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  1. Article: Unmasking hidden Merkel cell carcinoma recurrences: Three illustrative cases of patients with rising viral oncoprotein antibody levels and challenge of requiring multi-modal imaging to detect clinical disease.

    Alexander, Nora A / Nghiem, Paul / Chen, Delphine L / Park, Song Y

    Radiology case reports

    2024  Volume 19, Issue 8, Page(s) 2978–2983

    Abstract: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a neuroendocrine skin cancer with a high risk of recurrence and metastasis. Regular surveillance through physical exams and imaging studies is crucial for the timely detection of recurrences. MCC patients who produce ... ...

    Abstract Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a neuroendocrine skin cancer with a high risk of recurrence and metastasis. Regular surveillance through physical exams and imaging studies is crucial for the timely detection of recurrences. MCC patients who produce antibodies to the Merkel cell polyomavirus oncoprotein may benefit from antibody testing in addition to routine imaging surveillance for the early detection of disease recurrence. The clinically available Anti MERKel cell panel (AMERK) is a sensitive tumor marker for Merkel cell polyomavirus positive MCC. Although AMERK is highly sensitive, imaging remains necessary to confirm the location of disease recurrence. MCC exhibits characteristic imaging features, making appropriate imaging modalities, and interpretation important for detection. We present 3 representative patient cases that highlight effective utilization of the AMERK test in addition to imaging for the early detection of MCC recurrence. The rise in the AMERK titer may occur before the disease reaches detectable size on computed tomography scans. Positron emission tomography (PET)-CT can serve as an alternative modality for the early detection of disease. Even subtle abnormalities in
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-05-03
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Case Reports
    ZDB-ID 2406300-9
    ISSN 1930-0433
    ISSN 1930-0433
    DOI 10.1016/j.radcr.2024.04.015
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Insights into anti-tumor immunity

    Jani, Saumya / Church, Candice D / Nghiem, Paul

    Frontiers in immunology

    2023  Volume 14, Page(s) 1172913

    Abstract: Understanding and augmenting cancer-specific immunity is impeded by the fact that most tumors are driven by patient-specific mutations that encode unique antigenic epitopes. The shared antigens in virus-driven tumors can help overcome this limitation. ... ...

    Abstract Understanding and augmenting cancer-specific immunity is impeded by the fact that most tumors are driven by patient-specific mutations that encode unique antigenic epitopes. The shared antigens in virus-driven tumors can help overcome this limitation. Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a particularly interesting tumor immunity model because (1) 80% of cases are driven by Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) oncoproteins that must be continually expressed for tumor survival; (2) MCPyV oncoproteins are only ~400 amino acids in length and are essentially invariant between tumors; (3) MCPyV-specific T cell responses are robust and strongly linked to patient outcomes; (4) anti-MCPyV antibodies reliably increase with MCC recurrence, forming the basis of a standard clinical surveillance test; and (5) MCC has one of the highest response rates to PD-1 pathway blockade among all solid cancers. Leveraging these well-defined viral oncoproteins, a set of tools that includes over 20 peptide-MHC class I tetramers has been developed to facilitate the study of anti-tumor immunity across MCC patients. Additionally, the highly immunogenic nature of MCPyV oncoproteins forces MCC tumors to develop robust immune evasion mechanisms to survive. Indeed, several immune evasion mechanisms are active in MCC, including transcriptional downregulation of MHC expression by tumor cells and upregulation of inhibitory molecules including PD-L1 and immunosuppressive cytokines. About half of patients with advanced MCC do not persistently benefit from PD-1 pathway blockade. Herein, we (1) summarize the lessons learned from studying the anti-tumor T cell response to virus-positive MCC; (2) review immune evasion mechanisms in MCC; (3) review mechanisms of resistance to immune-based therapies in MCC and other cancers; and (4) discuss how recently developed tools can be used to address open questions in cancer immunotherapy. We believe detailed investigation of this model cancer will provide insight into tumor immunity that will likely also be applicable to more common cancers without shared tumor antigens.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Carcinoma, Merkel Cell/therapy ; Polyomavirus ; Skin Neoplasms/pathology ; Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/metabolism ; Polyomavirus Infections ; Merkel cell polyomavirus
    Chemical Substances Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-23
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2606827-8
    ISSN 1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
    ISSN (online) 1664-3224
    ISSN 1664-3224
    DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1172913
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Biomedical Research as a Team Sport.

    Nghiem, Paul

    The Journal of investigative dermatology

    2017  Volume 137, Issue 4, Page(s) 783–786

    MeSH term(s) Biomedical Research ; Humans ; Sports
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-01-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Editorial
    ZDB-ID 80136-7
    ISSN 1523-1747 ; 0022-202X
    ISSN (online) 1523-1747
    ISSN 0022-202X
    DOI 10.1016/j.jid.2017.01.022
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Scientific and clinical developments in Merkel cell carcinoma: A polyomavirus-driven, often-lethal skin cancer.

