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Article ; Online: Rethinking the Role of Jails Amid COVID-19.

Nowotny, Kathryn M

2022 Volume 112, Issue 11, Page(s) 1582–1583

MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; Humans ; Jails ; Prisoners ; Prisons ; SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	121100-6
ISSN	1541-0048 ; 0090-0036 ; 0002-9572
ISSN (online)	1541-0048
ISSN	0090-0036 ; 0002-9572
DOI	10.2105/AJPH.2022.307099
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Article ; Online: Mental Illness and Mental Health Care Treatment among People with Criminal Justice Involvement in the United States.

Timmer, Anastasiia / Nowotny, Kathryn M

Journal of health care for the poor and underserved

2021 Volume 32, Issue 1, Page(s) 397–422

Abstract: This study analyzes the effect of arrest and community supervision on mental health and mental health care using a U.S.-based nationally representative data from National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) and Behavioral Model for Vulnerable ... ...

Abstract	This study analyzes the effect of arrest and community supervision on mental health and mental health care using a U.S.-based nationally representative data from National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) and Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations. It conducts a bivariate analysis to estimate population prevalence rates and generalized structural equation modeling (GSEM) to test the conceptual model. Individuals who were recently arrested or under community supervision (probation/parole) are more likely to use treatment (medication, inpatient, and outpatient care) for mental health problems compared with those with no CJ contact. However, there still remains a large unmet need. Overall, people with mental illness may be accessing mental health treatment through their involvement with the CJ system more broadly. There is the need for multiple societal institutions to work in tandem and communicate with vulnerable individuals who experience CJ contact to further assess appropriate assistance and mental health treatment.
MeSH term(s)	Criminal Law ; Humans ; Mental Disorders/epidemiology ; Mental Disorders/therapy ; Mental Health ; Prevalence ; Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology ; Substance-Related Disorders/therapy ; United States/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1142637-8
ISSN	1548-6869 ; 1049-2089
ISSN (online)	1548-6869
ISSN	1049-2089
DOI	10.1353/hpu.2021.0031
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Article ; Online: Barriers and facilitators to health during prison reentry to Miami, FL.

Mohammad, Sofia / Bahrani, Ahzin / Kim, Minji / Nowotny, Kathryn M

PloS one

2023 Volume 18, Issue 10, Page(s) e0285411

Abstract: Background: People face numerous barriers to reentry and community integration following incarceration, and these obstacles manifest themselves as barriers to economic stability, housing security, healthcare, community acceptance, and educational ... ...

Abstract	Background: People face numerous barriers to reentry and community integration following incarceration, and these obstacles manifest themselves as barriers to economic stability, housing security, healthcare, community acceptance, and educational attainment, ultimately leading to poor health. This study aims to understand healthcare needs of reentrants post release within the unique political and service context of Miami Dade County, FL, and seeks to uncover the structural facilitators and barriers to sustaining health during reentry. Methods: We report on a subset of data from a larger reentry asset mapping project. We conducted a qualitative thematic analysis based on 12 semi-structured interviews with community stakeholders, including reentrants who were released in the past year (n = 5) and with community providers who have provided support services to returning citizens for at least one year (n = 7). Narratives were coded through an iterative process using NVivo software and were analyzed using the general inductive approach. Results: Three themes emerged from the analysis: (1) social and structural barriers and facilitators to health during reentry, (2) challenges with medical care following release, and (3) long-term impacts of receiving poor healthcare in prison. Reentrants describe the carceral environment as non-conducive to health and cite an urgent need for systemic change within correctional institutions to promote their well-being. Respondents identified substance use disorder (SUD) treatment, trauma informed therapy, and chronic disease management as the primary healthcare needs of reentrants, and cite social support, stable housing, education, and employment as the key social and structural needs upon release. Conclusion: This study identifies prevalent resource gaps in Miami Dade County during reentry. Respondents advocate for more inclusive governmental housing programs, Medicaid expansion, and more holistic reentry programs to support reentrants. Understanding the barriers and facilitators to health during reentry can inform future interventions to better support reentrants in their transition post-incarceration.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Prisons ; Prisoners ; Health Services Accessibility ; Housing ; Employment
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0285411
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Article: Health care needs and service use among male prison inmates in the United States: A multi-level behavioral model of prison health service utilization.

