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Article ; Online: Toy stories: Children's use of gender stereotypes in making social judgments.

Wang, Michelle Z / Ng, Vivian / Gleason, Tracy R

2023 Volume 235, Page(s) 103879

Abstract: Young children tend to categorize people and objects to understand their environments, but under certain circumstances, they can also appreciate individual differences. Three studies investigated how young children use categorical and individuating ... ...

Abstract	Young children tend to categorize people and objects to understand their environments, but under certain circumstances, they can also appreciate individual differences. Three studies investigated how young children use categorical and individuating information to make social judgments. In Study 1, 3- to 5-year-old children (N = 33; 18 boys, 15 girls) predicted hypothetical peers' preferences for toys along a spectrum from highly stereotyped for girls to neutral to highly stereotyped for boys. Hypothetical peers were described by gender and as enjoying activities that were stereotypical, counter-stereotypical, or unrelated to gender. Children's choices were consistent with use of the provided individuating information rather than gender alone. In Studies 2 and 3, we retested these ideas with preschool samples from the United States (N = 44) and China (N = 21) respectively and also asked children about their toy, playmate, and activity preferences. For both samples, responses followed the same pattern as Study 1 for social judgments and were characterized by preferences for same-gender peers and neutral or gender-typed toys and activities, particularly in girls. While young children express preferences consistent with gender identity, they process and use individuating information in making social judgments, a capacity that could be targeted by interventions designed to reduce the development of gender-based bias.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Male ; Female ; Child, Preschool ; Gender Identity ; Judgment ; Stereotyping ; Play and Playthings ; Individuality
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-12
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1480049-4
ISSN	1873-6297 ; 0001-6918
ISSN (online)	1873-6297
ISSN	0001-6918
DOI	10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103879
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Comparing the Pretrained Models of Source Code by Re-pretraining Under a Unified Setup.

Niu, Changan / Li, Chuanyi / Ng, Vincent / Luo, Bin

IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems

2023 Volume PP

Abstract: Recent years have seen the successful application of large pretrained models of source code (CodePTMs) to code representation learning, which have taken the field of software engineering (SE) from task-specific solutions to task-agnostic generic models. ... ...

Abstract	Recent years have seen the successful application of large pretrained models of source code (CodePTMs) to code representation learning, which have taken the field of software engineering (SE) from task-specific solutions to task-agnostic generic models. By the remarkable results, CodePTMs are seen as a promising direction in both academia and industry. While a number of CodePTMs have been proposed, they are often not directly comparable because they differ in experimental setups such as pretraining dataset, model size, evaluation tasks, and datasets. In this article, we first review the experimental setup used in previous work and propose a standardized setup to facilitate fair comparisons among CodePTMs to explore the impacts of their pretraining tasks. Then, under the standardized setup, we re-pretrain CodePTMs using the same model architecture, input modalities, and pretraining tasks, as they declared and fine-tune each model on each evaluation SE task for evaluating. Finally, we present the experimental results and make a comprehensive discussion on the relative strength and weakness of different pretraining tasks with respect to each SE task. We hope our view can inspire and advance the future study of more powerful CodePTMs.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2162-2388
ISSN (online)	2162-2388
DOI	10.1109/TNNLS.2023.3308595
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Article ; Online: Character Traits Predict Health and Well-Being beyond Personality.

Wilson, Danielle / Ng, Vincent / Foster, Jeff / Tay, Louis

Journal of personality assessment

2023 Volume 106, Issue 1, Page(s) 116–126

Abstract: We examined the incremental validity of character in predicting health outcomes and well-being beyond personality traits and investigated the extent to which health-related behaviors mediate the relationship between character and well-being. Findings ... ...

Abstract	We examined the incremental validity of character in predicting health outcomes and well-being beyond personality traits and investigated the extent to which health-related behaviors mediate the relationship between character and well-being. Findings indicate that several character cores (e.g., transcendence, fortitude) predict well-being, health behaviors, and health outcomes beyond different measures of personality traits, indicating that character is discriminable from personality as indicated by incremental prediction. In particular, fortitude, temperance, transcendence, and sincerity appear to be key players. Implications for character research are discussed.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Temperament ; Personality Inventory ; Personality ; Personality Disorders ; Character
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121962-5
ISSN	1532-7752 ; 0022-3891
ISSN (online)	1532-7752
ISSN	0022-3891
DOI	10.1080/00223891.2023.2197064
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Book ; Online: Multimodal Propaganda Processing

Ng, Vincent / Li, Shengjie

2023

Abstract: Propaganda campaigns have long been used to influence public opinion via disseminating biased and/or misleading information. Despite the increasing prevalence of propaganda content on the Internet, few attempts have been made by AI researchers to analyze ...

