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Article ; Online: Applying a systems thinking lens to anti-doping: A systematic review identifying the contributory factors to doping in sport.

Naughton, Mitchell / Salmon, Paul M / Kerhervé, Hugo A / McLean, Scott

2024 , Page(s) 1–15

Abstract: The use of performance enhancing substances and methods (known as "doping") in sport is an intractable issue, with current anti-doping strategies predominantly focused on the personal responsibility and strict liability of individual athletes. This is ... ...

Abstract	The use of performance enhancing substances and methods (known as "doping") in sport is an intractable issue, with current anti-doping strategies predominantly focused on the personal responsibility and strict liability of individual athletes. This is despite an emerging understanding that athletes exist as part of a broader complex sports system that includes governance, policymakers, media, sponsors, clubs, team members, and athlete support staff, to name a few. As such, there is a need to examine the broader systemic factors that influence doping in sport. The aim of this systematic review was to identify and synthesise the factors contributing to doping and doping behaviours, attitudes, and beliefs and the extent to which this knowledge extends beyond the athlete to consider broader sports systems. The review followed PRISMA guidelines with risk of bias and study quality assessed by the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool, and identified contributory factors synthesised and mapped onto a systems thinking-based framework. Overall, the included studies were determined to be of high quality. Support personnel, the coach, and the coach-athlete relationship represent key influences on the athletes' decisions to dope. From the evidence presented, doping is an emergent property of sport systems and represents a complex systemic problem that will require whole-of-system interventions. The implications for this and the focus of future research are discussed.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	995528-8
ISSN	1466-447X ; 0264-0414
ISSN (online)	1466-447X
ISSN	0264-0414
DOI	10.1080/02640414.2024.2306056
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Article ; Online: Synthetic Data as a Strategy to Resolve Data Privacy and Confidentiality Concerns in the Sport Sciences: Practical Examples and an R Shiny Application.

Naughton, Mitchell / Weaving, Dan / Scott, Tannath / Compton, Heidi

International journal of sports physiology and performance

2023 Volume 18, Issue 10, Page(s) 1213–1218

Abstract: Purpose: There has been a proliferation in technologies in the sport performance environment that collect increasingly larger quantities of athlete data. These data have the potential to be personal, sensitive, and revealing and raise privacy and ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: There has been a proliferation in technologies in the sport performance environment that collect increasingly larger quantities of athlete data. These data have the potential to be personal, sensitive, and revealing and raise privacy and confidentiality concerns. A solution may be the use of synthetic data, which mimic the properties of the original data. The aim of this study was to provide examples of synthetic data generation to demonstrate its practical use and to deploy a freely available web-based R Shiny application to generate synthetic data. Methods: Openly available data from 2 previously published studies were obtained, representing typical data sets of (1) field- and gym-based team-sport external and internal load during a preseason period (n = 28) and (2) performance and subjective changes from before to after the posttraining intervention (n = 22). Synthetic data were generated using the synthpop package in R Studio software, and comparisons between the original and synthetic data sets were made through Welch t tests and the distributional similarity standardized propensity mean squared error statistic. Results: There were no significant differences between the original and more synthetic data sets across all variables examined in both data sets (P > .05). Further, there was distributional similarity (ie, low standardized propensity mean squared error) between the original observed and synthetic data sets. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential use of synthetic data as a practical solution to privacy and confidentiality issues. Synthetic data can unlock previously inaccessible data sets for exploratory analysis and facilitate multiteam or multicenter collaborations. Interested sport scientists, practitioners, and researchers should consider utilizing the shiny web application (SYNTHETIC DATA-available at https://assetlab.shinyapps.io/SyntheticData/).
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Privacy ; Confidentiality ; Software ; Sports ; Technology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Multicenter Study ; Journal Article
ISSN	1555-0273
ISSN (online)	1555-0273
DOI	10.1123/ijspp.2023-0007
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Article ; Online: From Anti-doping-I to Anti-doping-II: Toward a paradigm shift for doping prevention in sport.

McLean, Scott / Naughton, Mitchell / Kerhervé, Hugo / Salmon, Paul M

The International journal on drug policy

2023 Volume 115, Page(s) 104019

Abstract: Doping remains an intractable issue in sport and occurs in a complex and dynamic environment comprising interactions between individual, situational, and environmental factors. Anti-doping efforts have previously predominantly focused on athlete ... ...

