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Article ; Online: Epidemiological Interface of Sylvatic and Dog Rabies in the North West Province of South Africa.

Malan, Ayla J / Coetzer, Andre / Sabeta, Claude T / Nel, Louis H

Tropical medicine and infectious disease

2022 Volume 7, Issue 6

Abstract: Rabies is a viral zoonosis that causes an estimated 59,000 preventable human fatalities every year. While more than 120 countries remain endemic for dog-mediated rabies, the burden is the highest in Africa and Asia where 99% of human rabies cases are ... ...

Abstract	Rabies is a viral zoonosis that causes an estimated 59,000 preventable human fatalities every year. While more than 120 countries remain endemic for dog-mediated rabies, the burden is the highest in Africa and Asia where 99% of human rabies cases are caused by domestic dogs. One such rabies-endemic country is South Africa where an estimated 42 preventable human deaths occur every year. Although canine rabies had been well described for most of the provinces in South Africa, the epidemiology of rabies within the North West Province had not been well defined prior to this investigation. As such, the aim of this study was to use nucleotide sequence analyses to characterise the extant molecular epidemiology of rabies in the North West Province of South Africa-with specific focus on the interface between dogs and sylvatic species. To this end,
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-05
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2414-6366
ISSN (online)	2414-6366
DOI	10.3390/tropicalmed7060090
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Factors Impacting the Control of Rabies.

Nel, Louis H

Microbiology spectrum

2015 Volume 1, Issue 2

Abstract: Rabies is a classical zoonosis that has been known to man for ages. The disease can be caused by several viral species in the Lyssavirus genus, but the type species, rabies virus (RABV), is by far the most important from a zoonosis perspective. The ... ...

Abstract	Rabies is a classical zoonosis that has been known to man for ages. The disease can be caused by several viral species in the Lyssavirus genus, but the type species, rabies virus (RABV), is by far the most important from a zoonosis perspective. The extreme neurotropism of RABV and the evolutionarily conserved elements and structures of the mammalian brain suggest that this virus evolved an ultimate niche for replication, simultaneously exploiting classical social behavior of a wide diversity of hosts among the chiropters and carnivores. There is substantial evidence that RABV originated in bats and later switched hosts to yield globally disseminated canine rabies. Following the revolutionary work of Louis Pasteur, control and elimination of dog rabies was achieved in Europe, but widespread colonial introduction of European strains of dog RABV to other parts of the world occurred. Thus, dog rabies spread rapidly in the 1900s, and today the vast majority of the tens of thousands of annual human rabies cases stem from dog rabies, which has become endemic in the entire developing world. The fact that human rabies is preventable, through control in the dog reservoir on one hand and through effective prophylaxis in cases of exposure on the other hand, is an indictment of public health strategies and practices. This article discusses some of the drivers that have contributed to the recurrent neglect of rabies in the modern world, as well as evolving One Health-based rabies control partnerships and initiatives that have been progressive, productive, and promising of true global benefits.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-06-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2165-0497
ISSN	2165-0497
DOI	10.1128/microbiolspec.OH-0006-2012
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Discrepancies in data reporting for rabies, Africa.

Nel, Louis H

Emerging infectious diseases

2013 Volume 19, Issue 4, Page(s) 529–533

Abstract: Human rabies is an ancient disease but in modern times has primarily been associated with dog rabies-endemic countries of Asia and Africa. From an African perspective, the inevitable and tragic consequences of rabies require serious reflection of the ... ...

Abstract	Human rabies is an ancient disease but in modern times has primarily been associated with dog rabies-endemic countries of Asia and Africa. From an African perspective, the inevitable and tragic consequences of rabies require serious reflection of the factors that continue to drive its neglect. Established as a major disease only after multiple introductions during the colonial era, rabies continues to spread into new reservoirs and territories in Africa. However, analysis of reported data identified major discrepancies that are indicators of poor surveillance, reporting, and cooperation among national, international, and global authorities. Ultimately, the absence of reliable and sustained data compromises the priority given to the control of rabies. Appropriate actions and changes, in accordance to the One Health philosophy and including aspects such as synchronized, shared, and unified global rabies data reporting, will not only be necessary, but also should be feasible.
MeSH term(s)	Africa/epidemiology ; Animals ; Asia/epidemiology ; Communicable Disease Control/organization & administration ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology ; Dog Diseases/virology ; Dogs ; Endemic Diseases ; Humans ; Publication Bias/statistics & numerical data ; Rabies/epidemiology ; Rabies/veterinary ; Rabies/virology ; Rabies Vaccines/supply & distribution ; Rabies virus/pathogenicity ; Research Design/statistics & numerical data
Chemical Substances	Rabies Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-04-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1380686-5
ISSN	1080-6059 ; 1080-6040
ISSN (online)	1080-6059
ISSN	1080-6040
DOI	10.3201/eid1904.120185
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Roles of traditional medicine and traditional healers for rabies prevention and potential impacts on post-exposure prophylaxis: A literature review.