    Akaike, Tomoko / Nghiem, Paul

    Journal of dermatological science

    2021  Volume 105, Issue 1, Page(s) 2–10

    Abstract: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a primary neuroendocrine skin cancer that recurs in ~40% of cases. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) and ultraviolet (UV)-induced mutations are two major causative factors of MCC. Virus-positive MCCs express polyomavirus ... ...

    Abstract Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a primary neuroendocrine skin cancer that recurs in ~40% of cases. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) and ultraviolet (UV)-induced mutations are two major causative factors of MCC. Virus-positive MCCs express polyomavirus oncoproteins that are highly immunogenic yet are required for ongoing tumor growth. Virus-negative MCCs have a high burden of UV-DNA mutations that encode tumor-specific UV-neoantigens. Thus, both UV- and virus-induced MCCs are highly immunogenic, enabling diverse T-cell targeted therapies. Optimal MCC management is challenging given its rarity, aggressive nature, rapidly evolving care guidelines, and fundamental differences in management compared to other skin cancers. MCC is often managed aggressively with extensive surgery, radiotherapy or systemic therapy, frequently leading to toxicities that might have been avoidable while still achieving optimal disease control. Thus, multi-disciplinary care is crucial for providing patients with the best possible outcomes. The outlook for many patients with advanced MCC has progressed remarkably over the past decade due to PD-1 pathway blocking agents that provide durable benefit for a substantial subset of MCC patients. The management of early-stage MCC has also improved due to better approaches to integrate surgery and radiotherapy. Prognostic accuracy and ongoing surveillance have advanced due to stage-specific recurrence data and sophisticated "liquid biopsies" that allow early detection of disease recurrence. Here we summarize both recent striking progress and pressing challenges such as PD-(L)1-refractory MCC, and management of MCC patients with immune dysfunction. We also highlight diverse resources to allow providers to take advantage of recent progress in this fast-moving field.
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use ; Carcinoma, Merkel Cell/diagnosis ; Carcinoma, Merkel Cell/etiology ; Carcinoma, Merkel Cell/therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Male ; Merkel cell polyomavirus ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/diagnosis ; Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Skin Neoplasms/etiology ; Skin Neoplasms/therapy ; Tumor Virus Infections/diagnosis ; Tumor Virus Infections/etiology ; Tumor Virus Infections/therapy ; Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effects
    Chemical Substances Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological ; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-10-18
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Case Reports ; Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1024446-3
    ISSN 1873-569X ; 0923-1811
    ISSN (online) 1873-569X
    ISSN 0923-1811
    DOI 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2021.10.004
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Human Motor Neurons Elicit Pathological Hallmarks of ALS and Reveal Potential Biomarkers of the Disease in Response to Prolonged IFNγ Exposure.

    Chun, Changho / Lee, Jung Hyun / Bothwell, Mark / Nghiem, Paul / Smith, Alec S T / Mack, David L

    The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

    2024  Volume 44, Issue 16

    Abstract: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder marked by progressive motor neuron degeneration and muscle denervation. A recent transcriptomic study integrating a wide range of human ALS samples revealed that the ... ...

    Abstract Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder marked by progressive motor neuron degeneration and muscle denervation. A recent transcriptomic study integrating a wide range of human ALS samples revealed that the upregulation of p53, a downstream target of inflammatory stress, is commonly detected in familial and sporadic ALS cases by a mechanism linked to a transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) dysfunction. In this study, we show that prolonged interferon-gamma (IFNγ) treatment of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived spinal motor neurons results in a severe cytoplasmic aggregation of TDP-43. TDP-43 dysfunction resulting from either IFNγ exposure or an ALS-associated TDP-43 mutation was associated with the activation of the p53 pathway. This was accompanied by the hyperactivation of neuronal firing, followed by the complete loss of their electrophysiological function. Through a comparative single-cell transcriptome analysis, we have identified significant alterations in ALS-associated genes in motor neurons exposed to IFNγ, implicating their direct involvement in ALS pathology. Interestingly, IFNγ was found to induce significant levels of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in motor neurons without affecting the levels of any other immune checkpoint proteins. This finding suggests a potential role of excessive PD-L1 expression in ALS development, given that PD-L1 was recently reported to impair neuronal firing ability in mice. Our findings suggest that exposing motor neurons to IFNγ could directly derive ALS pathogenesis, even without the presence of the inherent genetic mutation or functional glia component. Furthermore, this study provides a comprehensive list of potential candidate genes for future immunotherapeutic targets with which to treat sporadic forms of ALS, which account for 90% of all reported cases.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Humans ; Mice ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/genetics ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/metabolism ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/pathology ; B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism ; Biomarkers ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics ; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism ; Interferon-gamma/metabolism ; Interferon-gamma/pharmacology ; Motor Neurons/drug effects ; Motor Neurons/metabolism ; Motor Neurons/pathology ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
    Chemical Substances B7-H1 Antigen ; Biomarkers ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Interferon-gamma (82115-62-6) ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-17
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 604637-x
    ISSN 1529-2401 ; 0270-6474
    ISSN (online) 1529-2401
    ISSN 0270-6474
    DOI 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1787-23.2024
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Merkel Cell Carcinoma: Intersection of Immune Dysfunction, Infection, and Malignant Progression.

