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Article ; Online: Autochthonous Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Booster-Vaccinated (3 Doses) Healthcare Workers in Southern Italy

Daniela Loconsole / Lucia Bisceglia / Francesca Centrone / Anna Sallustio / Marisa Accogli / Lidia Dalfino / Nicola Brienza / Maria Chironna

Vaccines, Vol 10, Iss 283, p

Just the Tip of the Iceberg?

2022 Volume 283

Abstract: The Omicron variant of concern (VOC), first detected in Italy at the end of November 2021, has since spread rapidly, despite high vaccine coverage in the Italian population, especially in healthcare workers (HCWs). This study describes an outbreak of ... ...

Abstract	The Omicron variant of concern (VOC), first detected in Italy at the end of November 2021, has since spread rapidly, despite high vaccine coverage in the Italian population, especially in healthcare workers (HCWs). This study describes an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection in 15 booster-vaccinated HCWs. On 16 December 2021, two HCWs working in the same ward were infected with SARS-CoV-2. The Omicron VOC was suspected due to S gene target failure on molecular testing. Further investigation revealed that 15 (65%) of 23 HCWs attending a social gathering on 13 December were infected with Omicron, as shown by whole-genome sequencing, with a phylogenetic tree suggesting a common source of exposure. Five of these HCWs experienced mild symptoms. A patient with multiple chronic conditions hospitalized in the same ward was also infected by one of the HCWs involved in the outbreak. Despite being booster vaccinated, this patient required ICU treatment. Ten subjects achieved negativity in 10–19 days. The outbreak in booster-vaccinated subjects confirms the high transmissibility and immune evasion of the Omicron VOC. More stringent non-pharmaceutical interventions, administration of booster doses, and genomic surveillance are crucial long-term strategies to mitigate the consequences of the spread of the Omicron VOC.
Keywords	SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant ; outbreak ; COVID-19 vaccine ; surveillance ; epidemiology ; hospitalization ; Medicine ; R
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: COVID-19 Variants in Critically Ill Patients

Alberto Corriero / Mario Ribezzi / Federica Mele / Carmelinda Angrisani / Fabio Romaniello / Antonio Daleno / Daniela Loconsole / Francesca Centrone / Maria Chironna / Nicola Brienza

Infectious Disease Reports, Vol 14, Iss 52, Pp 492-

A Comparison of the Delta and Omicron Variant Profiles

2022 Volume 500

Abstract: Background: Coronavirus disease is a pandemic that has disrupted many human lives, threatening people’s physical and mental health. Each pandemic wave struck in different ways, infectiveness-wise and mortality-wise. This investigation focuses on ... ...

Abstract	Background: Coronavirus disease is a pandemic that has disrupted many human lives, threatening people’s physical and mental health. Each pandemic wave struck in different ways, infectiveness-wise and mortality-wise. This investigation focuses on critically ill patients affected by the last two variants, Delta and Omicron, and aims to analyse if any difference exists between the two groups. Methods: intensive care unit (ICU) COVID-19 consecutive admissions between 1 October 2021 and 31 March 2022 were recorded daily, and data concerning the patients’ demographics, variants, main comorbidities, ICU parameters on admission, and the outcome were analysed by a univariate procedure and by a multivariate analysis. Results: 65 patients were enrolled, 31 (47.69%) belonging to the Omicron versus 34 (52.31%) to the Delta group. The mortality rate was 52.94% for the Omicron group versus 41.9% for the Delta group. A univariate analysis showed that the Omicron variant was associated with total comorbidities number, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), pre-existing pulmonary disease, vaccination status, and acute kidney injury (AKI). In stepwise multivariate analysis, the total number of comorbidities was positively associated with the Omicron group, while pulmonary embolism was negatively correlated with the Omicron group. Conclusion: Omicron appears to have lost some of the hallmarks of the Delta variant, such as endothelialitis and more limited cellular tropism when it comes to the patients in the ICU. Further studies are encouraged to explore different therapeutic approaches to treat critical patients with COVID-19.
Keywords	SARS-CoV-2 ; SARS-CoV-1 ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 variants ; delta ; omicron ; Other systems of medicine ; RZ201-999
Subject code	616
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Effect of single session receptive music therapy on anxiety and vital parameters in hospitalized Covid-19 patients