Beasley, Erin A / Wallace, Ryan M / Coetzer, Andre / Nel, Louis H / Pieracci, Emily G

PLoS neglected tropical diseases

2022 Volume 16, Issue 1, Page(s) e0010087

Abstract: Introduction: Globally, traditional medicine is widely used to treat a variety of injuries and illnesses, including dog bites, and exposures that are risky for rabies. However, efficacy of most traditional remedies used for rabies prevention or ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Globally, traditional medicine is widely used to treat a variety of injuries and illnesses, including dog bites, and exposures that are risky for rabies. However, efficacy of most traditional remedies used for rabies prevention or treatment has not been demonstrated in controlled trials or proven in community-based surveys. Methods: Six databases were searched including the terms rabies, traditional treatment, traditional remedy, traditional therapy, traditional medicine, and medicinal treatment to review traditional remedies used in the prevention and treatment of rabies. In addition, published literature of rabies transmission dynamics was used to estimate statistical likelihood of dog bite victims developing rabies to provide clarity as to why traditional healers have a high apparent success rate when preventing death from rabies in victims bitten by suspected rabid dogs. Results: Literature review yielded 50 articles, including three controlled experiments, that described use of traditional remedies for rabies prevention and treatment. Traditional remedies for rabies ranged from plant- or animal-based products to spiritual rituals; however, only a few controlled mice trials were conducted, and none of these trials demonstrated efficacy in preventing or treating rabies. Risk of dying from rabies after a bite from a dog with unknown rabies status is low, 1.90% (0.05%-29.60%). Therefore, traditional healers had a 98.10% (70.40%-99.95%) apparent success rate in preventing death from suspected rabid dog bites despite inefficaciousness of herbal remedies. Conclusion: There was no universal plant species or route of administration that was consistently used for rabies prevention or treatment across countries. No traditional remedy was efficacious in the prevention or treatment of rabies in randomized controlled experiments. Understanding the cultural context under which traditional remedies are used may facilitate collaboration of traditional healers with the modern medical system to ensure timely and appropriate use of proven therapies for prevention and clinical management of rabies.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Dog Diseases/transmission ; Dog Diseases/virology ; Dogs ; Medicine, Traditional/methods ; Phytotherapy/methods ; Post-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods ; Rabies/drug therapy ; Rabies/prevention & control ; Rabies virus/drug effects
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2429704-5
ISSN	1935-2735 ; 1935-2735
ISSN (online)	1935-2735
ISSN	1935-2735
DOI	10.1371/journal.pntd.0010087
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: The Use of Dog Collars Offers Significant Benefits to Rabies Vaccination Campaigns: The Case of Zanzibar, Tanzania.

Omar, Khadija N / Coetzer, Andre / Hamdu, Maulid / Malan, Ayla J / Moh'd, Ali Z / Suleiman, Talib S / Nel, Louis H

Tropical medicine and infectious disease

2023 Volume 8, Issue 8

Abstract: Tools and resources that could increase dog vaccination coverage have become increasingly critical towards progressing the goal to eliminate dog-mediated human rabies by 2030. In this regard, dog collars that are fitted during vaccination campaigns could ...

Abstract	Tools and resources that could increase dog vaccination coverage have become increasingly critical towards progressing the goal to eliminate dog-mediated human rabies by 2030. In this regard, dog collars that are fitted during vaccination campaigns could potentially enhance owner participation. The use of dog collars will, however, increase the cost per dog vaccinated and the impact and benefit of this practice should be elucidated. This study evaluated the impact of dog collars by testing the perception and related behavioural influences in communities in Zanzibar. In this cross-sectional investigation-conducted approximately two months after the implementation of a mass dog vaccination (MDV) where dog collars were provided to vaccinated dogs-data were collected from 600 respondents in 56 municipal wards in Zanzibar. Descriptive analyses and logistic regressions were undertaken to determine the impact the collars had on respondents with regards to (i) engaging with the community dogs, (ii) health seeking behaviour after exposure, and (iii) overall participation during dog vaccination campaigns. From the data, it was evident that the collars had a positive impact on the community's perception of dogs, with 57% of the respondents feeling safer around a dog with a collar, while 66% of the respondents felt less safe around a dog without a collar. Furthermore, the collars had a positive impact on participation during dog vaccination campaigns. Of the 142 respondents who owned dogs, 64% reported that the collars made them more likely to take their dogs for vaccination, and 95% felt that the collar was an important sign of the dog's vaccination status. This study demonstrated that dog collars could not only improve participation during dog vaccination campaigns, but that they could also play a significant role in the community's perception of rabies vaccination campaigns and vaccinated dogs in general.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-21
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2414-6366
ISSN (online)	2414-6366
DOI	10.3390/tropicalmed8080421
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Article ; Online: Subversion of the Immune Response by Rabies Virus.

