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Article ; Online: Brief Report: In cART-Treated HIV-Infected Patients, Immunologic Failure Is Associated With a High Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Frequency.

Grassi, Germana / Notari, Stefania / Cicalini, Stefania / Casetti, Rita / Cimini, Eleonora / Bordoni, Veronica / Gagliardini, Roberta / Mazzotta, Valentina / Antinori, Andrea / Agrati, Chiara / Sacchi, Alessandra

Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)

2024 Volume 95, Issue 2, Page(s) 185–189

Abstract: Background: During HIV infection, effective combined antiretroviral therapy suppresses viral replication and restores the number of circulating CD4+ T cells. However, 15%-30% of treated patients show a discordant response to combined antiretroviral ... ...

Abstract	Background: During HIV infection, effective combined antiretroviral therapy suppresses viral replication and restores the number of circulating CD4+ T cells. However, 15%-30% of treated patients show a discordant response to combined antiretroviral therapy. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are expanded in HIV+ patients; to better understand the role of MDSC on CD4 T-cell recovery, we evaluated the frequency of MDSC in HIV+ patients under combined antiretroviral therapy and its association with immunologic response. Methods: We enrolled 60 HIV+ patients, including complete responders (R, n = 44), virologic nonresponders (VNR, n = 5), and immunologic nonresponders (INR, n = 11). The frequency of circulating MDSC and the percentage of activated and naïve CD4 T cells were evaluated by flow cytometry. Plasmatic cytokine levels were analyzed by automated ELISA. Results: As previously observed, polymorphonuclear MDSC (PMN-MDSC) frequency was higher in HIV+ patients compared with healthy donors. Furthermore, PMN-MDSC percentage was higher in INR than R patients, and a significant association between MDSC frequency and immunologic failure was confirmed by a receiver operator characteristic analysis. Accordingly, an inverse correlation was found between the percentages of PMN-MDSC and naïve CD4 T cells. A positive correlation was observed between PMN-MDSC frequency and the percentage of human leucocyte antigen locus DR + CD4 T cells and the plasmatic level of IL-1β and IL-8. Conclusion: Our results show that a high frequency of PMN-MDSC persists in INR, possibly because of immune activation, contributing to CD4 T-cell recovery failure. These findings further highlight the detrimental role of MDSC during HIV infection, suggesting these cells as a possible new therapeutic target.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells ; HIV Infections ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; Cytokines ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Chemical Substances	Cytokines
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	645053-2
ISSN	1944-7884 ; 1077-9450 ; 0897-5965 ; 0894-9255 ; 1525-4135
ISSN (online)	1944-7884 ; 1077-9450
ISSN	0897-5965 ; 0894-9255 ; 1525-4135
DOI	10.1097/QAI.0000000000003335
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Zs.A 2442: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Effect of chemical and physical agents on monkeypox virus infectivity and downstream research applications.

Mariotti, Davide / Bettini, Aurora / Meschi, Silvia / Notari, Stefania / Francalancia, Massimo / Tartaglia, Eleonora / Lapa, Daniele / Specchiarello, Eliana / Girardi, Enrico / Matusali, Giulia / Maggi, Fabrizio

Virology

2024 Volume 592, Page(s) 109993

Abstract: The 2022 global spread of Monkeypox Virus (MPXV) underlined the need to investigate safe-handling procedures of clinical and research samples. Here we evaluated the efficiency in reducing MPXV infectious titer of Triton X-100 (0.1 and 0.2%), UV-C ... ...

Abstract	The 2022 global spread of Monkeypox Virus (MPXV) underlined the need to investigate safe-handling procedures of clinical and research samples. Here we evaluated the efficiency in reducing MPXV infectious titer of Triton X-100 (0.1 and 0.2%), UV-C irradiation (15 or 30 min), and heat (56 °C 30 min or 70 °C 5 min). The treatment of MPXV at 70 °C resulted in the strongest decrease of MPXV infectious titer (5.4 Log TCID50/mL), 56 °C and UV-C had a lighter impact (3.9 and 4.3Log), Triton X-100 was less efficient (1.8-2.5Log). Notably, SARS-CoV-2 was much more susceptible to Triton X-100 (4.0 Log decrease). UV-C had the highest impact on MPXV DNA detection by PCR (2.2-4.3 Ct value increase); protein detection by ELISA was dramatically impaired by heating. Overall, UV-C and heating were more effective in lowering MPXV infectious titer but their impact on nucleic acids or protein detection assays must be considered.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Monkeypox virus/genetics ; Mpox (monkeypox) ; Octoxynol ; SARS-CoV-2
Chemical Substances	Octoxynol (9002-93-1)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	200425-2
ISSN	1096-0341 ; 0042-6822
ISSN (online)	1096-0341
ISSN	0042-6822
DOI	10.1016/j.virol.2024.109993
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Article ; Online: Poor durability of the neutralizing response against XBB sublineages after a bivalent mRNA COVID-19 booster dose in persons with HIV.