Filippo Giordano / Antonia Losurdo / Vitaliano Nicola Quaranta / Nicla Campobasso / Antonio Daleno / Elisiana Carpagnano / Loreto Gesualdo / Antonio Moschetta / Nicola Brienza

Scientific Reports, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 1-

a randomized controlled trial

2022 Volume 9

Abstract: Abstract Hospitalized COVID-19 patients are vulnerable to different degrees of stress disorders as well as depression, anxiety and fear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of introducing Music therapy on site with Covid-19 patients and ...

Abstract	Abstract Hospitalized COVID-19 patients are vulnerable to different degrees of stress disorders as well as depression, anxiety and fear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of introducing Music therapy on site with Covid-19 patients and investigating the immediate effects a single session has on anxiety, heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (O2Sat) and satisfaction compared to standard care. A randomized controlled trial of 40 patients was conducted. Participants were assigned to control group (CG) or the treatment group (MG). MG received an individual single session of music therapy in presence. CG received standard care. MG and CG were subjected to identical measurements (pre-during-post) of the parameters STAI-Y, HR and O2Sat. Participants in MG were asked to fill in an optional open-ended question concerning their experience with music therapy. Significant difference in anxiety levels between scores in MG and CG (34.50 (23.25–40.00) vs 45.00(38, 25–54.00); p = 0.000) was observed. MG compared to CG had statistically significantly higher values of O2Sat (97.50 (96.25–99.00) versus 96.00 (96.00–98.00); p = 0.026). Results show the feasibility of introducing music therapy as a supporting complementary/non-pharmacological intervention on site in Covid-19 patients. A single session of music therapy improves O2Sat and can significantly reduce anxiety. Trial registration: 14/10/2021 No. NCT05077306. https://www.clinicaltrials.cov .
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Management of Acute Kidney Injury and Extracorporeal Blood Purification Therapies During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Silvia De Rosa / Marita Marengo / Stefano Romagnoli / Marco Fiorentino / Vito Fanelli / Enrico Fiaccadori / Nicola Brienza / Santo Morabito / Vincenzo Pota / Fabrizio Valente / Giacomo Grasselli / Piergiorgio Messa / Antonino Giarratano / Vincenzo Cantaluppi

Frontiers in Medicine, Vol

The Italian SIN–SIAARTI Joint Survey (and Recommendations for Clinical Practice)

2022 Volume 9

Abstract: Background and AimThe novel coronavirus disease 2019 remains challenging. A large number of hospitalized patients are at a high risk of developing AKI. For this reason, we conducted a nationwide survey to assess the incidence and management of AKI in ... ...

Abstract	Background and AimThe novel coronavirus disease 2019 remains challenging. A large number of hospitalized patients are at a high risk of developing AKI. For this reason, we conducted a nationwide survey to assess the incidence and management of AKI in critically ill patients affected by the SARS-CoV-2 infection.MethodsThis is a multicenter, observational, nationwide online survey, involving the Italian Society of Nephrology and the critical care units in Italy, developed in partnership between the scientific societies such as SIN and SIAARTI. Invitations to participate were distributed through emails and social networks. Data were collected for a period of 1 week during the COVID-19 pandemic.ResultsA total of 141 responses were collected in the SIN–SIAARTI survey: 54.6% from intensivists and 44.6% from nephrologists. About 19,000 cases of COVID-19 infection have been recorded in hospitalized patients; among these cases, 7.3% had a confirmed acute kidney injury (AKI), of which 82.2% were managed in ICUs. Only 43% of clinicians routinely used the international KDIGO criteria. Renal replacement therapy (RRT) was performed in 628 patients with continuous techniques used most frequently, and oliguria was the most common indication (74.05%). Early initiation was preferred, and RRT was contraindicated in the case of therapeutic withdrawal or in the presence of severe comorbidities or hemodynamic instability. Regional anticoagulation with citrate was the most common choice. About 41.04% of the interviewed physicians never used extracorporeal blood purification therapies (EBPTs) for inflammatory cytokine or endotoxin removal. Moreover, 4.33% of interviewed clinicians used these techniques only in the presence of AKI, whereas 24.63% adopted them even in the absence of AKI. Nephrologists made more use of EBPT, especially in the presence of AKI. HVHF was never used in 58.54% of respondents, but HCO membranes and adsorbents were used in more than 50% of cases.ConclusionThis joint SIN–SIAARTI survey at the Italian Society of ...
Keywords	acute kidney injury ; COVID-19 ; critical care ; renal replacement therapy ; blood purification ; surveys and questionnaires ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
Subject code	610 ; 616
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Beneficial effects of recombinant CER-001 high-density lipoprotein infusion in sepsis

