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Article ; Online: The Ebola outbreak in West Africa: a story of related public health challenges and a pointer to solutions to mitigate the inevitable next outbreak.

Nsubuga, Peter

2014 Volume 19, Page(s) 48

MeSH term(s)	Africa, Western/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Ebolavirus/isolation & purification ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/epidemiology ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/prevention & control ; Humans ; Public Health
Language	English
Publishing date	2014
Publishing country	Uganda
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	2514347-5
ISSN	1937-8688 ; 1937-8688
ISSN (online)	1937-8688
ISSN	1937-8688
DOI	10.11604/pamj.2014.19.48.5336
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Article ; Online: Accelerating HIV and AIDS services delivery in Kigoma region, Tanzania.

Hiliza, Jairos / Ndizeimana, Ernest / William, Hosea / Lebba, Jesca / Musanhu, Christine / Nsubuga, Peter / Zablon, Yoti

The Pan African medical journal

2023 Volume 45, Issue Suppl 1, Page(s) 9

Abstract: Introduction: Tanzania Commission for AIDS and UNAIDS reports 1.7 million Tanzanians are HIV-positive. The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS set 95%, 95% 95% targets to be achieved by 2025. An assessment was done to understand the region's ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Tanzania Commission for AIDS and UNAIDS reports 1.7 million Tanzanians are HIV-positive. The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS set 95%, 95% 95% targets to be achieved by 2025. An assessment was done to understand the region's position, which found the underperformance of critical HIV and AIDS indicators. This prompted the region to accelerate HIV interventions by providing frontline healthcare providers with skills and knowledge, essential equipment, and other infrastructure, after which the assessment of the indicators was conducted to document the outcome of interventions. Methods: we conducted a descriptive study in Kigoma region in June 2022 by comparing HIV and AIDS indicators performance in the pre-intervention and post interventions arms. High-volume CTCs were purposefully selected. We used a pre-tested checklist to assess new HIV-positive on antiretroviral (ARV), pregnant women living with HIV on ARV, and people living with HIV offered multi-month dispensing. We further assessed HIV viral load (HVL) specimen collection, HIV suppression status, and HVL test results turnaround time. We cleaned the information using an MS Excel sheet and tabulated results using STATA software version 13. Results: we assessed 27 care and clinics. The proportion gain in the index client elicitation was 13%. Sexual partners mentioned during index client elicitation had an increase of 145 individuals. The yield among consented sexual partners gained by 14%. The ARV initiation among new HIV -positive and pregnant women living with HIV gained a proportion of 2%. Multi-month dispencing was found to have an 8% increase. The turnaround time for HVL test results decreased by 21 days, and the viral load suppression status increased by 4%. Conclusion: the assessment demonstrated the accelerated HIV and AIDS service delivery due to implementing a comprehensive package of HIV and AIDS management. We recommend in-service capacity building regarding training, basic equipment, and infrastructure.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Female ; Pregnancy ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy ; HIV Infections/drug therapy ; Tanzania ; Sexual Partners ; Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use
Chemical Substances	Anti-Retroviral Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-10
Publishing country	Uganda
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2514347-5
ISSN	1937-8688 ; 1937-8688
ISSN (online)	1937-8688
ISSN	1937-8688
DOI	10.11604/pamj.supp.2023.45.1.39597
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Article ; Online: Low engagement of key populations in HIV health services in Tanzania: analysis of community, legal and policy factors.

Kigombola, Andrew / Lyimo, Johnson / Mizinduko, Mucho / Mkembela, Deogratias / Maziku, Evelyne / Kafura, William / Maghimbi, Abubakar / Musanhu, Christine / Nsubuga, Peter / Yoti, Zablon