    Nghiem, Paul

    The journal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings

    2015  Volume 17, Issue 1, Page(s) 36

    MeSH term(s) Carcinoma, Merkel Cell/immunology ; Carcinoma, Merkel Cell/pathology ; Carcinoma, Merkel Cell/virology ; Humans ; Immunity, Cellular ; Polyomavirus/immunology ; Tumor Escape
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1338142-8
    ISSN 1529-1774 ; 1087-0024
    ISSN (online) 1529-1774
    ISSN 1087-0024
    DOI 10.1038/jidsymp.2015.12
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Cutaneous Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC): A report from the 16th Annual Meeting for Multicenter Merkel Interest Group - A supplementation to the new European guidelines 2022 on MCC.

    Minutilli, Ettore / Lachance, Kristina / Nghiem, Paul

    European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990)

    2022  Volume 175, Page(s) 107–109

    MeSH term(s) Carcinoma, Merkel Cell/pathology ; Dietary Supplements ; Humans ; Public Opinion ; Skin/pathology ; Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Skin Neoplasms/pathology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-09-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Letter ; Multicenter Study ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 82061-1
    ISSN 1879-0852 ; 0277-5379 ; 0959-8049 ; 0964-1947
    ISSN (online) 1879-0852
    ISSN 0277-5379 ; 0959-8049 ; 0964-1947
    DOI 10.1016/j.ejca.2022.07.008
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Less Toxic, More Effective Treatment-A Win-Win for Patients With Merkel Cell Carcinoma.

    Nghiem, Paul / Park, Song Youn

    JAMA dermatology

    2019  Volume 155, Issue 11, Page(s) 1223–1224

    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-06-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2701761-8
    ISSN 2168-6084 ; 2168-6068
    ISSN (online) 2168-6084
    ISSN 2168-6068
    DOI 10.1001/jamadermatol.2019.2584
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Prognosis of Merkel cell carcinoma patients with autoimmune disorders, other types of immune dysfunction, or immunocompetent status: Analysis of 762 patients.

    Park, Song Y / Hippe, Daniel S / Zawacki, Lauren / Bierma, Marika / Bhatia, Shailender / Nghiem, Paul / Zaba, Lisa C / Singh, Namrata

    Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

    2024  Volume 90, Issue 5, Page(s) 1018–1020

    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Carcinoma, Merkel Cell/diagnosis ; Carcinoma, Merkel Cell/pathology ; Prognosis ; Skin Neoplasms/pathology ; Autoimmune Diseases/complications ; Autoimmune Diseases/diagnosis ; Merkel cell polyomavirus
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 603641-7
    ISSN 1097-6787 ; 0190-9622
    ISSN (online) 1097-6787
    ISSN 0190-9622
    DOI 10.1016/j.jaad.2023.12.039
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: One in a hundred million: Merkel cell carcinoma in pediatric and young adult patients is rare but more likely to present at advanced stages based on US registry data.

    Paulson, Kelly G / Nghiem, Paul

    Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

    2018  Volume 80, Issue 6, Page(s) 1758–1760

    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Age Factors ; Age of Onset ; Carcinoma, Merkel Cell/epidemiology ; Carcinoma, Merkel Cell/pathology ; Carcinoma, Merkel Cell/therapy ; Europe/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Neoplasm Invasiveness/pathology ; Neoplasm Staging ; Prognosis ; Rare Diseases ; Registries ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Assessment ; SEER Program ; Sex Factors ; Skin Neoplasms/epidemiology ; Skin Neoplasms/pathology ; Skin Neoplasms/therapy ; United States/epidemiology ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-08-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Letter
    ZDB-ID 603641-7
    ISSN 1097-6787 ; 0190-9622
    ISSN (online) 1097-6787
    ISSN 0190-9622
    DOI 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.08.021
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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