Alessandra Stasi / Marco Fiorentino / Rossana Franzin / Francesco Staffieri / Sabrina Carparelli / Rosa Losapio / Alberto Crovace / Luca Lacitignola / Maria Teresa Cimmarusti / Francesco Murgolo / Monica Stufano / Cesira Cafiero / Giuseppe Castellano / Fabio Sallustio / Chiara Ferrari / Mario Ribezzi / Nicola Brienza / Annalisa Schirinzi / Francesca Di Serio /

Salvatore Grasso / Paola Pontrelli / Cyrille Tupin / Ronald Barbaras / Constance Keyserling-Peyrottes / Antonio Crovace / Loreto Gesualdo

BMC Medicine, Vol 21, Iss 1, Pp 1-

results from a bench to bedside translational research project

2023 Volume 18

Abstract: Abstract Background Sepsis is characterized by a dysregulated immune response and metabolic alterations, including decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. HDL exhibits beneficial properties, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Sepsis is characterized by a dysregulated immune response and metabolic alterations, including decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. HDL exhibits beneficial properties, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) scavenging, exerting anti-inflammatory effects and providing endothelial protection. We investigated the effects of CER-001, an engineered HDL-mimetic, in a swine model of LPS-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) and a Phase 2a clinical trial, aiming to better understand its molecular basis in systemic inflammation and renal function. Methods We carried out a translational approach to study the effects of HDL administration on sepsis. Sterile systemic inflammation was induced in pigs by LPS infusion. Animals were randomized into LPS (n = 6), CER20 (single dose of CER-001 20 mg/kg; n = 6), and CER20 × 2 (two doses of CER-001 20 mg/kg; n = 6) groups. Survival rate, endothelial dysfunction biomarkers, pro-inflammatory mediators, LPS, and apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) levels were assessed. Renal and liver histology and biochemistry were analyzed. Subsequently, we performed an open-label, randomized, dose-ranging (Phase 2a) study included 20 patients with sepsis due to intra-abdominal infection or urosepsis, randomized into Group A (conventional treatment, n = 5), Group B (CER-001 5 mg/kg BID, n = 5), Group C (CER-001 10 mg/kg BID, n = 5), and Group D (CER-001 20 mg/kg BID, n = 5). Primary outcomes were safety and efficacy in preventing AKI onset and severity; secondary outcomes include changes in inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction markers. Results CER-001 increased median survival, reduced inflammatory mediators, complement activation, and endothelial dysfunction in endotoxemic pigs. It enhanced LPS elimination through the bile and preserved liver and renal parenchyma. In the clinical study, CER-001 was well-tolerated with no serious adverse events related to study treatment. Rapid ApoA-I normalization was associated with enhanced LPS removal and immunomodulation with ...
Keywords	ApoA-I complexes ; Sepsis ; Multi-organ dysfunction ; Cytokine storm ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	616
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Covid-19 Symptomatic Patients with Oral Lesions