Matusali, Giulia / Vergori, Alessandra / Cimini, Eleonora / Mariotti, Davide / Mazzotta, Valentina / Lepri, Alessandro Cozzi / Colavita, Francesca / Gagliardini, Roberta / Notari, Stefania / Meschi, Silvia / Fusto, Marisa / Tartaglia, Eleonora / Girardi, Enrico / Maggi, Fabrizio / Antinori, Andrea

Journal of medical virology

2024 Volume 96, Issue 4, Page(s) e29598

Abstract: We estimated the dynamics of the neutralizing response against XBB sublineages and T cell response in persons with HIV (PWH) with previous AIDS and/or CD4 < 200/ ... ...

Abstract	We estimated the dynamics of the neutralizing response against XBB sublineages and T cell response in persons with HIV (PWH) with previous AIDS and/or CD4 < 200/mm
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Immunization Programs ; RNA, Messenger ; Seasons ; mRNA Vaccines ; HIV Infections ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral
Chemical Substances	RNA, Messenger ; mRNA Vaccines ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	752392-0
ISSN	1096-9071 ; 0146-6615
ISSN (online)	1096-9071
ISSN	0146-6615
DOI	10.1002/jmv.29598
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Zs.A 1320: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in COVID-19: The Paradox of Good.

Grassi, Germana / Notari, Stefania / Gili, Simona / Bordoni, Veronica / Casetti, Rita / Cimini, Eleonora / Tartaglia, Eleonora / Mariotti, Davide / Agrati, Chiara / Sacchi, Alessandra

Frontiers in immunology

2022 Volume 13, Page(s) 842949

Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Viral replication in the respiratory tract induces the death of infected cells and the release of pathogen- ... ...

Abstract	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Viral replication in the respiratory tract induces the death of infected cells and the release of pathogen- associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PAMPs give rise to local inflammation, increasing the secretion of pro- inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which attract immune cells from the blood into the infected lung. In most individuals, lung-recruited cells clear the infection, and the immune response retreats. However, in some cases, a dysfunctional immune response occurs, which triggers a cytokine storm in the lung, leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Severe COVID-19 is characterized by an impaired innate and adaptive immune response and by a massive expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). MDSCs function as protective regulators of the immune response, protecting the host from over-immunoreactivity and hyper-inflammation. However, under certain conditions, such as chronic inflammation and cancer, MDSCs could exert a detrimental role. Accordingly, the early expansion of MDSCs in COVID-19 is able to predict the fatal outcome of the infection. Here, we review recent data on MDSCs during COVID-19, discussing how they can influence the course of the disease and whether they could be considered as biomarker and possible targets for new therapeutic approaches.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells ; Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules ; SARS-CoV-2
Chemical Substances	Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-27
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2606827-8
ISSN	1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
ISSN (online)	1664-3224
ISSN	1664-3224
DOI	10.3389/fimmu.2022.842949
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Article: SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infections According to the Immune Response Elicited after mRNA Third Dose Vaccination in COVID-19-Naïve Hospital Personnel.

Santoro, Annapaola / Capri, Andrea / Petrone, Daniele / Colavita, Francesca / Meschi, Silvia / Matusali, Giulia / Mizzoni, Klizia / Notari, Stefania / Agrati, Chiara / Goletti, Delia / Pezzotti, Patrizio / Puro, Vincenzo

Biomedicines

2023 Volume 11, Issue 5

Abstract: Background: Vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2-anti-spike antibody (anti-S/RBD) titers are often used as a marker of immune protection and to anticipate the risk of breakthrough infections, although no clear cut-off is available. We describe the incidence of ... ...

