ; freshwater marshes ; habitats ; highlands ; migratory behavior ; models ; salt marshes ; sea level ; sediments ; soil ; soil carbon ; Northwestern United States ; Puget Sound
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-12
Size	p. 2293-2309.
Publishing place	Springer US
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2229170-2
ISSN	1559-2731 ; 1559-2723
ISSN (online)	1559-2731
ISSN	1559-2723
DOI	10.1007/s12237-022-01087-5
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: A Mosaic of Estuarine Habitat Types with Prey Resources from Multiple Environmental Strata Supports a Diversified Foraging Portfolio for Juvenile Chinook Salmon

Woo, Isa / Davis, Melanie J / Ellings, Christopher S / Hodgson, Sayre / Takekawa, John Y / Nakai, Glynnis / De La Cruz, Susan E. W

Estuaries and coasts. 2019 Nov., v. 42, no. 7

2019

Abstract: Estuaries provide a mosaic of vital nursery habitat types for threatened Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) by promoting an ecological portfolio effect, whereby multiple habitat types and networked environmental strata maximize foraging ... ...

Abstract	Estuaries provide a mosaic of vital nursery habitat types for threatened Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) by promoting an ecological portfolio effect, whereby multiple habitat types and networked environmental strata maximize foraging opportunities for out-migrating Chinook salmon by varying the abundance and composition of prey through space and time. To study this portfolio effect, the foraging capacity of five estuarine habitat types was evaluated within the Nisqually River Delta (Puget Sound, Washington, USA). Within each habitat type, invertebrate prey resources were sampled from the terrestrial, aquatic, benthic, and epifaunal environmental strata and compared with juvenile Chinook salmon diets from corresponding sampling events. The estuarine emergent salt marsh supplied twice as much aquatic prey biomass as any other habitat type (720–5523 mg/m³), followed by the mudflat (246–2543 mg/m³) and eelgrass (Zostera marina; 141–2694 mg/m³). Despite some evidence for selectivity, juvenile Chinook salmon diets exhibited substantial compositional overlap, especially when compared with among-habitat differences in available prey resources. Fish that were captured in the emergent salt marsh, mudflat, and eelgrass habitat types consumed aquatic crustaceans such as mysids, while fish captured upriver in freshwater tidal forest and transitional emergent marsh habitat types ate a higher proportion of adult and larval insects. The availability and consumption of greater quantities of energy-poor crustaceans in the salt marsh and lower quantities of energy-rich insects upriver highlights a quantity-for-quality trade-off among estuarine habitat types. Overall results indicate that the timing, productivity, and diversity of prey across multiple habitat types and environmental strata determine an estuary’s capacity to support foraging for multiple life history strategies, size classes, and cohorts of juvenile Chinook salmon.
Keywords	Malacostraca ; Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ; Zostera marina ; adults ; aquatic crustaceans ; biomass ; diet ; energy poverty ; estuaries ; fish ; foraging ; forests ; freshwater ; habitats ; insect larvae ; insects ; juveniles ; life history ; river deltas ; salt marshes ; space and time ; threatened species ; Puget Sound ; Washington (state)
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-11
Size	p. 1938-1954.
Publishing place	Springer US
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2229170-2
ISSN	1559-2731 ; 1559-2723
ISSN (online)	1559-2731
ISSN	1559-2723
DOI	10.1007/s12237-019-00613-2
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Freshwater Tidal Forests and Estuarine Wetlands May Confer Early Life Growth Advantages for Delta‐Reared Chinook Salmon

Davis, Melanie J. / Woo, Isa / Ellings, Christopher S. / Hodgson, Sayre / Beauchamp, David A. / Nakai, Glynnis / De La Cruz, Susan E. W.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 2019 Mar., v. 148, no. 2

2019

Abstract: Large river deltas are complex ecosystems that are believed to play a pivotal role in promoting the early marine growth and survival of threatened Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. We used a fish bioenergetics model to assess the functional role ... ...