Gianfranco Favia / Angela Tempesta / Giuseppe Barile / Nicola Brienza / Saverio Capodiferro / Maria Concetta Vestito / Lucilla Crudele / Vito Procacci / Giuseppe Ingravallo / Eugenio Maiorano / Luisa Limongelli

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Vol 10, Iss 4, p

Clinical and Histopathological Study on 123 Cases of the University Hospital Policlinic of Bari with a Purpose of a New Classification

2021 Volume 757

Abstract: The aim of this study is to report on the oral lesions detected in 123 patients diagnosed at the University Hospital of Bari from October 2020 to December 2020, focusing on the correlation of clinical and pathological features in order to purpose a new ... ...

Abstract	The aim of this study is to report on the oral lesions detected in 123 patients diagnosed at the University Hospital of Bari from October 2020 to December 2020, focusing on the correlation of clinical and pathological features in order to purpose a new classification. Methods. General and specialistic anamnesis were achieved and oral examination was performed. The following data were collected: age/gender, general symptoms and form of Covid-19, presence and features of taste disorders, day of appearance of the oral lesions, type and features of oral lesions and day of beginning of therapies. If ulcerative lesions did not heal, biopsy was performed. Results. Many types of oral lesions were found and classified into four groups considering the timing of appearance and the start of the therapies. Early lesions in the initial stages of Covid-19 before the start of therapies was observed in 65.9% of the patients. In the histopathological analysis of four early lesions, thrombosis of small and middle size vessels was always noticed with necrosis of superficial tissues. Conclusion. The presence of oral lesions in early stages of Covid-19 could represent an initial sign of peripheral thrombosis, a warning sign of possible evolution to severe illness. This suggests that anticoagulant therapies should start as soon as possible.
Keywords	Covid-19 ; oral lesions ; oral ulcers ; classification ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	616 ; 610
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Intraoperative Assessment of Fluid Responsiveness in Normotensive Dogs under Isoflurane Anaesthesia

Despoina Skouropoulou / Luca Lacitignola / Caterina Di Bella / Marzia Stabile / Claudia Acquafredda / Nicola Brienza / Salvatore Grasso / Antonio Crovace / Fabrizio Iarussi / Francesco Staffieri

Veterinary Sciences, Vol 8, Iss 2, p

2021 Volume 26

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of fluid responsiveness (FR) to a fluid challenge (FC) in normotensive dogs under anaesthesia. The accuracy of pulse pressure variation (PPV), systolic pressure variation (SPV), stroke volume variation ( ...

Abstract	The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of fluid responsiveness (FR) to a fluid challenge (FC) in normotensive dogs under anaesthesia. The accuracy of pulse pressure variation (PPV), systolic pressure variation (SPV), stroke volume variation (SVV), and plethysmographic variability index (PVI) for predicting FR was also evaluated. Dogs were anaesthetised with methadone, propofol, and inhaled isoflurane in oxygen, under volume-controlled mechanical ventilation. FC was performed by the administration of 5 mL/kg of Ringer’s lactate within 5 min. Cardiac index (CI; L/min/m 2 ), PPV, (%), SVV (%), SPV (%), and PVI (%) were registered before and after FC. Data were analysed with ANOVA and ROC tests ( p < 0.05). Fluid responsiveness was defined as 15% increase in CI. Eighty dogs completed the study. Fifty (62.5%) were responders and 30 (37.5%) were nonresponders. The PPV, PVI, SPV, and SVV cut-off values (AUC, p ) for discriminating responders from nonresponders were PPV >13.8% (0.979, <0.001), PVI >14% (0.956, <0.001), SPV >4.1% (0.793, <0.001), and SVV >14.7% (0.729, <0.001), respectively. Up to 62.5% of normotensive dogs under inhalant anaesthesia may be fluid responders. PPV and PVI have better diagnostic accuracy to predict FR, compared to SPV and SVV.
Keywords	dogs ; fluid responsiveness ; pulse pressure variation ; systolic pressure variation ; stroke volume variation ; plethysmographic variability index ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Induction of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in human fibroblast cultures exposed to serum from septic patients

Raffaella, Trentadue / Fiore, Flavio / Fabrizia, Massaro / Francesco, Papa / Arcangela, Iuso / Salvatore, Scacco / Luigi, Santacroce / Nicola, Brienza

Life sciences. 2012 Sept. 17, v. 91, no. 7-8

2012

Abstract: AIMS: Sepsis which is the leading cause of death in intensive care units is usually related to the number and the severity of organ failure, but the mechanisms remain to be fully established. Findings of microvascular flow abnormalities, decreased oxygen ...