Scott, Terence P / Nel, Louis H

Viruses

2016 Volume 8, Issue 8

Abstract: Rabies has affected mankind for several centuries and is one of the oldest known zoonoses. It is peculiar how little is known regarding the means by which rabies virus (RABV) evades the immune response and kills its host. This review investigates the ... ...

Abstract	Rabies has affected mankind for several centuries and is one of the oldest known zoonoses. It is peculiar how little is known regarding the means by which rabies virus (RABV) evades the immune response and kills its host. This review investigates the complex interplay between RABV and the immune system, including the various means by which RABV evades, or advantageously utilizes, the host immune response in order to ensure successful replication and spread to another host. Different factors that influence immune responses-including age, sex, cerebral lateralization and temperature-are discussed, with specific reference to RABV and the effects on host morbidity and mortality. We also investigate the role of apoptosis and discuss whether it is a detrimental or beneficial mechanism of the host's response to infection. The various RABV proteins and their roles in immune evasion are examined in depth with reference to important domains and the downstream effects of these interactions. Lastly, an overview of the means by which RABV evades important immune responses is provided. The research discussed in this review will be important in determining the roles of the immune response during RABV infections as well as to highlight important therapeutic target regions and potential strategies for rabies treatment.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Immune Evasion ; Rabies virus/immunology ; Rabies virus/pathogenicity ; Virus Replication
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-08-19
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v8080231
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Characteristics of owned dogs in rabies endemic KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa

Hergert, Melinda / Le Roux, Kevin / Nel, Louis H

BMC veterinary research. 2018 Dec., v. 14, no. 1

2018

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Canine rabies has been enzootic in the dog population of the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa since the mid-1970s and has been associated with high rates of human exposures and frequent transmissions to other domestic animal species. ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Canine rabies has been enzootic in the dog population of the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa since the mid-1970s and has been associated with high rates of human exposures and frequent transmissions to other domestic animal species. Several decades of control efforts, consisting primarily of mass vaccination programs, have previously failed to sufficiently curb rabies in the province. Despite this history of canine rabies, the target canine population has never been extensively studied or quantified. For efficient and effective vaccination campaign planning, the target population must be evaluated and understood. This study reports evaluated observations from survey records captured through a cross sectional observational study regarding canine populations and dog owners in rabies enzootic KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. The objective of this study was to aid government veterinary services in their current and ongoing efforts to eliminate canine rabies in the province by gaining information about the size and distribution of the owned dog population. RESULTS: Thirty-eight percent of the households owned one or more dogs, with rural areas surveyed containing a significantly higher number of owned dogs than urban areas. The mean dog/person ratio for this study was 1:7.7 (range 1:5.4–1:31). The provincial sex ratio was 1.5:1 male to female, with the percentages for male dogs across the communities ranging from 53 to 61.5%. The age structure of this dog population indicates a high turnover rate. Dogs were kept mostly for guarding homes or livestock. Eighty-four percent of dogs had received a rabies vaccine at some point in their lifetime, almost all during a rabies campaign. CONCLUSIONS: The study indicates the majority of owned dogs can be handled by at least one member of the household, thus can be made readily accessible for rabies vaccination during a campaign. Characteristics of owned dogs in the province were similar to those studied in other African countries; however, there were remarkable differences in age, sex and husbandry practices compared to dogs in eastern or northern Africa. These geographical differences lend credence to the theory that canine populations are heterogeneous; therefore, target populations should be evaluated prior to intervention planning.
Keywords	age structure ; dogs ; enzootic diseases ; females ; geographical variation ; households ; humans ; livestock ; males ; observational studies ; pet ownership ; planning ; rabies ; rural areas ; sex ratio ; surveys ; urban areas ; vaccination ; vaccines ; veterinary medicine ; veterinary services ; Northern Africa ; South Africa
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-12
Size	p. 278.
Publishing place	BioMed Central
Document type	Article
ISSN	1746-6148
DOI	10.1186/s12917-018-1604-z
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Characteristics of owned dogs in rabies endemic KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa.

Hergert, Melinda / Le Roux, Kevin / Nel, Louis H

BMC veterinary research

2018 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 278

Abstract: Background: Canine rabies has been enzootic in the dog population of the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa since the mid-1970s and has been associated with high rates of human exposures and frequent transmissions to other domestic animal species. ... ...