Abstract	Propaganda campaigns have long been used to influence public opinion via disseminating biased and/or misleading information. Despite the increasing prevalence of propaganda content on the Internet, few attempts have been made by AI researchers to analyze such content. We introduce the task of multimodal propaganda processing, where the goal is to automatically analyze propaganda content. We believe that this task presents a long-term challenge to AI researchers and that successful processing of propaganda could bring machine understanding one important step closer to human understanding. We discuss the technical challenges associated with this task and outline the steps that need to be taken to address it. Comment: Accepted in AAAI 2023
Keywords	Computer Science - Computation and Language ; Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Publishing date	2023-02-17
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
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Article: Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation Recurrence After Complete Surgical Excision in an Adult: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Loh, Daniel / Ng, Vincent

Cureus

2021 Volume 13, Issue 6, Page(s) e15366

Abstract: Angiographically confirmed complete surgical excision of brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) is conventionally considered curative. Recurrence in adults is rarely encountered; only 18 cases have been reported in the English literature over the past ...

Abstract	Angiographically confirmed complete surgical excision of brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) is conventionally considered curative. Recurrence in adults is rarely encountered; only 18 cases have been reported in the English literature over the past 30 years. The potential for recurrence and consequent need for routine long-term follow-up are important considerations in the management of these lesions. We report a case of a 23-year-old female with a recurrent bAVM discovered incidentally on routine imaging three years after complete surgical excision. We review the existing literature and discuss the options for surveillance and management.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Case Reports
ZDB-ID	2747273-5
ISSN	2168-8184
ISSN	2168-8184
DOI	10.7759/cureus.15366
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Article ; Online: Factors that contributed to Ontario adults' mental health during the first 16 months of the COVID-19 pandemic: a decision tree analysis.

Shillington, Katie J / Vanderloo, Leigh M / Burke, Shauna M / Ng, Victor / Tucker, Patricia / Irwin, Jennifer D

PeerJ

2024 Volume 12, Page(s) e17193

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the mental health of individuals globally. However, less is known about the characteristics that contributed to some people having mental health problems during the pandemic, while others did not. Mental ... ...

Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the mental health of individuals globally. However, less is known about the characteristics that contributed to some people having mental health problems during the pandemic, while others did not. Mental health problems can be understood on a continuum, ranging from acute (
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Ontario/epidemiology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; Mental Health ; Decision Trees
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2703241-3
ISSN	2167-8359 ; 2167-8359
ISSN (online)	2167-8359
ISSN	2167-8359
DOI	10.7717/peerj.17193
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Article ; Online: Forecasting seasonal influenza activity in Canada-Comparing seasonal Auto-Regressive integrated moving average and artificial neural network approaches for public health preparedness.

Orang, Armin / Berke, Olaf / Poljak, Zvonimir / Greer, Amy L / Rees, Erin E / Ng, Victoria

Zoonoses and public health

2024 Volume 71, Issue 3, Page(s) 304–313

Abstract: Introduction: Public health preparedness is based on timely and accurate information. Time series forecasting using disease surveillance data is an important aspect of preparedness. This study compared two approaches of time series forecasting: seasonal ...

Abstract	Introduction: Public health preparedness is based on timely and accurate information. Time series forecasting using disease surveillance data is an important aspect of preparedness. This study compared two approaches of time series forecasting: seasonal auto-regressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) modelling and the artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm. The goal was to model weekly seasonal influenza activity in Canada using SARIMA and compares its predictive accuracy, based on root mean square prediction error (RMSE) and mean absolute prediction error (MAE), to that of an ANN. Methods: An initial SARIMA model was fit using automated model selection by minimizing the Akaike information criterion (AIC). Further inspection of the autocorrelation function and partial autocorrelation function led to 'manual' model improvements. ANNs were trained iteratively, using an automated process to minimize the RMSE and MAE. Results: A total of 378, 462 cases of influenza was reported in Canada from the 2010-2011 influenza season to the end of the 2019-2020 influenza season, with an average yearly incidence risk of 20.02 per 100,000 population. Automated SARIMA modelling was the better method in terms of forecasting accuracy (per RMSE and MAE). However, the ANN correctly predicted the peak week of disease incidence while the other models did not. Conclusion: Both the ANN and SARIMA models have shown to be capable tools in forecasting seasonal influenza activity in Canada. It was shown that applying both in tandem is beneficial, SARIMA better forecasted overall incidence while ANN correctly predicted the peak week.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Models, Statistical ; Seasons ; Public Health ; Influenza, Human/epidemiology ; Influenza, Human/prevention & control ; Canada/epidemiology ; Incidence ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Forecasting ; China/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-08
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2271118-1
ISSN	1863-2378 ; 1863-1959
ISSN (online)	1863-2378
ISSN	1863-1959
DOI	10.1111/zph.13114
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Article: Opening a can of worms: Archived canned fish fillets reveal 40 years of change in parasite burden for four Alaskan salmon species.

Mastick, Natalie / Welicky, Rachel / Katla, Aspen / Odegaard, Bruce / Ng, Virginia / Wood, Chelsea L

Ecology and evolution

2024 Volume 14, Issue 4, Page(s) e11043

Abstract: How has parasitism changed for Alaskan salmon over the past several decades? Parasitological assessments of salmon are inconsistent across time, and though parasite data are sometimes noted when processing fillets for the market, those data are not ... ...