Abstract	Large river deltas are complex ecosystems that are believed to play a pivotal role in promoting the early marine growth and survival of threatened Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. We used a fish bioenergetics model to assess the functional role of multiple delta habitats across a gradient of salinities and vegetation types, where consumption and growth rate potential (GRP) were considered as proxies for habitat quality. We subsequently compared our model output to empirical, or realized, growth estimates from scale circuli. In terms of consumption, prey energy density (EDₚᵣₑy) was 46–86% higher in tidal freshwater forest than in any other habitat type, while estimated consumption rates (expressed as proportion of maximum daily consumption; Pcₘₐₓ) were positively correlated with FL. These size‐related differences in Pcₘₐₓ led to a noticeable increase along a freshwater‐to‐saline gradient from roughly 0.25 in tidal freshwater forest to 0.55 in the offshore subtidal zone, yet despite higher observed Pcₘₐₓ values in nearshore and offshore habitats, the tidal freshwater forest and emergent salt marsh demonstrated the highest modeled GRP values. Similarly, realized growth rates for fish caught in tidal freshwater forest were up to 0.5% higher per day than for fish caught in the offshore area, but habitat‐level differences were overshadowed by allometry and rearing origin. Scales from unmarked fish (assumed to be of wild origin) indicated that they grew, on average, 11% faster than did hatchery fish; however, these differences were subtle and were more obvious at fork lengths <100 mm. Our results suggest that tidal forests and emergent marshes may offer early life growth advantages for wild Chinook Salmon, but that wild and hatchery fish can compensate as they move seaward by opportunistically consuming greater quantities of low‐energy density prey, taking advantage of pulses of larval forage fish, or by spending time in multiple interconnected habitat types.
Keywords	Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ; allometry ; energy density ; energy metabolism ; estuaries ; forage fish ; forests ; freshwater ; habitats ; hatcheries ; models ; rivers ; salt marshes
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-03
Size	p. 289-307.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	416724-7
ISSN	0002-8487
ISSN	0002-8487
DOI	10.1002/tafs.10134
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Integrated Diet Analyses Reveal Contrasting Trophic Niches for Wild and Hatchery Juvenile Chinook Salmon in a Large River Delta

Davis, Melanie J. / Woo, Isa / Ellings, Christopher S. / Hodgson, Sayre / Beauchamp, David A. / Nakai, Glynnis / De La Cruz, Susan E. W.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 2018 Sept., v. 147, no. 5

2018

Abstract: Hatchery programs have been used as a conservation tool to bolster declining populations of Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha along much of the North American Pacific coast. In many watersheds, hatchery stocks are released concurrently with the ... ...

Abstract	Hatchery programs have been used as a conservation tool to bolster declining populations of Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha along much of the North American Pacific coast. In many watersheds, hatchery stocks are released concurrently with the wild population, thus raising the potential for density‐dependent effects. Competition for prey resources during the critical period for early marine growth and survival may diminish the foraging capacity and growth potential of wild Chinook Salmon, highlighting the importance of a diverse and productive delta habitat mosaic. We used an integrated diet approach with stomach content and stable isotope analyses to evaluate contrasting patterns of habitat use and prey consumption in a fall‐run population of juvenile Chinook Salmon from the Nisqually River delta in Puget Sound, Washington. We examined size‐class and origin‐level differences throughout a gradient of delta habitat types. Wild (unmarked) and hatchery juveniles exhibited distinct habitat use patterns whereby unmarked fish were captured more frequently in tidally influenced freshwater and mesohaline emergent marsh areas, while hatchery fish were caught more often in the nearshore intertidal zone. Consequently, hatchery fish were less likely to consume the energy‐dense terrestrial insects that were more common in freshwater and brackish marshes. Stable isotope signatures from muscle and liver tissues corroborated this finding, showing that unmarked juveniles had derived 24–31% of their diets from terrestrially sourced prey, while terrestrial insects only made up 2–8% of hatchery fish diets. This may explain why unmarked fish were in better condition than hatchery fish and had stomach contents that were 15% more energy‐rich than those of hatchery fish. We did not observe strong evidence for trophic overlap in juvenile Chinook Salmon of different rearing origins, but our results suggest that hatchery juveniles could be more sensitive to diet‐mediated effects on growth and survival.
Keywords	Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ; coasts ; diet ; fish ; freshwater ; habitat preferences ; hatcheries ; juveniles ; littoral zone ; liver ; muscles ; river deltas ; stable isotopes ; stomach ; Puget Sound
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-09
Size	p. 818-841.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	416724-7
ISSN	0002-8487
ISSN	0002-8487
DOI	10.1002/tafs.10088
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Allochthonous marsh subsidies enhances food web productivity in an estuary and its surrounding ecosystem mosaic.

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Article: A Climate-Mediated Shift in the Estuarine Habitat Mosaic Limits Prey Availability and Reduces Nursery Quality for Juvenile Salmon

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Article: Carbon accumulation and vertical accretion in a restored versus historic salt marsh in southern Puget Sound, Washington, United States

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Article ; Online: Can Coastal Habitats Rise to the Challenge? Resilience of Estuarine Habitats, Carbon Accumulation, and Economic Value to Sea-Level Rise in a Puget Sound Estuary

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Article: A Mosaic of Estuarine Habitat Types with Prey Resources from Multiple Environmental Strata Supports a Diversified Foraging Portfolio for Juvenile Chinook Salmon

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Article: Freshwater Tidal Forests and Estuarine Wetlands May Confer Early Life Growth Advantages for Delta‐Reared Chinook Salmon

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Article: Integrated Diet Analyses Reveal Contrasting Trophic Niches for Wild and Hatchery Juvenile Chinook Salmon in a Large River Delta

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