The Pan African medical journal

2023 Volume 45, Issue Suppl 1, Page(s) 8

Abstract: Introduction: key populations (KP) often face legal and social challenges that increase their vulnerability to HIV. These experiences include criminalization, higher levels of stigma and discrimination which negatively affect access to HIV services. ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: key populations (KP) often face legal and social challenges that increase their vulnerability to HIV. These experiences include criminalization, higher levels of stigma and discrimination which negatively affect access to HIV services. This study aims to understand legal, community and policy factors affecting engagement of KP in HIV health interventions. Methods: qualitative research key populations design involving a desk review and stakeholder's engagement. We reviewed program data from NACP on how KP access health services and then conducted three stakeholders' engagement meetings. Factors affecting access to health services by KP were documented. Data were organized using socio-ecological model (SEM). Results: program data showed only 49% of the estimated KP accessed health services. Barriers to accessing health services at the interpersonal level included lack of social support and high-risk networks linked with risk behaviours. At the community, stigma and discrimination, limited engagement of influential leaders were noted. In health facilities, lack of trained staff to provide KP friendly services affected utilization of health services. At structural level, despite improvements, still various laws negated engagement of KP such criminalizing drug use, same sex, and sex work. Harassments and arrests further marginalize KP and makes access to health intervention harder. Conclusion: engagement of key population into HIV health interventions was limited at multiple levels. The study recommends building capacity on KP friendly services for communities, law enforcement and health care providers, further engagement of communities including religious leaders on KP issues and implementing differentiated service delivery models for KP.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; HIV Infections/therapy ; HIV Infections/epidemiology ; Tanzania ; Health Services Accessibility ; Health Services ; Social Stigma ; Policy
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-20
Publishing country	Uganda
Document type	Review ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2514347-5
ISSN	1937-8688 ; 1937-8688
ISSN (online)	1937-8688
ISSN	1937-8688
DOI	10.11604/pamj.supp.2023.45.1.39591
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Article ; Online: Descriptive epidemiology of poliomyelitis cases due to wild poliovirus type 1 and wild poliovirus type 3 in Nigeria, 2000-2020.

Bammeke, Philip / Adamu, Usman Said / Bolu, Omotayo / Waziri, Ndadilnasiya / Erberto, Tesfaye / Aregay, Aron / Nsubuga, Peter / Wiesen, Eric / Shuaib, Faisal

The Pan African medical journal

2023 Volume 45, Issue Suppl 2, Page(s) 4

Abstract: Introduction: in August 2020, the World Health Organization African Region was certified free of wild poliovirus (WPV) when Nigeria became the last African country to interrupt wild poliovirus transmission. The National Polio Emergency Operations Center ...

Abstract	Introduction: in August 2020, the World Health Organization African Region was certified free of wild poliovirus (WPV) when Nigeria became the last African country to interrupt wild poliovirus transmission. The National Polio Emergency Operations Center instituted in 2012 to coordinate and manage Nigerian polio eradication efforts reviewed the epidemiology of WPV cases during 2000-2020 to document lessons learned. Methods: we analyzed reported WPV cases by serotype based on age, oral poliovirus vaccine immunization history, month and year of reported cases, and annual geographic distribution based on incidence rates at the Local Government Area level. The observed trends of cases were related to major events and the poliovirus vaccines used during mass vaccination campaigns within the analysis period. Results: a total of 3,579 WPV type 1 and 1,548 WPV type 3 laboratory-confirmed cases were reported with onset during 2000-2020. The highest WPV incidence rates per 100,000 population in Local Government Areas were 19.4, 12.0, and 11.3, all in 2006. Wild poliovirus cases were reported each year during 2000-2014; the endemic transmission went undetected throughout 2015 until the last cases in 2016. Ten events/milestones were highlighted, including insurgency in the northeast which led to a setback in 2016 with four cases from children previously trapped in security-compromised areas. Conclusion: Nigeria interrupted WPV transmission despite the challenges faced because of the emergency management approach, implementation of mass vaccination campaigns, the commitment of the government agencies, support from global polio partners, and special strategies deployed to conduct vaccination and surveillance in the security-compromised areas.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Humans ; Poliovirus ; Nigeria/epidemiology ; Population Surveillance ; Poliomyelitis/epidemiology ; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control ; Poliovirus Vaccines ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral ; Immunization Programs ; Disease Eradication
Chemical Substances	Poliovirus Vaccines ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-14
Publishing country	Uganda
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2514347-5
ISSN	1937-8688 ; 1937-8688
ISSN (online)	1937-8688
ISSN	1937-8688
DOI	10.11604/pamj.supp.2023.45.2.38079
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Article ; Online: The challenges of getting the research published when English is not the first language: the example of Mozambique Field Epidemiology Training Program.

Baltazar, Cynthia Semá / Wheatley, Caroline / Nsubuga, Peter

The Pan African medical journal

2019 Volume 33, Page(s) 208

Abstract: The Mozambican Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program (Moz-FELTP) is a two-year, competency-based post-graduate training and service program designed to build sustainable public health capacity in applied epidemiology. Despite the efforts, ... ...