Abstract	Background: Vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2-anti-spike antibody (anti-S/RBD) titers are often used as a marker of immune protection and to anticipate the risk of breakthrough infections, although no clear cut-off is available. We describe the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine breakthrough infections in COVID-19-free personnel of our hospital, according to B- and T-cell immune response elicited one month after mRNA third dose vaccination. Methods: The study included 487 individuals for whom data on anti-S/RBD were available. Neutralizing antibody titers (nAbsT) against the ancestral Whuan SARS-CoV-2, and the BA.1 Omicron variant, and SARS-CoV-2 T-cell specific response were measured in subsets of 197 (40.5%), 159 (32.6%), and 127 (26.1%) individuals, respectively. Results: On a total of 92,063 days of observation, 204 participants (42%) had SARS-CoV-2 infection. No significant differences in the probability of SARS-CoV-2 infection for different levels of anti-S/RBD, nAbsT, Omicron nAbsT, or SARS-CoV-2 T cell specific response, and no protective thresholds for infection were found. Conclusions: Routine testing for vaccine-induced humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is not recommended if measured as parameters of 'protective immunity' from SARS-CoV-2 after vaccination. Whether these findings apply to new Omicron-specific bivalent vaccines is going to be evaluated.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-23
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2720867-9
ISSN	2227-9059
ISSN	2227-9059
DOI	10.3390/biomedicines11051247
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Article: In Vitro and In Vivo Crosstalk between Type I IFN and IL-8 Responses in SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

Biava, Mirella / Notari, Stefania / Grassi, Germana / Bordi, Licia / Tartaglia, Eleonora / Agrati, Chiara / Cimini, Eleonora / Sberna, Giuseppe / Nicastri, Emanuele / Antinori, Andrea / Girardi, Enrico / Vaia, Francesco / Maggi, Fabrizio / Lalle, Eleonora

Microorganisms

2023 Volume 11, Issue 11

Abstract: COVID-19 patients show characteristic over-expression of different cytokines that may interfere with the interferon (IFN) response, delaying its production. Within the overexpressed cytokines, IL-8 plays a key role, and it may impede IFN-I activation. ... ...

Abstract	COVID-19 patients show characteristic over-expression of different cytokines that may interfere with the interferon (IFN) response, delaying its production. Within the overexpressed cytokines, IL-8 plays a key role, and it may impede IFN-I activation. PBMC from eight healthy donors were exposed to 2019-nCoV/Italy-INMI1 isolate and supernatants/cells were collected at different time points; the production of either IFN-alpha or IL-8 was assessed. The same analysis was performed on plasma samples obtained from 87 COVID-19 patients. Antagonism between IFN-alpha and IL-8 was observed, since in those PBMC with medium or high IL-8 levels, IFN-α levels were low. The same scenario was observed in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients that were divided into three groups based on IL-8 low, medium and high levels; the correlation between low levels of IFN-α and high levels of IL-8 was statistically significant in both the IL-8 medium and IL-8 high group. Overall, our results showed a crosstalk/antagonism between IL-8 and IFN-alpha in PBMC from healthy donors challenged with SARS-CoV-2 and inversely proportional IFN-alpha levels to IL-8 concentrations detected in plasma samples from COVID-19 patients, suggesting that the impairment of the innate immune response in COVID-19 patients may be linked to a dysregulated cytokine response, namely through IL-8 production.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-16
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2720891-6
ISSN	2076-2607
ISSN	2076-2607
DOI	10.3390/microorganisms11112787
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Article ; Online: Neutralizing activity and T-cell response after bivalent fifth dose of messenger RNA vaccine in people living with HIV.

Vergori, Alessandra / Matusali, Giulia / Lepri, Alessandro Cozzi / Cimini, Eleonora / Fusto, Marisa / Colavita, Francesca / Gagliardini, Roberta / Notari, Stefania / Mazzotta, Valentina / Mariotti, Davide / Cicalini, Stefania / Girardi, Enrico / Vaia, Francesco / Maggi, Fabrizio / Antinori, Andrea

