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  1. Article ; Online: Breastfeeding, cognitive ability, and residual confounding: A comment on studies by Pereyra-Elìas et al.

    Sorjonen, Kimmo / Nilsonne, Gustav / Ingre, Michael / Melin, Bo

    PloS one

    2024  Volume 19, Issue 3, Page(s) e0297216

    Abstract: Recent studies found positive effects of breastfeeding on the child's cognitive ability and educational outcomes even when adjusting for maternal cognitive ability in addition to a large number of other potential confounders. The authors claimed an ... ...

    Abstract Recent studies found positive effects of breastfeeding on the child's cognitive ability and educational outcomes even when adjusting for maternal cognitive ability in addition to a large number of other potential confounders. The authors claimed an important role of breastfeeding for the child's cognitive scores. However, it is well known that error in the measurement of confounders can leave room for residual confounding. In the present reanalyses, we found incongruent effects indicating simultaneous increasing and decreasing effects of breastfeeding on the child's cognitive ability and educational outcomes. We conclude that findings in the reanalyses may have been due to residual confounding due to error in the measurement of maternal cognitive ability. Consequently, it appears premature to assume a genuine increasing effect of breastfeeding on the child's cognitive ability and educational outcomes and claims in this regard may be challenged.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Female ; Humans ; Breast Feeding ; Educational Status ; Cognition ; Family ; Employment
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0297216
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: A formal model accounting for measurement reliability shows attenuated effect of higher education on intelligence in longitudinal data.

    Eriksson, Kimmo / Sorjonen, Kimmo / Falkstedt, Daniel / Melin, Bo / Nilsonne, Gustav

    Royal Society open science

    2024  Volume 11, Issue 5, Page(s) 230513

    Abstract: The effect of higher education on intelligence has been examined using longitudinal data. Typically, these studies reveal a positive effect, approximately 1 IQ point per year of higher education, particularly when pre-education intelligence is considered ...

    Abstract The effect of higher education on intelligence has been examined using longitudinal data. Typically, these studies reveal a positive effect, approximately 1 IQ point per year of higher education, particularly when pre-education intelligence is considered as a covariate in the analyses. However, such covariate adjustment is known to yield positively biased results if the covariate has measurement errors and is correlated with the predictor. Simultaneously, a negative bias may emerge if the intelligence measure after higher education has non-classical measurement errors as in data from the 1970 British Cohort Study that were used in a previous study of the effect of higher education. In response, we have devised an estimation method that used iterated simulations to account for both classical measurement errors in the covariate and non-classical errors in the dependent variable. Upon applying this method in a reanalysis of the data from the 1970 British Cohort Study, we find that the estimated effect of higher education diminishes to 0.4 IQ points per year. Additionally, our findings suggest that the impact of higher education is somewhat more pronounced in the initial 2 years of higher education, aligning with the notion of diminishing marginal cognitive benefits.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-05-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2787755-3
    ISSN 2054-5703
    ISSN 2054-5703
    DOI 10.1098/rsos.230513
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Dangers of including outcome at baseline as a covariate in latent change score models: Results from simulations and empirical re-analyses

    Sorjonen, Kimmo / Ingre, Michael / Nilsonne, Gustav / Melin, Bo

    Heliyon. 2023 May, v. 9, no. 5 p.e15746-

    2023  

    Abstract: Latent change score modeling is a type of structural equation modeling used for estimating change over time. Often change is regressed on the initial value of the outcome variable. However, similarly to other regression analyses, this procedure may be ... ...

    Abstract Latent change score modeling is a type of structural equation modeling used for estimating change over time. Often change is regressed on the initial value of the outcome variable. However, similarly to other regression analyses, this procedure may be susceptible to regression to the mean. The present study employed simulations as well as re-analyses of previously published data, claimed to indicate reciprocal promoting effects of vocabulary and matrix reasoning on each other's longitudinal development. Both in simulations and empirical re-analyses, when adjusting for initial value on the outcome, latent change score modeling tended to indicate an effect of a predictor on the change in an outcome even when no change had taken place. Furthermore, analyses tended to indicate a paradoxical effect on change both forward and backward in time. We conclude that results from latent change score modeling are susceptible to regression to the mean when adjusting for the initial value on the outcome. Researchers are recommended not to regress change on the initial value included in the calculation of the change score when employing latent change score modeling but, instead, to define this parameter as a covariance.
    Keywords covariance ; models ; regression analysis ; structural equation modeling ; Adjustment for baseline ; Latent change score modeling ; Matrix reasoning ; Mutualism theory of cognitive development ; Re-analyses ; Regression to the mean ; Vocabulary
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2023-05
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article ; Online
    Note Use and reproduction
    ZDB-ID 2835763-2
    ISSN 2405-8440
    ISSN 2405-8440
    DOI 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15746
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  4. Article: Distorted meta-analytic findings on peer influence: A reanalysis.