Nowotny, Kathryn M

Health & justice

2017 Volume 5, Issue 1, Page(s) 9

Abstract: Background: The purpose of this study is to apply Andersen's Behavioral Model of Health Service Use to men's prisons to assess the direct and indirect effects of inmate predisposing characteristics through multiple types of need. Also examined are the ... ...

Abstract	Background: The purpose of this study is to apply Andersen's Behavioral Model of Health Service Use to men's prisons to assess the direct and indirect effects of inmate predisposing characteristics through multiple types of need. Also examined are the effects of prison-specific enabling factors and the variation in use of health services across prisons. This study uses a nationally representative U.S. sample of men incarcerated in state prisons (n = 8816) and generalized structural equation and multilevel modeling. Five types of need-medical condition, illness, dental problem, unintentional injury, and intentional injury-are assessed for their association with use of health services. Results: Findings indicate that a number of inmate predisposing (age, race, education) and vulnerability (mood/anxiety disorder,) characteristics are associated with use of health services but are partially mediated by enabling and need factors. Each type of medical need has strong direct effects with mood/anxiety disorder emerging as the strongest total effect (including both direct effects and indirect effects through need). There is significant variation in rates of health service utilization across prisons that is not accounted for by the prison-level factors included in the multilevel model. Conclusions: The varying patterns of health service use across prisons suggest that incarceration may be an important circumstance that shapes health. In other words, where someone is incarcerated may influence their ability to access and use services in response to medical need. It is important that prisons provide integrated services for inmates with mood/anxiety disorder given high comorbidity with other health conditions.
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-06-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2740401-8
ISSN	2194-7899
ISSN	2194-7899
DOI	10.1186/s40352-017-0052-3
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Article ; Online: Multiple Disadvantage and Social Networks: Toward an Integrated Theory of Health Care Use During Reentry From Criminal Justice Settings.

Timmer, Anastasiia / Johnson, Oshea D / Nowotny, Kathryn M

International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology

2022 , Page(s) 306624X221132989

Abstract: Research consistently finds the disproportionate negative health impact of the criminal justice system on racial and ethnic minorities. Yet less is known about the underlying mechanisms of health care utilization during community reintegration. We ... ...

Abstract	Research consistently finds the disproportionate negative health impact of the criminal justice system on racial and ethnic minorities. Yet less is known about the underlying mechanisms of health care utilization during community reintegration. We contribute to the literature theoretically by integrating two perspectives: network theory of social capital and multiple disadvantage hypothesis and providing a more nuanced explanation of health service use during reentry. We identify incarceration history as a unique disadvantaged status that precludes people from accessing social networks and social capital. We further elaborate on the phenomenon of racialized reentry and illustrate how multiple disadvantaged statuses are linked to social networks and health care.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-31
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	218274-9
ISSN	1552-6933 ; 0306-624X
ISSN (online)	1552-6933
ISSN	0306-624X
DOI	10.1177/0306624X221132989
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Article ; Online: Syndemic Profiles for HIV, Hepatitis C, and Sextually Transmitted Infections Among Mexican American Women Formerly Affiliated with Youth Street Gangs.

Nowotny, Kathryn M / Valdez, Avelardo / Cepeda, Alice

AIDS and behavior

2022 Volume 27, Issue 2, Page(s) 388–399

Abstract: We examine syndemic profiles of intimate partner violence, mental health, drug use, incarceration, and infectious diseases (HIV, HCV, and STIs) among a sample of adult Mexican American women who were affiliated with youth street gangs during adolescence ... ...