Abstract	AIMS: Sepsis which is the leading cause of death in intensive care units is usually related to the number and the severity of organ failure, but the mechanisms remain to be fully established. Findings of microvascular flow abnormalities, decreased oxygen consumption and elevated tissue oxygen tensions suggest that problems may lay in cellular oxygen utilization rather than in oxygen delivery per se. Several serum factors, released during sepsis syndrome, might be involved in induction of cytopathic hypoxia and increase of cellular oxidative stress. MAIN METHODS: Human fibroblast cultures were incubated 12h with 10% v/v severe septic patients' sera and measurements were carried out on cellular oxygen consumption, mitochondrial respiratory enzymes activity, H₂O₂ generation and serum levels of cytokines/chemokines by multiplex assay. KEY FINDINGS: In fibroblast cultures a significant depression of cellular respiration and activity of mitochondrial complexes and increased H₂O₂ production was observed after incubation with septic sera showing increased levels of TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6. SIGNIFICANCE: During sepsis syndrome some increased cytokines might target specific mitochondrial enzymes inducing an impairment of cellular energy metabolism leading to multiple organ failure.
Keywords	blood serum ; cell respiration ; chemokines ; death ; energy metabolism ; enzymes ; fibroblasts ; humans ; hydrogen peroxide ; hypoxia ; interleukin-1beta ; interleukin-6 ; oxidative stress ; oxygen ; oxygen consumption ; patients ; tumor necrosis factor-alpha
Language	English
Dates of publication	2012-0917
Size	p. 237-243.
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	3378-9
ISSN	1879-0631 ; 0024-3205
ISSN (online)	1879-0631
ISSN	0024-3205
DOI	10.1016/j.lfs.2012.06.041
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Benefits and Implications of Resveratrol Supplementation on Microbiota Modulations

Alessio Danilo Inchingolo / Giuseppina Malcangi / Angelo Michele Inchingolo / Fabio Piras / Vito Settanni / Grazia Garofoli / Giulia Palmieri / Sabino Ceci / Assunta Patano / Nicole De Leonardis / Chiara Di Pede / Valentina Montenegro / Daniela Azzollini / Maria Grazia Garibaldi / Zamira Kruti / Antonella Tarullo / Giovanni Coloccia / Antonio Mancini / Biagio Rapone /

Alexandra Semjonova / Denisa Hazballa / Maria Teresa D’Oria / Megan Jones / Luigi Macchia / Ioana Roxana Bordea / Antonio Scarano / Felice Lorusso / Gianluca Martino Tartaglia / Cinzia Maspero / Massimo Del Fabbro / Ludovica Nucci / Kenan Ferati / Arberesha Bexheti Ferati / Nicola Brienza / Alberto Corriero / Francesco Inchingolo / Gianna Dipalma

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 23, Iss 4027, p

A Systematic Review of the Literature

2022 Volume 4027

Abstract: Resveratrol is a polyphenol that has been shown to possess many applications in different fields of medicine. This systematic review has drawn attention to the axis between resveratrol and human microbiota, which plays a key role in maintaining an ... ...