Abstract	Doping remains an intractable issue in sport and occurs in a complex and dynamic environment comprising interactions between individual, situational, and environmental factors. Anti-doping efforts have previously predominantly focused on athlete behaviours and sophisticated detection methods, however, doping issues remain. As such, there is merit in exploring an alternative approach. The aim of this study was to apply a systems thinking approach to model the current anti-doping system for four football codes in Australia, using the Systems Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP). The STAMP control structure was developed and validated by eighteen subject matter experts across a five-phase validation process. Within the developed model, education was identified as a prominent approach anti-doping authorities use to combat doping. Further, the model suggests that a majority of existing controls are reactive, and hence that there is potential to employ leading indicators to proactively prevent doping and that new incident reporting systems could be developed to capture such information. It is our contention that anti-doping research and practice should consider a shift away from the current reactive and reductionist approach of detection and enforcement to a proactive and systemic approach focused on leading indicators. This will provide anti-doping agencies a new lens to look at doping in sport.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Sports ; Athletes ; Australia ; Doping in Sports/prevention & control
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-05
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2010000-0
ISSN	1873-4758 ; 0955-3959
ISSN (online)	1873-4758
ISSN	0955-3959
DOI	10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104019
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Article ; Online: Defining and quantifying fatigue in the rugby codes.

Naughton, Mitchell / Scott, Tannath / Weaving, Dan / Solomon, Colin / McLean, Scott

PloS one

2023 Volume 18, Issue 3, Page(s) e0282390

Abstract: The rugby codes (i.e., rugby union, rugby league, rugby sevens [termed 'rugby']) are team-sports that impose multiple complex physical, perceptual, and technical demands on players which leads to substantial player fatigue post-match. In the post-match ... ...

Abstract	The rugby codes (i.e., rugby union, rugby league, rugby sevens [termed 'rugby']) are team-sports that impose multiple complex physical, perceptual, and technical demands on players which leads to substantial player fatigue post-match. In the post-match period, fatigue manifests through multiple domains and negatively influences recovery. There is, however, currently no definition of fatigue contextualised to the unique characteristics of rugby (e.g., locomotor and collision loads). Similarly, the methods and metrics which practitioners consider when quantifying the components of post-match fatigue and subsequent recovery are not known. The aims of this study were to develop a definition of fatigue in rugby, to determine agreement with this common definition of fatigue, and to outline which methods and metrics are considered important and feasible to implement to quantify post-match fatigue. Subject matter experts (SME) undertook a two-round online Delphi questionnaire (round one; n = 42, round two; n = 23). SME responses in round one were analysed to derive a definition of fatigue, which after discussion and agreement by the investigators, obtained 96% agreement in round two. The SME agreed that fatigue in rugby refers to a reduction in performance-related task ability which is underpinned by time-dependent negative changes within and between cognitive, neuromuscular, perceptual, physiological, emotional, and technical/tactical domains. Further, there were 33 items in the neuromuscular performance, cardio-autonomic, or self-report domains achieved consensus for importance and/or feasibility to implement. Highly rated methods and metrics included countermovement jump force/power (neuromuscular performance), heart rate variability (cardio-autonomic measures), and soreness, mood, stress, and sleep quality (self-reported assessments). A monitoring system including highly-rated fatigue monitoring objective and subjective methods and metrics in rugby is presented. Practical recommendations of objective and subjective measures, and broader considerations for testing and analysing the resulting data in relation to monitoring fatigue are provided.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Athletic Performance/physiology ; Football/physiology ; Fatigue ; Muscle Fatigue/physiology ; Team Sports
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0282390
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Article ; Online: What Enables Child Sexual Abuse in Sport? A Systematic Review.

Dodd, Karl / Solomon, Colin / Naughton, Mitchell / Salmon, Paul M / McLean, Scott

Trauma, violence & abuse

2023 Volume 25, Issue 2, Page(s) 1599–1613

Abstract: Sporting environments provide opportunities for perpetrators to commit child sexual abuse (CSA). While awareness of CSA in sport and preventative interventions are increasing, CSA in sport still occurs at alarming rates. A systematic review was conducted ...

Abstract	Sporting environments provide opportunities for perpetrators to commit child sexual abuse (CSA). While awareness of CSA in sport and preventative interventions are increasing, CSA in sport still occurs at alarming rates. A systematic review was conducted to identify and synthesize the extant literature on the enabling factors for CSA in sport. The 34 included articles were peer-reviewed and were primary sources; had full-text versions in English; included the individual, situational, environmental, or systemic antecedent factors and characteristics which enable CSA in organized sport (clubs, schools, universities, and representative teams); and focused on abuse in children (0-18 years old), and included retrospective incidents. The enabling factors from across the broader sports system were identified and mapped using a systems thinking-based approach, the Risk Management Framework (RMF) and the associated AcciMap method. The results indicated that enabling factors for CSA in sport were identified at multiple levels of the sporting system hierarchy. The results show that 24.1% (
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Infant ; Athletes ; Child Abuse, Sexual/prevention & control ; Retrospective Studies ; Schools ; Sports
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Systematic Review ; Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2070884-1
ISSN	1552-8324 ; 1524-8380
ISSN (online)	1552-8324
ISSN	1524-8380
DOI	10.1177/15248380231190666
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Article: Correction: Quantifying Collision Frequency and Intensity in Rugby Union and Rugby Sevens: A Systematic Review.