Abstract	The Mozambican Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program (Moz-FELTP) is a two-year, competency-based post-graduate training and service program designed to build sustainable public health capacity in applied epidemiology. Despite the efforts, Moz-FELTP residents have historically difficulty to publishing their work for a variety of reasons that includes language barriers, lack of writing skills and motivation, limited budgetary support and lack of effective mentorship. This outline the need for different approaches to continuous improving the publication, such scientific writing mentorship for non-English FELTP residents.
MeSH term(s)	Competency-Based Education ; Epidemiology/education ; Humans ; Laboratories ; Language ; Mentors ; Mozambique ; Periodicals as Topic/statistics & numerical data ; Public Health ; Publishing/statistics & numerical data ; Research/education
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-07-16
Publishing country	Uganda
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2514347-5
ISSN	1937-8688 ; 1937-8688
ISSN (online)	1937-8688
ISSN	1937-8688
DOI	10.11604/pamj.2019.33.208.18766
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Article ; Online: Potential for improving routine immunisation waste management using measles vaccination campaign 2017 in Kebbi State, Nigeria.

Oteri, Joseph / Bawa, Samuel / Christopher, Ezenwanne / Nsubuga, Peter / Dieng, Boubacar / Braka, Fiona / Shuaib, Faisal

Vaccine

2021 Volume 39 Suppl 3, Page(s) C60–C65

Abstract: Background: Immunisation activities generate sharps and infectious non-sharp waste that have harmful impact on the community and health care workers if disposed of improperly, leading to carbon mono oxide (CO) emissions which contribute to global ... ...

Abstract	Background: Immunisation activities generate sharps and infectious non-sharp waste that have harmful impact on the community and health care workers if disposed of improperly, leading to carbon mono oxide (CO) emissions which contribute to global warming. Health care waste is not effectively managed, especially in some developing countries. However, measles supplemental immunisation activities (SIAs) are used to strengthen routine immunisation system, including waste management. The waste management planning provides an opportunity to build capacity, mobilize resources and strengthen structures to ensure continual disposal of routine immunisation waste. Methods: We reviewed the Kebbi State and LGA routine immunisation waste management situation and identified existing gaps; developed and implemented the plan for waste management, including strengthening routine immunisation waste management. The process included, reactivation of measles technical coordination committee, mobilizing resources for funding, and sustenance of immunisation waste management. The health care workforce was trained in safe immunisation waste disposal practices. Results: Immunisation waste management committee and the structure was established and strengthened at the state and LGA levels and a total cost of 11,710.70 USD was expended on injection waste management, with an average cost per injection of 0.01 USD. A total of 11,829 safety boxes were incinerated in the state, including those generated from routine immunisation sessions. Twenty-one Local Immunisation Officers, 1097 and 2192 team supervisors and healthcare worker vaccinators respectively were trained on immunisation waste disposal. Conclusion: Immunisation waste management strategies protect healthcare workers and reduce the adverse impact on the environment. Improving key areas such as human and financial resources ensures accountability towards sustainable healthcare waste management.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Immunization ; Immunization Programs ; Measles/prevention & control ; Nigeria ; Vaccination ; Waste Management
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-12
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	605674-x
ISSN	1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
ISSN (online)	1873-2518
ISSN	0264-410X
DOI	10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.060
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Article ; Online: Process of developing Country Cooperation Strategy in Tanzania, as an effective tool for aligning WHO's support to the member state in achieving health and health-related sustainable development goal.

Tegegne, Sisay Gashu / Mengestu, Tigest Ketsela / Francisco, Katayama / Bollars, Caroline / Kapanga, Happy / Galbert, Fedjo Tefoyet / Andemichael, Ghirmay / Musanhu, Christine / Maxmillan, Mapunda / Neema, Kileo / Saguti, Grace / Phyllis, Jiri / Nsubuga, Peter / Zablon, Yoti