Abstract	How has parasitism changed for Alaskan salmon over the past several decades? Parasitological assessments of salmon are inconsistent across time, and though parasite data are sometimes noted when processing fillets for the market, those data are not retained for more than a few years. The landscape of parasite risk is changing for salmon, and long-term data are needed to quantify this change. Parasitic nematodes of the family Anisakidae (anisakids) use salmonid fishes as intermediate or paratenic hosts in life cycles that terminate in marine mammal definitive hosts. Alaskan marine mammals have been protected since the 1970s, and as populations recover, the density of definitive hosts in this region has increased. To assess whether the anisakid burden has changed in salmonids over time, we used a novel data source: salmon that were caught, canned, and thermally processed for human consumption in Alaska, USA. We examined canned fillets of chum (
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2635675-2
ISSN	2045-7758
ISSN	2045-7758
DOI	10.1002/ece3.11043
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Article ; Online: Conceptualizing "positive attributes" across psychological perspectives.

Wilson, Danielle / Ng, Vincent / Alonso, Nicole / Jeffrey, Anne / Tay, Louis

Journal of personality

2023 Volume 92, Issue 3, Page(s) 683–696

Abstract: Background: The growth of positive psychology has birthed debate on the nature of what "positive" really means. Conceptualizations of positive attributes vary across psychological perspectives, and it appears these definitional differences stem from ... ...

Abstract	Background: The growth of positive psychology has birthed debate on the nature of what "positive" really means. Conceptualizations of positive attributes vary across psychological perspectives, and it appears these definitional differences stem from standards for "positive" espoused by three normative ethical frameworks: consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics. When definitions of "positive" do not align with one of these ethical schools, it appears researchers rely on preference to distinguish positive attributes. In either case, issues arise when researchers do not make their theoretical alignment explicit, leading to value-laden, often subjective criteria being smuggled into science as a description of what is positive. Objective: To foster a deeper critical understanding of the different approaches, we examine how these conceptual definitions of positive attributes (mis)align with their ethical traditions or fail to align with an ethical school. Method: We review several positive attribute theories across psychological disciplines that serve as examples of the ethical and non-ethical sources of "positivity." Through this, we assess the conceptual criteria for what each approach considers "positive," note the degree of alignment between definition and ethical school, and draw attention to potential issues. Conclusion: We advance the conceptual assessment of positive attributes by considering the implications of failing to explicitly address the theoretical foundation from which a construct is defined.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Psychological Theory
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	420745-2
ISSN	1467-6494 ; 0022-3506
ISSN (online)	1467-6494
ISSN	0022-3506
DOI	10.1111/jopy.12873
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Article ; Online: Surveillance system integration: reporting the results of a global multicountry survey.

Carter, E D / Stewart, D E / Rees, E E / Bezuidenhoudt, J E / Ng, V / Lynes, S / Desenclos, J C / Pyone, T / Lee, A C K

Public health

2024 Volume 231, Page(s) 31–38

Abstract: Objectives: Currently, there is no comprehensive picture of the global surveillance landscape. This survey examines the current state of surveillance systems, levels of integration, barriers and opportunities for the integration of surveillance systems ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: Currently, there is no comprehensive picture of the global surveillance landscape. This survey examines the current state of surveillance systems, levels of integration, barriers and opportunities for the integration of surveillance systems at the country level, and the role of national public health institutes (NPHIs). Study design: This was a cross-sectional survey of NPHIs. Methods: A web-based survey questionnaire was disseminated to 110 NPHIs in 95 countries between July and August 2022. Data were descriptively analysed, stratified by World Health Organization region, World Bank Income Group, and self-reported Integrated Disease Surveillance (IDS) maturity status. Results: Sixty-five NPHIs responded. Systems exist to monitor notifiable diseases and vaccination coverage, but less so for private, pharmaceutical, and food safety sectors. While Ministries of Health usually lead surveillance, in many countries, NPHIs are also involved. Most countries report having partially developed IDS. Surveillance data are frequently inaccessible to the lead public health agency and seldomly integrated into a national public health surveillance system. Common challenges to establishing IDS include information technology system issues, financial constraints, data sharing and ownership limitations, workforce capacity gaps, and data availability. Conclusions: Public health surveillance systems across the globe, although built on similar principles, are at different levels of maturity but face similar developmental challenges. Leadership, ownership and governance, supporting legal mandates and regulations, as well as adherence to mandates, and enforcement of regulations are critical components of effective surveillance. In many countries, NPHIs play a significant role in integrated disease surveillance.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-10
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	427333-3
ISSN	1476-5616 ; 0033-3506
ISSN (online)	1476-5616
ISSN	0033-3506
DOI	10.1016/j.puhe.2024.03.004
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