    Sorjonen, Kimmo / Nilsonne, Gustav / Melin, Bo

    Heliyon

    2023  Volume 9, Issue 11, Page(s) e21458

    Abstract: In a recent meta-analysis, Giletta et al. (2021) [1] found a positive effect of peers' behavior at time 1 on target youths' behavior at time 2 while adjusting for target youths' behavior at time 1 and claimed to have quantified peer influence. However, ... ...

    Abstract In a recent meta-analysis, Giletta et al. (2021) [1] found a positive effect of peers' behavior at time 1 on target youths' behavior at time 2 while adjusting for target youths' behavior at time 1 and claimed to have quantified peer influence. However, it is established that controlled cross-lagged effects could be due to correlations with measurement errors and reversion in the direction of the mean rather than due to true decreasing or increasing effects. Here, in a reanalysis of the same meta-analytic data as used by Giletta et al., we found that peer influence, as operationalized by Giletta et al., may have been distorted (i.e. spurious). We do not claim that peer influence does not exist, but it may be hard, maybe not even possible, to prove by analyses of observational data that it does exist. Difficulties to prove causal effects by analyses of observational data is common for all areas of research and not specific for research on peer influence.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-24
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2835763-2
    ISSN 2405-8440
    ISSN 2405-8440
    DOI 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21458
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article: Unmasking artifactual links: A reanalysis reveals No direct causal relationship between self-esteem and quality of social relations.

    Sorjonen, Kimmo / Ingre, Michael / Melin, Bo / Nilsonne, Gustav

    Heliyon

    2023  Volume 9, Issue 10, Page(s) e20397

    Abstract: A meta-analysis conducted by Harris and Orth (2020) found positive prospective cross-lagged effects between quality of social relations and self-esteem in included longitudinal studies. Harris and Orth concluded that the link between self-esteem and ... ...

    Abstract A meta-analysis conducted by Harris and Orth (2020) found positive prospective cross-lagged effects between quality of social relations and self-esteem in included longitudinal studies. Harris and Orth concluded that the link between self-esteem and quality of social relations is reciprocal and characterized by a positive feedback loop. However, meta-analytic effects were estimated while controlling for a prior measurement of the outcome and such effects are known to be susceptible to artifactual (i.e. spurious) effects due to correlations with measurement errors and reversion to mediocrity. We reanalyzed the same data and found paradoxical effects indicating, simultaneously, both increasing and decreasing effects between self-esteem and social relations. These findings suggest that prospective effects between self-esteem and quality of social relations are artifactual rather than due to a true reciprocal effect. Thus, these findings have important theoretical implications and challenge both the risk regulation model, which posits that self-esteem has a causal effect on quality of social relations, and the sociometer theory, which claims that quality of relations is the cause and self-esteem the effect. The present results prompt further investigation into the underlying mechanisms driving these artifactual associations. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of considering methodological limitations in future meta-analyses to improve the accuracy of causal inferences.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-22
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2835763-2
    ISSN 2405-8440
    ISSN 2405-8440
    DOI 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20397
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article: Dangers of including outcome at baseline as a covariate in latent change score models: Results from simulations and empirical re-analyses.

    Sorjonen, Kimmo / Ingre, Michael / Nilsonne, Gustav / Melin, Bo

    Heliyon

    2023  Volume 9, Issue 5, Page(s) e15746

    Abstract: Latent change score modeling is a type of structural equation modeling used for estimating change over time. Often change is regressed on the initial value of the outcome variable. However, similarly to other regression analyses, this procedure may be ... ...

    Abstract Latent change score modeling is a type of structural equation modeling used for estimating change over time. Often change is regressed on the initial value of the outcome variable. However, similarly to other regression analyses, this procedure may be susceptible to regression to the mean. The present study employed simulations as well as re-analyses of previously published data, claimed to indicate reciprocal promoting effects of vocabulary and matrix reasoning on each other's longitudinal development. Both in simulations and empirical re-analyses, when adjusting for initial value on the outcome, latent change score modeling tended to indicate an effect of a predictor on the change in an outcome even when no change had taken place. Furthermore, analyses tended to indicate a paradoxical effect on change both forward and backward in time. We conclude that results from latent change score modeling are susceptible to regression to the mean when adjusting for the initial value on the outcome. Researchers are recommended not to regress change on the initial value included in the calculation of the change score when employing latent change score modeling but, instead, to define this parameter as a covariance.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-24
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2835763-2
    ISSN 2405-8440
    ISSN 2405-8440
    DOI 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15746
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Olika slutsatser från samma data.

    Nilsonne, Gustav / Johannesson, Magnus / Dreber, Anna

    Lakartidningen

    2023  Volume 120

    Abstract: Analysis of research data entails many choices. As a result, a space of different analytical strategies is open to researchers. Different justifiable analyses may not give similar results. The method of multiple analysts is a way to study the analytical ... ...