The Pan African medical journal

2023 Volume 45, Issue Suppl 1, Page(s) 2

Abstract: Introduction: an organization's long-term success and relevance are linked with compelling strategic development. To that end, the country office of WHO in the United Republic of Tanzania, in collaboration with stakeholders, developed a 6-year Country ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: an organization's long-term success and relevance are linked with compelling strategic development. To that end, the country office of WHO in the United Republic of Tanzania, in collaboration with stakeholders, developed a 6-year Country Cooperation Strategy (CCS), 2022-2027. This paper describes the various steps taken in developing the CCS for the United Republic of Tanzania. Methods: we reviewed the global guideline for the development of CCS. In addition, we analysed documents on the national health sector strategic plan, the 13th Global Program of Work for WHO (GPW13), and the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG). We also reviewed data from routine HMIS, the Global Burden of Disease (GBD), and assessment results of the UN on the status of SDGs through the Common Country Assessment (CCA). Results: the performance on the overall Universal Health Coverage (UHC) effective coverage index, on a scale of 0-100, for Tanzania improved from 45.2 in 2010 to 55.2 in 2019. Strengthening health systems, protecting communities against public health emergencies, reducing or controlling exposure of individuals to risk factors, and better health governance, leadership, and accountability were the identified priorities for the CCS. Conclusion: the process of alignment of the CCS document with the national and global strategic goals would help the WHO to support and lead the country's effort towards achieving health-related SDGs. We believe the process we employed will lead to having detailed operational plans for implementation for achieving SDG targets. Keywords: Country cooperation strategy (CCS), sustainable development goal (SDG), strategic document, 13th global program of work (GPW13), health sector strategy, stakeholders, Tanzania.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Sustainable Development ; Tanzania ; Global Health ; Developing Countries ; World Health Organization
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-07
Publishing country	Uganda
Document type	Review ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2514347-5
ISSN	1937-8688 ; 1937-8688
ISSN (online)	1937-8688
ISSN	1937-8688
DOI	10.11604/pamj.supp.2023.45.1.39584
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Article ; Online: Experience and findings from surveillance peer review in Nigeria, August 2017-May 2019.

Hamisu, Abdullahi Walla / Etapelong, Sume Gerald / Ayodeji, Isiaka / Richard, Banda / Fiona, Braka / Gidado, Saheed / Abbott, Samuel Luka / Edukugho, Aboyowa Arayuwa / Bolu, Omotayo / Adeyelu, Asekun / Mawashi, Kabir Yusuf / Adamu, Usman Said / Nsubuga, Peter / Shuaib, Faisal

The Pan African medical journal

2023 Volume 45, Issue Suppl 2, Page(s) 9

Abstract: Introduction: acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance is the gold standard of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) for detecting cases of poliomyelitis and tracking poliovirus transmission. Nigeria's AFP surveillance performance indicators ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance is the gold standard of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) for detecting cases of poliomyelitis and tracking poliovirus transmission. Nigeria's AFP surveillance performance indicators are among the highest in countries of the World Health Organization (WHO) African Region. The primary AFP surveillance performance indicators are the rate of non-polio AFP among children and the proportion of timely, adequate specimen collection. The surveillance working group of the National Emergency Operations Centre assessed the quality of AFP surveillance data in some reportedly high-performing states. Methods: we conducted a retrospective review of AFP surveillance performance indicators in Nigeria for 2010-2019. We also reviewed data in reports from four groups of surveillance peer reviews and validation visits (conducted by in-country GPEI partners) during August 2017-May 2019 in 16 states with high primary AFP surveillance indicators; the validation visits reviewed clinical information and the dates of specimen collection and onset of paralysis with caretakers. Results: there were consistently increasing AFP surveillance primary performance indicators during 2010-2016, followed by declines during 2017-2019. From the data for 16 states with peer reviews conducted from August 2017-May 2019, overall concordance of reported and "true" (validated) AFP indicator data in peer review investigations was highly variable. True AFP concordance ranged from 58%-100%, and stool timeliness concordance ranged from 56%-95%. The most common clinical causes of reported AFP cases that were not true AFP were spastic paralysis, malaria, sickle cell disease, and malnutrition. All the states that participated in peer reviews developed surveillance improvement plans based on the gaps identified. Conclusion: Nigeria has highly sensitive AFP surveillance according to reported primary AFP performance indicators. The findings of peer reviews indicate that the AFP surveillance system needs to be strengthened and well-supervised to enhance data quality.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Humans ; Nigeria/epidemiology ; alpha-Fetoproteins ; Population Surveillance ; Poliomyelitis/epidemiology ; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control ; Poliomyelitis/diagnosis ; Poliovirus ; Paralysis/epidemiology
Chemical Substances	alpha-Fetoproteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-24
Publishing country	Uganda
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2514347-5
ISSN	1937-8688 ; 1937-8688
ISSN (online)	1937-8688
ISSN	1937-8688
DOI	10.11604/pamj.supp.2023.45.2.39450
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Deployment of novel oral polio vaccine type 2 under emergency use listing in Nigeria: the rollout experience.

Asekun, Adeyelu / Nkwogu, Loveday / Bawa, Samuel / Usman, Samuel / Edukugho, Aboyowa / Ocheh, James / Banda, Richard / Nganda, Gatei Wa / Nsubuga, Peter / Archer, Roodly / Nebechukwu, Tonia / Mohammed, Aminu / Shuaib, Faisal / Bolu, Omotayo / Adamu, Usman

The Pan African medical journal

2023 Volume 45, Issue Suppl 2, Page(s) 3

Abstract: In 2011, a dedicated consortium of experts commenced work on the development of the novel oral poliovirus vaccine type 2 (nOPV2). After careful and rigorous analysis of data to enable early, targeted use of the vaccine, World Health Organization´s (WHO´s) ...