Abstract	We examine syndemic profiles of intimate partner violence, mental health, drug use, incarceration, and infectious diseases (HIV, HCV, and STIs) among a sample of adult Mexican American women who were affiliated with youth street gangs during adolescence through their relationships to boys and men. Latent class analysis included multiple factors along the following dimensions: intimate partner violence, drug use, mental illness, and incarceration. Five unique syndemic profiles were found with varying associations to HIV, HCV, and STI: (1) no syndemic, (2) intimate partner violence, no syndemic, (3) drug use, mental health, and incarceration syndemic, (4) intimate partner violence, drug use (without injection drug use), and mental health syndemic, and (5) intimate partner violence, drug use with injection drug use, mental health, and incarceration syndemic. To successfully prevent HIV, HCV, and STI among gang-involved girls and women, it is necessary to address syndemic factors.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Male ; Humans ; Female ; Adolescent ; HIV Infections/epidemiology ; Mexican Americans ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology ; Intimate Partner Violence ; Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology ; Hepatitis C/epidemiology ; Hepacivirus
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1339885-4
ISSN	1573-3254 ; 1090-7165
ISSN (online)	1573-3254
ISSN	1090-7165
DOI	10.1007/s10461-022-03773-8
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Article ; Online: Social Factors Related to the Utilization of Health Care Among Prison Inmates.

Nowotny, Kathryn M

Journal of correctional health care : the official journal of the National Commission on Correctional Health Care

2016 Volume 22, Issue 2, Page(s) 129–138

Abstract: This study examines the demographic and social factors related to health care utilization in prisons using the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities. The findings show that education and employment, strong predictors of health care in ... ...

Abstract	This study examines the demographic and social factors related to health care utilization in prisons using the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities. The findings show that education and employment, strong predictors of health care in the community, are not associated with health care in prisons. Although female inmates have a higher disease burden than male inmates, there are no sex differences in health care usage. The factors associated with health care, however, vary for women and men. Notably, Black men are significantly more likely to utilize health care compared to White and Latino men. The findings suggest that, given the constitutionally mandated health care for inmates, prisons can potentially minimize racial disparities in care and that prisons, in general, are an important context for health care delivery in the United States.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Female ; Health Services/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Male ; Prisoners/statistics & numerical data ; Prisons/statistics & numerical data ; Racial Groups/statistics & numerical data ; Sex Factors ; Socioeconomic Factors ; United States
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-03-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2233559-6
ISSN	1940-5200 ; 1078-3458
ISSN (online)	1940-5200
ISSN	1078-3458
DOI	10.1177/1078345816633701
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Article ; Online: The opioid epidemic among the Latino population in California.

Valdez, Avelardo / Cepeda, Alice / Frankeberger, Jessica / Nowotny, Kathryn M

Drug and alcohol dependence reports

2022 Volume 2, Page(s) 100029

Abstract: Background: The opioid epidemic in the United States has manifested differently across geographic regions and populations, with recent increases among racial/ethnic minorities and in the Western region of the U.S. This study provides an overview of the ... ...

Abstract	Background: The opioid epidemic in the United States has manifested differently across geographic regions and populations, with recent increases among racial/ethnic minorities and in the Western region of the U.S. This study provides an overview of the opioid overdose epidemic among Latinos in California and highlights high-risk areas in the state. Methods: Using publicly available data from California, we examined trends in opioid-related deaths (e.g., overdose) and opioid-related emergency department (ED) visits among Latinos at the county-level, as well as changes in opioid outcomes overtime. Results: Opioid-related death rates among Latinos (mostly Mexican-origin) in California remained relatively stable from 2006-2016, but started to increase in 2017 peaking at an age-adjusted opioid mortality rate of 5.4 deaths per 100,000 Latino residents in 2019. Prescription opioid-related deaths, compared to heroin and fentanyl, have remained the highest over time. However, fentanyl-related deaths began to increase dramatically in 2015. Lassen, Lake, and San Francisco counties had the highest 2019 opioid-related death rates among Latinos. Opioid-related ED visits among Latinos have steadily increased since 2006 with a sharp increase in rates in 2019. San Francisco, Amador, and Imperial counties had the highest 2019 rates of ED visits. Conclusions: Latinos are facing detrimental consequences associated with recent increasing trends in opioid overdoses. The identified high-risk counties may have vulnerable sub-populations of Latinos, such as those in northern rural regions, that have gone underrepresented in conventional surveillance health databases. Time sensitive policies and interventions are needed to curtail health consequences especially among "hidden" Latino populations.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-02
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2772-7246
ISSN (online)	2772-7246
DOI	10.1016/j.dadr.2022.100029
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Article ; Online: Age and COVID-19 mortality in the United States: a comparison of the prison and general population.