Abstract	Resveratrol is a polyphenol that has been shown to possess many applications in different fields of medicine. This systematic review has drawn attention to the axis between resveratrol and human microbiota, which plays a key role in maintaining an adequate immune response that can lead to different diseases when compromised. Resveratrol can also be an asset in new technologies, such as gene therapy. PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched to find papers that matched our topic dating from 1 January 2017 up to 18 January 2022, with English-language restriction using the following Boolean keywords: (“resveratrol” AND “microbio*”). Eighteen studies were included as relevant papers matching the purpose of our investigation. Immune response, prevention of thrombotic complications, microbiota, gene therapy, and bone regeneration were retrieved as the main topics. The analyzed studies mostly involved resveratrol supplementation and its effects on human microbiota by trials in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo. The beneficial activity of resveratrol is evident by analyzing the changes in the host’s genetic expression and the gastrointestinal microbial community with its administration. The possibility of identifying individual microbial families may allow to tailor therapeutic plans with targeted polyphenolic diets when associated with microbial dysbiosis, such as inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, degenerative diseases, tumors, obesity, diabetes, bone tissue regeneration, and metabolic syndrome.
Keywords	resveratrol ; microbiota ; microbiome ; nutrition ; bone regeneration ; immune response ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines for Short- and Long-Term Immunity

Alessio Danilo Inchingolo / Giuseppina Malcangi / Sabino Ceci / Assunta Patano / Alberto Corriero / Luigi Vimercati / Daniela Azzollini / Grazia Marinelli / Giovanni Coloccia / Fabio Piras / Giuseppe Barile / Vito Settanni / Antonio Mancini / Nicole De Leonardis / Grazia Garofoli / Giulia Palmieri / Ciro Gargiulo Isacco / Biagio Rapone / Arnaldo Scardapane /

Luigi Curatoli / Nicola Quaranta / Mario Ribezzi / Maria Massaro / Megan Jones / Ioana Roxana Bordea / Gianluca Martino Tartaglia / Antonio Scarano / Felice Lorusso / Luigi Macchia / Angela Maria Vittoria Larocca / Sergey Khachatur Aityan / Silvio Tafuri / Pasquale Stefanizzi / Giovanni Migliore / Nicola Brienza / Gianna Dipalma / Gianfranco Favia / Francesco Inchingolo

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 23, Iss 8485, p

A General Overview for the Pandemic Contrast

2022 Volume 8485

Abstract: Background: The recent COVID-19 pandemic produced a significant increase in cases and an emergency state was induced worldwide. The current knowledge about the COVID-19 disease concerning diagnoses, patient tracking, the treatment protocol, and vaccines ... ...

Abstract	Background: The recent COVID-19 pandemic produced a significant increase in cases and an emergency state was induced worldwide. The current knowledge about the COVID-19 disease concerning diagnoses, patient tracking, the treatment protocol, and vaccines provides a consistent contribution for the primary prevention of the viral infection and decreasing the severity of the SARS-CoV-2 disease. The aim of the present investigation was to produce a general overview about the current findings for the COVID-19 disease, SARS-CoV-2 interaction mechanisms with the host, therapies and vaccines’ immunization findings. Methods: A literature overview was produced in order to evaluate the state-of-art in SARS-CoV-2 diagnoses, prognoses, therapies, and prevention. Results: Concerning to the interaction mechanisms with the host, the virus binds to target with its Spike proteins on its surface and uses it as an anchor. The Spike protein targets the ACE2 cell receptor and enters into the cells by using a special enzyme (TMPRSS2). Once the virion is quietly accommodated, it releases its RNA. Proteins and RNA are used in the Golgi apparatus to produce more viruses that are released. Concerning the therapies, different protocols have been developed in observance of the disease severity and comorbidity with a consistent reduction in the mortality rate. Currently, different vaccines are currently in phase IV but a remarkable difference in efficiency has been detected concerning the more recent SARS-CoV-2 variants. Conclusions: Among the many questions in this pandemic state, the one that recurs most is knowing why some people become more seriously ill than others who instead contract the infection as if it was a trivial flu. More studies are necessary to investigate the efficiency of the treatment protocols and vaccines for the more recent detected SARS-CoV-2 variant.
Keywords	MERS ; SARS-CoV-2 ; SARS-CoV-1 ; COVID-19 ; antibodies ; anti-Spike ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
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