Paul, Lara / Naughton, Mitchell / Jones, Ben / Davidow, Demi / Patel, Amir / Lambert, Mike / Hendricks, Sharief

Sports medicine - open

2022 Volume 8, Issue 1, Page(s) 96

Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-29
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Published Erratum
ZDB-ID	2809942-4
ISSN	2198-9761 ; 2199-1170
ISSN (online)	2198-9761
ISSN	2199-1170
DOI	10.1186/s40798-022-00494-z
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Article: Quantifying Collision Frequency and Intensity in Rugby Union and Rugby Sevens: A Systematic Review.

Paul, Lara / Naughton, Mitchell / Jones, Ben / Davidow, Demi / Patel, Amir / Lambert, Mike / Hendricks, Sharief

Sports medicine - open

2022 Volume 8, Issue 1, Page(s) 12

Abstract: Background: Collisions in rugby union and sevens have a high injury incidence and burden, and are also associated with player and team performance. Understanding the frequency and intensity of these collisions is therefore important for coaches and ... ...

Abstract	Background: Collisions in rugby union and sevens have a high injury incidence and burden, and are also associated with player and team performance. Understanding the frequency and intensity of these collisions is therefore important for coaches and practitioners to adequately prepare players for competition. The aim of this review is to synthesise the current literature to provide a summary of the collision frequencies and intensities for rugby union and rugby sevens based on video-based analysis and microtechnology. Methods: A systematic search using key words was done on four different databases from 1 January 1990 to 1 September 2021 (PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science). Results: Seventy-three studies were included in the final review, with fifty-eight studies focusing on rugby union, while fifteen studies explored rugby sevens. Of the included studies, four focused on training-three in rugby union and one in sevens, two focused on both training and match-play in rugby union and one in rugby sevens, while the remaining sixty-six studies explored collisions from match-play. The studies included, provincial, national, international, professional, experienced, novice and collegiate players. Most of the studies used video-based analysis (n = 37) to quantify collisions. In rugby union, on average a total of 22.0 (19.0-25.0) scrums, 116.2 (62.7-169.7) rucks, and 156.1 (121.2-191.0) tackles occur per match. In sevens, on average 1.8 (1.7-2.0) scrums, 4.8 (0-11.8) rucks and 14.1 (0-32.8) tackles occur per match. Conclusions: This review showed more studies quantified collisions in matches compared to training. To ensure athletes are adequately prepared for match collision loads, training should be prescribed to meet the match demands. Per minute, rugby sevens players perform more tackles and ball carries into contact than rugby union players and forwards experienced more impacts and tackles than backs. Forwards also perform more very heavy impacts and severe impacts than backs in rugby union. To improve the relationship between matches and training, integrating both video-based analysis and microtechnology is recommended. The frequency and intensity of collisions in training and matches may lead to adaptations for a "collision-fit" player and lend itself to general training principles such as periodisation for optimum collision adaptation. Trial Registration PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020191112.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-20
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Systematic Review
ZDB-ID	2809942-4
ISSN	2198-9761 ; 2199-1170
ISSN (online)	2198-9761
ISSN	2199-1170
DOI	10.1186/s40798-021-00398-4
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Article: Quantifying Fatigue in the Rugby Codes: The Interplay Between Collision Characteristics and Neuromuscular Performance, Biochemical Measures, and Self-Reported Assessments of Fatigue.

Naughton, Mitchell / McLean, Scott / Scott, Tannath J / Weaving, Dan / Solomon, Colin

Frontiers in physiology

2021 Volume 12, Page(s) 711634

Abstract: Locomotor and collision actions that rugby players complete during match-play often lead to substantial fatigue, and in turn, delays in recovery. The methods used to quantify post-match fatigue and recovery can be categorised as subjective and objective, ...

Abstract	Locomotor and collision actions that rugby players complete during match-play often lead to substantial fatigue, and in turn, delays in recovery. The methods used to quantify post-match fatigue and recovery can be categorised as subjective and objective, with match-related collision characteristics thought to have a primary role in modulating these recovery measures. The aim of this review was to (1) evaluate how post-match recovery has been quantified in the rugby football codes (i.e., rugby league, rugby union, and rugby sevens), (2) to explore the time-course of commonly used measures of fatigue post-match, and (3) to investigate the relationships between game-related collisions and fatigue metrics. The available evidence suggests that upper-, and lower-body neuromuscular performance are negatively affected, and biomarkers of muscular damage and inflammation increase in the hours and days following match-play, with the largest differences being at 12-36 h post-match. The magnitude of such responses varies within and between neuromuscular performance (Δ ≤ 36%,
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-29
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2564217-0
ISSN	1664-042X
ISSN	1664-042X
DOI	10.3389/fphys.2021.711634
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Article ; Online: Impact-Induced Muscle Damage and Contact Sports: Etiology, Effects on Neuromuscular Function and Recovery, and the Modulating Effects of Adaptation and Recovery Strategies.