Abstract	In 2011, a dedicated consortium of experts commenced work on the development of the novel oral poliovirus vaccine type 2 (nOPV2). After careful and rigorous analysis of data to enable early, targeted use of the vaccine, World Health Organization´s (WHO´s) Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) reviewed data from accelerated clinical development of nOPV2 and endorsed entering assessment under WHO´s Emergency Use Listing (EUL) procedure. In November 2020, nOPV2 received an interim recommendation for use under EUL to enable rapid field availability and potential wider rollout of the vaccine. In December 2020, Nigeria initiated preparation to meet all criteria for initial use of nOPV2 in the country and the documentation process to verify meeting them. The process entailed addressing the status of meeting 25 readiness criteria in nine categories for nOPV2 use in Nigeria for response efforts to ongoing cVDPV2 outbreaks. During January-February 2021, Nigeria submitted the required documentation for all required indicators for nOPV2 initial use. In February 2021, the country obtained approval from the GPEI nOPV2 Readiness Verification Team to introduce nOPV2 and in March 2021, rolled out the novel vaccine in mass vaccination campaigns for outbreak response in Bayelsa, Delta, Niger, Sokoto and Zamfara states, and one area council in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). The lessons learned from this rollout experience in Nigeria are being applied as the country streamlines and strengthens the nOPV2 rollout process across the remaining states.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral ; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control ; Poliomyelitis/epidemiology ; Nigeria/epidemiology ; Poliovirus ; Global Health ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control
Chemical Substances	Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-13
Publishing country	Uganda
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2514347-5
ISSN	1937-8688 ; 1937-8688
ISSN (online)	1937-8688
ISSN	1937-8688
DOI	10.11604/pamj.supp.2023.45.2.38033
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Article ; Online: Assessment of open data kit mobile technology adoption to enhance reporting of supportive supervision conducted for oral poliovirus vaccine supplementary immunization activities in Nigeria, March 2017-February 2020.

Bammeke, Philip / Erbeto, Tesfaye / Aregay, Aron / Kamran, Zabihullah / Adamu, Usman Said / Damisa, Eunice / Usifoh, Nnamdi / Nsubuga, Peter / Waziri, Ndadilnasiya / Bolu, Omotayo / Dagoe, Edward / Shuaib, Faisal

The Pan African medical journal

2023 Volume 45, Issue Suppl 2, Page(s) 5

Abstract: Introduction: in Nigeria, supportive supervision of Supplementary Immunization Activities (SIA) is a quality improvement strategy for providing support to vaccination teams administering the poliovirus vaccines to children under 5 years of age. ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: in Nigeria, supportive supervision of Supplementary Immunization Activities (SIA) is a quality improvement strategy for providing support to vaccination teams administering the poliovirus vaccines to children under 5 years of age. Supervision activities were initially reported in paper forms. This had significant limitations, which led to Open Data Kit (ODK) technology being adopted in March 2017. A review was conducted to assess the impact of ODK for supervision reporting in place of paper forms. Methods: issues with paper-based reporting and the benefits of ODK were recounted. We determined the average utilization of ODK per polio SIA rounds and assessed the supervision coverage over time based on the proportion of local government areas with ODK geolocation data per round. Results: a total of 17 problematic issues were identified with paper-based reporting, and ODK addressed all the issues. Open Data Kit-based supervision reports increased from 3,125 in March 2017 to 51,060 in February 2020. Average ODK submissions for national rounds increased from 84 in March 2017 to 459 in February 2020 and for sub-national rounds increased from 533 in July 2017 to 1,596 in October 2019. Supportive supervision coverage improved from 42.5% in March 2017 to 97% in February 2020. Conclusion: the use of digital technologies in public health has comparative advantages over paper forms, and the adoption of ODK for supervision reporting during polio SIAs in Nigeria experienced the advantages. The visibility and coverage of supportive supervision improved, consequentially contributing to the improved quality of polio SIAs.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Humans ; Child, Preschool ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral ; Nigeria ; Vaccination ; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control ; Digital Technology ; Immunization Programs ; Poliovirus
Chemical Substances	Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-14
Publishing country	Uganda
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2514347-5
ISSN	1937-8688 ; 1937-8688
ISSN (online)	1937-8688
ISSN	1937-8688
DOI	10.11604/pamj.supp.2023.45.2.38140
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