Nowotny, Kathryn / Metheny, Hannah / LeMasters, Katherine / Brinkley-Rubinstein, Lauren

International journal of prisoner health

2022

Abstract: Purpose: The USA has a rapidly aging prison population that, combined with their poorer health and living conditions, is at extreme risk for COVID-19. The purpose of this paper is to compare COVID-19 mortality trends in the US prison population and the ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: The USA has a rapidly aging prison population that, combined with their poorer health and living conditions, is at extreme risk for COVID-19. The purpose of this paper is to compare COVID-19 mortality trends in the US prison population and the general population to see how mortality risk changed over the course of the pandemic. The authors first provide a national overview of trends in COVID-19 mortality; then, the authors assess COVID-19 deaths among older populations using more detailed data from one US state. Design/methodology/approach: The authors used multiple publicly available data sets (e.g. Centers for Disease Control and prevention, COVID Prison Project) and indirect and direct standardization to estimate standardized mortality rates covering the period from April 2020 to June 2021 for the US and for the State of Texas. Findings: While 921 COVID-19-related deaths among people in US prisons were expected as of June 5, 2021, 2,664 were observed, corresponding to a standardized mortality ratio of 2.89 (95%CI 2.78, 3.00). The observed number of COVID-19-related deaths exceeded the expected number of COVID-19-related deaths among people in prison for most of the pandemic, with a substantially widening gap leading to a plateau about four weeks after the COVID-19 vaccine was introduced in the USA. In the state population, the older population in prison is dying at younger ages compared with the general population, with the highest percentage of deaths among people aged 50-64 years. Research limitations/implications: People who are incarcerated are dying of COVID-19 at a rate that far outpaces the general population and are dying at younger ages. Originality/value: This descriptive analysis serves as a first step in understanding the dynamic trends in COVID-19 mortality and the association between age and COVID-19 death in US prisons.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; United States/epidemiology ; COVID-19 ; Prisons ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Aging ; Prisoners
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2220160-9
ISSN	1744-9219 ; 1744-9200
ISSN (online)	1744-9219
ISSN	1744-9200
DOI	10.1108/IJPH-08-2021-0069
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Article ; Online: Risk of COVID-19 infection among prison staff in the United States.

Nowotny, Kathryn M / Seide, Kapriske / Brinkley-Rubinstein, Lauren

BMC public health

2021 Volume 21, Issue 1, Page(s) 1036

Abstract: Background: Multiple large outbreaks of COVID-19 have been documented in prisons and jails across regions of the world, with hazardous environmental conditions amplify the risks of exposure for both incarcerated people and correctional staff. The ... ...

Abstract	Background: Multiple large outbreaks of COVID-19 have been documented in prisons and jails across regions of the world, with hazardous environmental conditions amplify the risks of exposure for both incarcerated people and correctional staff. The objectives of this study are to estimate the cumulative prevalence of COVID-19 cases among U.S. prison staff over time and compare it to the prison inmate population and the general U.S. population, overall, and to examine risk of COVID-19 infection among prison staff across jurisdictions. Methods: We use publicly available data (April 22, 2020 to January 15, 2021) to estimate COVID-19 crude case rates per 1000 with 95% confidence intervals over the study period for prison staff, incarcerated population, and general population. We also compare COVID-19 case rates between prison staff and the general population within jurisdictions. Results: Over the study period, prison staff have reported consistently higher rates of COVID-19 compared to the general population, with prison staff case rates more closely mirroring the incarcerated population case rates. The rolling 7-day average case rates for prison staff, prison population, and general population on January 15, 2021 were 196.04 per 1000 (95%CI 194.81, 197.26), 219.16 (95%CI 218.45, 219.86), and 69.80 (95%CI 69.78, 69.83), respectively. There was substantial heterogeneity across jurisdictions, yet in 87% of study jurisdictions, the risk of COVID-19 was significantly greater among prison staff than the general state population. Conclusions: Targeting staff for COVID-19 mitigation strategies is essential to protect the health of people who intersect with the correctional system and to flatten the curve in the surrounding communities.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; Prisoners ; Prisons ; SARS-CoV-2 ; United States/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2041338-5
ISSN	1471-2458 ; 1471-2458
ISSN (online)	1471-2458
ISSN	1471-2458
DOI	10.1186/s12889-021-11077-0
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