Naughton, Mitchell / Miller, Joanna / Slater, Gary J

International journal of sports physiology and performance

2018 Volume 13, Issue 8, Page(s) 962–969

Abstract: Athletes involved in contact sports are habitually exposed to skeletal-muscle damage in their training and performance environments. This often leads to exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) resulting from repeated eccentric and/or high-intensity ... ...

Abstract	Athletes involved in contact sports are habitually exposed to skeletal-muscle damage in their training and performance environments. This often leads to exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) resulting from repeated eccentric and/or high-intensity exercise and to impact-induced muscle damage (IIMD) resulting from collisions with opponents and the playing surface. While EIMD has been an area of extensive investigation, IIMD has received comparatively little research, with the magnitude and time frame of alterations following IIMD not presently well understood. It is currently thought that EIMD results from an overload of mechanical stress that causes ultrastructural damage to the cellular membrane constituents. Damage leads to compromised ability to produce force, which manifests immediately and persists for up to 14 d following exercise exposure. IIMD has been implicated in attenuated neuromuscular performance and recovery and in inflammatory processes, although the underlying course over time remains unclear. Exposure to EIMD leads to an adaptation to subsequent exposures, a phenomenon known as the repeated-bout effect. An analogous adaptation has been suggested to occur following IIMD; however, to date, this contention remains equivocal. While a considerable body of research has explored the efficacy of recovery strategies following EIMD, strategies promoting recovery from IIMD are limited to investigations using animal contusion models. Strategies such as cryotherapy and antioxidant supplementation that focus on attenuating the secondary inflammatory response may provide additional benefit in IIMD and are explored herein. Further research is required to first establish a model of generating IIMD and then explore broader areas around IIMD in athletic populations.
MeSH term(s)	Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Antioxidants/therapeutic use ; Athletes ; Athletic Injuries/physiopathology ; Athletic Injuries/rehabilitation ; Cryotherapy ; Humans ; Muscle, Skeletal/injuries ; Sports ; Wounds, Nonpenetrating/physiopathology
Chemical Substances	Antioxidants
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-09-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	1555-0273
ISSN (online)	1555-0273
DOI	10.1123/ijspp.2017-0268
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Article ; Online: Impact-Induced Muscle Damage: Performance Implications in Response to a Novel Collision Simulator and Associated Timeline of Recovery.

Naughton, Mitchell / Miller, Joanna / Slater, Gary J

Journal of sports science & medicine

2018 Volume 17, Issue 3, Page(s) 417–425

Abstract: The implications of impact-induced muscle damage (IIMD) that results from participation in contact-sport are not well understood. The purpose of the present study was to implement a novel method of generating IIMD and characterise the implications of ... ...

Abstract	The implications of impact-induced muscle damage (IIMD) that results from participation in contact-sport are not well understood. The purpose of the present study was to implement a novel method of generating IIMD and characterise the implications of this on perceptual, biochemical and exercise performance parameters. Eighteen male recreational contact-sport athletes completed a single-group time series with measures assessed at baseline (PRE) and immediately following (POST) an IIMD protocol, with repeat testing 24, 48, and 72 h following the IIMD protocol. Biochemical indices of muscle damage (myoglobin [Mb]) and inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP]), 15 m sprint performance, squat jump peak power (SJ-PP), and perceived soreness were compared to PRE using a one-way (time) repeated measures ANOVA with post-hoc t tests. Speed over 5 and 15 m were impaired for 48 h (7.5 ± 4%, p < 0.01) and SJ-PP was impaired for 48 h following the IIMD protocol (9.5 ±3 %, p < 0.01). Subjective soreness was elevated from baseline for 72 h (P < 0.01) following the IIMD protocol. No change in [CRP] or [Mb] was observed (p > 0.01). IIMD resulted in impaired ability to produce power and speed, whilst negatively influencing perceived soreness. These changes were most pronounced in the 48 h following the IIMD protocol. No change in muscle damage or inflammation indices were observed, primarily due to the highly variable response. Thus, the experimental protocol used in the present study may be used as a model to further investigate other aspects of IIMD.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Athletes ; Athletic Performance/physiology ; Biomarkers/blood ; C-Reactive Protein/analysis ; Humans ; Inflammation/blood ; Male ; Muscle, Skeletal/injuries ; Myalgia/physiopathology ; Myoglobin/blood ; Pain Measurement ; Sports ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; Myoglobin ; C-Reactive Protein (9007-41-4)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-08-14
Publishing country	Turkey
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1303-2968
ISSN (online)	1303-2968
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