Abstract	Background: Canine rabies has been enzootic in the dog population of the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa since the mid-1970s and has been associated with high rates of human exposures and frequent transmissions to other domestic animal species. Several decades of control efforts, consisting primarily of mass vaccination programs, have previously failed to sufficiently curb rabies in the province. Despite this history of canine rabies, the target canine population has never been extensively studied or quantified. For efficient and effective vaccination campaign planning, the target population must be evaluated and understood. This study reports evaluated observations from survey records captured through a cross sectional observational study regarding canine populations and dog owners in rabies enzootic KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. The objective of this study was to aid government veterinary services in their current and ongoing efforts to eliminate canine rabies in the province by gaining information about the size and distribution of the owned dog population. Results: Thirty-eight percent of the households owned one or more dogs, with rural areas surveyed containing a significantly higher number of owned dogs than urban areas. The mean dog/person ratio for this study was 1:7.7 (range 1:5.4-1:31). The provincial sex ratio was 1.5:1 male to female, with the percentages for male dogs across the communities ranging from 53 to 61.5%. The age structure of this dog population indicates a high turnover rate. Dogs were kept mostly for guarding homes or livestock. Eighty-four percent of dogs had received a rabies vaccine at some point in their lifetime, almost all during a rabies campaign. Conclusions: The study indicates the majority of owned dogs can be handled by at least one member of the household, thus can be made readily accessible for rabies vaccination during a campaign. Characteristics of owned dogs in the province were similar to those studied in other African countries; however, there were remarkable differences in age, sex and husbandry practices compared to dogs in eastern or northern Africa. These geographical differences lend credence to the theory that canine populations are heterogeneous; therefore, target populations should be evaluated prior to intervention planning.
MeSH term(s)	Age Factors ; Animals ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Dog Diseases/prevention & control ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Ownership/statistics & numerical data ; Rabies/prevention & control ; Rabies/veterinary ; Rabies Vaccines ; South Africa/epidemiology ; Vaccination/veterinary
Chemical Substances	Rabies Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-09-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Observational Study
ZDB-ID	2191675-5
ISSN	1746-6148 ; 1746-6148
ISSN (online)	1746-6148
ISSN	1746-6148
DOI	10.1186/s12917-018-1604-z
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Global epidemiology of canine rabies: past, present, and future prospects.

Taylor, Louise H / Nel, Louis H

Veterinary medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)

2015 Volume 6, Page(s) 361–371

Abstract: The rabies virus, a public health scourge from ancient times, is currently responsible for an estimated 59,000 human deaths a year, almost all transmitted via dog bites. It causes considerable economic impacts on developing countries, primarily in Africa ...

Abstract	The rabies virus, a public health scourge from ancient times, is currently responsible for an estimated 59,000 human deaths a year, almost all transmitted via dog bites. It causes considerable economic impacts on developing countries, primarily in Africa and Asia, which can least afford these losses. However, despite its almost 100% case fatality rate, canine rabies is a completely preventable disease, and historic examples of canine rabies elimination in the developed world attest to this. Over the last decade, programs based on eliminating the source of the disease from dogs have shown success in reducing the public health burden of canine rabies in developing countries, notably across Latin America, and this has contributed to the growing evidence base necessary to change attitudes toward the feasibility of global canine rabies elimination. More recently, assessments of the current economic burden of canine rabies and the potential cost savings achievable through mass dog vaccinations have been added to this evidence base. Tools and support are available from the international community to help countries move progressively toward canine rabies elimination, and there is optimism that global freedom from canine rabies can be achieved within the next few decades.
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-11-05
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2708944-7
ISSN	2230-2034 ; 2230-2034
ISSN (online)	2230-2034
ISSN	2230-2034
DOI	10.2147/VMRR.S51147
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of canine associated rabies virus in Africa.

Coertse, Jessica / Weyer, Jacqueline / Nel, Louis H / Markotter, Wanda

PloS one

2019 Volume 14, Issue 7, Page(s) e0219292

Abstract: Rabies is a neglected disease mostly affecting the developing world. Accurate and reliable diagnostic and surveillance data forms the foundation for the formulation and monitoring of control strategies. Although various sensitive and specific tests are ... ...

Abstract	Rabies is a neglected disease mostly affecting the developing world. Accurate and reliable diagnostic and surveillance data forms the foundation for the formulation and monitoring of control strategies. Although various sensitive and specific tests are available for detection of rabies virus, implementation of these tests in low-resource settings are challenging and remains limited. In this study, we describe the developed of a reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay for the detection of rabies virus. The analytical sensitivity of this assay was determined to be 562 RNA copies and was performed in 20 minutes. The diagnostic sensitivity of the RT-RPA was 100% for detection of rabies virus in field samples. In conclusion, the RT-RPA assay allowed for very quick and sensitive detection of rabies virus and could be adapted for use in low-source settings.
MeSH term(s)	Africa/epidemiology ; Animals ; Biological Assay ; Dogs/virology ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/methods ; Rabies/diagnosis ; Rabies/veterinary ; Rabies virus/genetics ; Rabies virus/pathogenicity ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; Sensitivity and Specificity
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-07-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0219292
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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