    Title translation Same data - different conclusions: Analytical flexibility in medical research can be considerable.
    Abstract Analysis of research data entails many choices. As a result, a space of different analytical strategies is open to researchers. Different justifiable analyses may not give similar results. The method of multiple analysts is a way to study the analytical flexibility and behaviour of researchers under naturalistic conditions, as part of the field known as metascience. Analytical flexibility and risks of bias can be counteracted by open data sharing, pre-registration of analysis plans, and registration of clinical trials in trial registers. These measures are particularly important for retrospective studies where analytical flexibility can be greatest, although pre-registration is less useful in this context. Synthetic datasets can be an alternative to pre-registration when used to decide what analyses should be conducted on real datasets by independent parties. All these strategies help build trustworthiness in scientific reports, and improve the reliability of research findings.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Reproducibility of Results ; Retrospective Studies ; Biomedical Research
    Language Swedish
    Publishing date 2023-05-15
    Publishing country Sweden
    Document type English Abstract ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 391010-6
    ISSN 1652-7518 ; 0023-7205
    ISSN (online) 1652-7518
    ISSN 0023-7205
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

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  8. Article ; Online: [No title information]

    Nilsonne, Gustav / Axfors, Cathrine / Zavalis, Emmanuel

    Lakartidningen

    2023  Volume 120

    Title translation Utmaningar för den forskande läkaren.
    Language Swedish
    Publishing date 2023-05-15
    Publishing country Sweden
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 391010-6
    ISSN 1652-7518 ; 0023-7205
    ISSN (online) 1652-7518
    ISSN 0023-7205
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Regression to the mean in latent change score models: an example involving breastfeeding and intelligence.

    Sorjonen, Kimmo / Nilsonne, Gustav / Ingre, Michael / Melin, Bo

    BMC pediatrics

    2022  Volume 22, Issue 1, Page(s) 283

    Abstract: Background: Latent change score models are often used to study change over time in observational data. However, latent change score models may be susceptible to regression to the mean. Earlier observational studies have identified a positive association ...

    Abstract Background: Latent change score models are often used to study change over time in observational data. However, latent change score models may be susceptible to regression to the mean. Earlier observational studies have identified a positive association between breastfeeding and child intelligence, even when adjusting for maternal intelligence.
    Method: In the present study, we investigate regression to the mean in the case of breastfeeding and intelligence of children. We used latent change score modeling to analyze intergenerational change in intelligence, both from mothers to children and backward from children to mothers, in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) dataset (N = 6283).
    Results: When analyzing change from mothers to children, breastfeeding was found to have a positive association with intergenerational change in intelligence, whereas when analyzing backward change from children to mothers, a negative association was found.
    Conclusions: These discrepant findings highlight a hidden flexibility in the analytical space and call into question the reliability of earlier studies of breastfeeding and intelligence using observational data.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Breast Feeding ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Intelligence Tests ; Mothers ; Reproducibility of Results
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-16
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2041342-7
    ISSN 1471-2431 ; 1471-2431
    ISSN (online) 1471-2431
    ISSN 1471-2431
    DOI 10.1186/s12887-022-03349-4
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Questioning the vulnerability model: Prospective associations between low self-esteem and subsequent depression ratings may be spurious.

    Sorjonen, Kimmo / Nilsonne, Gustav / Ingre, Michael / Melin, Bo

    Journal of affective disorders

    2022  Volume 315, Page(s) 259–266

    Abstract: Background: According to the vulnerability model, low self-esteem makes people more depressed. Support for the vulnerability model comes almost exclusively from analyses using cross-lagged panel models, showing a negative effect of initial self-esteem ... ...

    Abstract Background: According to the vulnerability model, low self-esteem makes people more depressed. Support for the vulnerability model comes almost exclusively from analyses using cross-lagged panel models, showing a negative effect of initial self-esteem on subsequent depression ratings when adjusting for initial depression. However, it is well known that such adjusted effects are susceptible to regression toward the mean.
    Methods: Data from four waves of measurements in five different samples (total N = 2703) were analyzed with two different cross-lagged panel models, two different random intercept cross-lagged panel models, and two different latent change score models, predicting change forwards as well as backwards in time.
    Results: High initial self-esteem predicted both decreased and increased depression ratings between measurements and an increase in self-esteem between measurements predicted a concurrent decrease in depression ratings.
    Limitations: Only data from two western countries, Switzerland and USA, were analyzed. Whether the main finding, that a prospective effect of self-esteem on subsequent depression ratings might be spurious, applies to other countries and cultures remains an open question.
    Conclusions: Due to the incongruent results, any causal effect of self-esteem on depression ratings, and thus the vulnerability model as such, cannot be corroborated by the data and models analyzed here. Instead, we propose, tentatively, that prospective associations between self-esteem and depression ratings may be spurious due to a combination of reasons, including regression toward the mean. The indication that depression might not be affected by measures to improve individuals' self-esteem is of clinical relevance.
    MeSH term(s) Causality ; Depression ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Self Concept ; Sexual Behavior
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-08
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 135449-8
    ISSN 1573-2517 ; 0165-0327
    ISSN (online) 1573-2517
    ISSN 0165-0327
    DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2022.08.003
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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