International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases

2023 Volume 134, Page(s) 195–199

Abstract: Objectives: To investigate immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine third booster dose (3BD; fifth dose) with bivalent vaccine original/BA4/5 vaccine in people living with HIV (PLWH).: Methods: This is an observational cohort study to evaluate the ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: To investigate immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine third booster dose (3BD; fifth dose) with bivalent vaccine original/BA4/5 vaccine in people living with HIV (PLWH). Methods: This is an observational cohort study to evaluate the outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (HIV-VAC study). We analyzed microneutralization assay and interferon-γ production in 48 PLWH on antiretroviral therapy with clusters of differentiation (CD4) count <200 cell/mm Results: After 15 days from its administration (T1), the 3BD bivalent messenger RNA vaccine elicited a statistically significant increase of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) geometric mean titers from T0 to T1 against W-D614G (fold increase 4.8; P <0.0001), BA.5 (8.6 P <0.0001), BQ.1.1 (6.4, P <0.0001) and XBB.1 (6.5, P <0.0001). When compared to BA.5, nAbs geometric mean titers against BQ.1.1 and XBB.1 decreased by 3.5 and 4.1-fold, respectively. After controlling for age, years from AIDS diagnosis, CD4 count at administration and CD4 count nadir, the fold change reduction in nAbs response to other variants of concerns as compared to BA.1, was larger in participants with HI vs those nHI: 0.59 lower (95% confidence interval 0.36-0.97, P = 0.04) for BQ.1.1 and 0.67 lower (95% confidence interval: 0.47-0.96, P = 0.03) for XBB.1. In contrast, the analysis carried little evidence for an association between current CD4 count and response to the fifth dose of bivalent vaccine. Furthermore, cell-mediated immunity remained stable. Conclusion: Our data support the current recommendation of offering bivalent mRNA vaccine booster doses to PLWH with low CD4 count or previous AIDS at first vaccination, especially in those who never previously acquired SARS-CoV-2 and regardless of current CD4 count.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; T-Lymphocytes ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccines, Synthetic ; Vaccines, Combined ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; mRNA Vaccines
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines ; Vaccines, Synthetic ; Vaccines, Combined ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-19
Publishing country	Canada
Document type	Observational Study ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1331197-9
ISSN	1878-3511 ; 1201-9712
ISSN (online)	1878-3511
ISSN	1201-9712
DOI	10.1016/j.ijid.2023.06.010
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Zs.A 4516: Show issues

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Article: UPLCâMS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of sofosbuvir, sofosbuvir metabolite (GS-331007) and daclatasvir in plasma of HIV/HCV co-infected patients

Notari, Stefania / Adriana Ammassari / Andrea Antinori / Chiara Agrati / Gabriele Fabbri / Massimo Tempestilli / Raffaella Libertone

Journal of chromatography. 2018 Jan. 15, v. 1073

2018

Abstract: Direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) represent the major advance in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection treatment leading to extremely high eradication rates in HCV mono- and HIV/HCV co-infected patients. In this scenery, availability of Therapeutic Drug ... ...

Abstract	Direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) represent the major advance in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection treatment leading to extremely high eradication rates in HCV mono- and HIV/HCV co-infected patients. In this scenery, availability of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is of interest to assess plasma concentrations to prevent either therapeutic failure due to suboptimal medication adherence and drugâdrug interactions or avoid adverse events. Aim of this study was to develop and validate an Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (UPLCâMS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantification of sofosbuvir, sofosbuvir metabolite (GS-331007), and daclatasvir in human plasma.A simple protein precipitation was applied by adding 200â¯Î¼L acetonitrile with internal standard 6,7-Dimethyl- 2,3-di(2-pyridyl) quinoxaline to 100â¯Î¼L plasma sample. Drug separation was performed on analytical C-18 Luna Omega column (50â¯mmâ¯Ãâ¯2.1â¯mm I.D.) with particle size of 1.6â¯Î¼m. The mobile phase consisting of water containing 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile at flow 0.4â¯mL/min and a gradient run time of 3.5â¯min. The injection volume was 10â¯Î¼L. Anti-HCV drugs were detected in positive electrospray ionization mode. The full scan mass spectral analyses of sofosbuvir, GS-331007, daclatasvir and quinaxoline showed protonated molecule ions and transitions m/z: 530.098â¯ââ¯243.02, 260.93â¯ââ¯112.94, 739.4â¯ââ¯339.27 and 313.03â¯ââ¯77.99 respectively.The linearity of standard curves was excellent (rÂ²â¯>â¯0.99), the absolute recovery of anti-HCV drugs ranged between 95 and 98%, and both imprecision and inaccuracy were <15% according to FDA guidelines. The UPLCâMS/MS method was applied to 16 plasma samples of as many HIV/HCV co-infected patients treated with sofosbuvir and daclatasvir. While sofosbuvir was not detectable in all samples, the median plasma concentrations of daclatasvir and GS-331007 were 223.6â¯Â±â¯319.56â¯ng/mL and 537.11â¯Â±â¯242.09â¯ng/mL, respectively.In conclusion, we describe an UPLCâMS/MS method allowing the simultaneous quantification of sofosbuvir, GS-331007 and daclatasvir in plasma samples. The method was sensitive, specific, robust, and time-saving.
Keywords	acetonitrile ; antiviral agents ; drug interactions ; drugs ; formic acid ; guidelines ; Hepatitis C virus ; Human immunodeficiency virus ; humans ; ionization ; ions ; mass spectrometry ; medication adherence ; metabolites ; mixed infection ; monitoring ; particle size ; patients ; spectral analysis ; ultra-performance liquid chromatography
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-0115
Size	p. 183-190.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ISSN	1570-0232
DOI	10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.12.018
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Article ; Online: The interplay between SARS-CoV-2 infected airway epithelium and immune cells modulates regulatory/inflammatory signals.

Bordoni, Veronica / Matusali, Giulia / Mariotti, Davide / Antonioli, Manuela / Cimini, Eleonora / Sacchi, Alessandra / Tartaglia, Eleonora / Casetti, Rita / Grassi, Germana / Notari, Stefania / Castilletti, Concetta / Fimia, Gian Maria / Capobianchi, Maria Rosaria / Ippolito, Giuseppe / Agrati, Chiara

iScience

2022 Volume 25, Issue 2, Page(s) 103854

Abstract: To assess the cross-talk between immune cells and respiratory tract during SARS-CoV-2 infection, we analyzed the relationships between the inflammatory response induced by SARS-CoV-2 replication and immune cells phenotype in a reconstituted organotypic ... ...

Abstract	To assess the cross-talk between immune cells and respiratory tract during SARS-CoV-2 infection, we analyzed the relationships between the inflammatory response induced by SARS-CoV-2 replication and immune cells phenotype in a reconstituted organotypic human airway epithelium (HAE). The results indicated that immune cells failed to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in the HAE model. In contrast, immune cells strongly affected the inflammatory profile induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection, dampening the production of several immunoregulatory/inflammatory signals (e.g., IL-35, IL-27, and IL-34). Moreover, these mediators were found inversely correlated with innate immune cell frequency (NK and γδ T cells) and directly with CD8 T cells. The enriched signals associated with NK and CD8 T cells highlighted the modulation of pathways induced by SARS-CoV-2 infected HAE. These findings are useful to depict the cell-cell communication mechanisms necessary to develop novel therapeutic strategies aimed to promote an effective immune response.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-31
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2589-0042
ISSN (online)	2589-0042
DOI	10.1016/j.isci.2022.103854
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Article: SARS-CoV-2 Specific Immune Response and Inflammatory Profile in Advanced HIV-Infected Persons during a COVID-19 Outbreak

Vergori, Alessandra / Boschini, Antonio / Notari, Stefania / Lorenzini, Patrizia / Castilletti, Concetta / Colavita, Francesca / Matusali, Giulia / Tartaglia, Eleonora / Gagliardini, Roberta / Boschi, Andrea / Cimini, Eleonora / Maeurer, Markus / Piselli, Pierluca / Angeli, Leila / Antinori, Andrea / Agrati, Chiara / Girardi, Enrico

Viruses. 2022 July 20, v. 14, no. 7

2022

Abstract: The main aim of this study was to describe the clinical and immunological outcomes, as well as the inflammatory profile, of patients with advanced HIV in an assisted-living facility in which an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 occurred. SARS-CoV-2 humoral and ... ...

Abstract	The main aim of this study was to describe the clinical and immunological outcomes, as well as the inflammatory profile, of patients with advanced HIV in an assisted-living facility in which an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 occurred. SARS-CoV-2 humoral and specific T-cell response were analyzed in patients with HIV infection and COVID-19; as a secondary objective of the analysis, levels of the inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα) were tested in the HIV/COVID-19 group, in HIV-positive patients without COVID-19, and in HIV-negative patients with mild/moderate COVID-19. Antibody kinetics and ability to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 were evaluated by ELISA assay, as well as the inflammatory cytokines; SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell response was quantified by ELISpot assay. Mann–Whitney or Kruskal–Wallis tests were used for comparisons. Thirty patients were included with the following demographics: age, 57 years old (IQR, 53–62); 76% male; median HIV duration of infection, 18 years (15–29); nadir of CD4, 57/mmc (23–100) current CD4 count, 348/mmc (186–565). Furthermore, 83% had at least one comorbidity. The severity of COVID-19 was mild/moderate, and the overall mortality rate was 10% (3/30). Additionally, 90% of patients showed positive antibody titers and neutralizing activity, with a 100% positive SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell response over time, suggesting the ability to induce an effective specific immunity. Significantly higher levels of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in COVID-19 without HIV vs. HIV/COVID-19 patients (p < 0.05) were observed. HIV infection did not seem to negatively impact COVID-19-related inflammatory state and immunity. Further data are mandatory to evaluate the persistence of these immunity and its ability to expand after exposure and/or vaccination.
Keywords	COVID-19 infection ; HIV infections ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; T-lymphocytes ; antibodies ; assisted living facilities ; comorbidity ; demographic statistics ; immune response ; interleukin-6 ; interleukin-8 ; males ; mortality ; vaccination
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0720
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14071575
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