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  1. Article ; Online: Accuracy and stability of accommodation and vergence responses during sustained near tasks in uncorrected hyperopes.

    Ntodie, Michael / Saunders, Kathryn / Little, Julie-Anne

    Scientific reports

    2023  Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 14389

    Abstract: This study investigated the accuracy and stability of accommodative and vergence functions in children with and without hyperopia while engaged in two sustained near tasks. The sustained accommodative and vergence characteristics of participants without ... ...

    Abstract This study investigated the accuracy and stability of accommodative and vergence functions in children with and without hyperopia while engaged in two sustained near tasks. The sustained accommodative and vergence characteristics of participants without refractive correction (n = 92, aged 5-10 years) with and without hyperopia (defined as cycloplegic retinoscopy ≥  + 1.00D and less than + 5.00D) were measured using eccentric infrared photorefraction (PowerRef 3; PlusOptix, Germany). Binocular measures of accommodation and eye position were recorded while participants engaged in 2 tasks at 25 cm for 15 min each: (1) reading small print on an Amazon Kindle and (2) watching an animated movie on liquid crystal display screen. Comprehensive visual assessment, including measurement of presenting visual acuity, amplitude of accommodation, and stereoacuity was conducted. The magnitude of accommodative and vergence responses was not related to refractive error (P > 0.05). However, there were inter-task differences in the accuracy and stability of the accommodative responses across refractive groups (P < 0.05). The relationship between accommodation and vergence was not significant in both tasks (P > 0.05). However, increased accommodative and vergence instabilities were associated with total accommodative response (P < 0.05). Despite having greater accommodative demand, uncorrected hyperopes accommodate comparably to emmetropic controls. However, uncorrected hyperopes have increased instabilities in their accommodative and vergence responses, which may adversely impact their visual experience.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Accommodation, Ocular ; Refractive Errors ; Refraction, Ocular ; Visual Acuity
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-01
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-023-41244-9
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  2. Article ; Online: Correction of Low-Moderate Hyperopia Improves Accommodative Function for Some Hyperopic Children During Sustained Near Work.

    Ntodie, Michael / Saunders, Kathryn J / Little, Julie-Anne

    Investigative ophthalmology & visual science

    2021  Volume 62, Issue 4, Page(s) 6

    Abstract: Purpose: This study investigated whether refractive correction improved accommodative function of hyperopic children while engaged in two sustained near activities.: Methods: Sustained accommodative function of 63 participants (aged 5-10 years) with ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: This study investigated whether refractive correction improved accommodative function of hyperopic children while engaged in two sustained near activities.
    Methods: Sustained accommodative function of 63 participants (aged 5-10 years) with varying levels of uncorrected hyperopia (>/= +1.00 D and < + 5.00 D spherical equivalent in the least hyperopic eye) was measured using eccentric infrared photorefraction (PowerRef 3; PlusOptix, Germany). Binocular accommodation measures were recorded while participants engaged in 2 tasks at 25 cm for 15 minutes each: an "active" task (reading small print on an Amazon Kindle), and a "passive" task (watching an animated movie on liquid crystal display [LCD] screen). Participants also underwent a comprehensive visual assessment, including measurement of presenting visual acuity, prism cover test, and stereoacuity. Reading speed was assessed with and without hyperopic correction. Refractive error was determined by cycloplegic retinoscopy.
    Results: Hyperopic refractive correction significantly improved accuracy of accommodative responses in both task (pairwise comparisons: t = -3.70, P = 0.001, and t = -4.93, P < 0.001 for reading and movie tasks, respectively). Accommodative microfluctuations increased with refractive correction in the reading task (F(1,61) = 25.77, P < 0.001) but decreased in the movie task (F(1,59) = 4.44, P = 0.04). Reading speed also significantly increased with refractive correction (F(1,48) = 66.32, P < 0.001).
    Conclusions: Correcting low-moderate levels of hyperopia has a positive impact on accommodative performance during sustained near activity in some schoolchildren. For these children, prescribing hyperopic correction may benefit performance in near vision tasks.
    MeSH term(s) Accommodation, Ocular/physiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Emmetropia ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperopia/diagnosis ; Hyperopia/physiopathology ; Hyperopia/therapy ; Male ; Reading ; Refraction, Ocular/physiology ; Retinoscopy ; Vision, Binocular/physiology ; Visual Acuity
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Multicenter Study ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 391794-0
    ISSN 1552-5783 ; 0146-0404
    ISSN (online) 1552-5783
    ISSN 0146-0404
    DOI 10.1167/iovs.62.4.6
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  3. Article ; Online: Associations between personality traits and adherence to treatment in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma in an African population.

    Abu, Emmanuel K / Antiri, Ebenezer O / Ocansey, Stephen / Ntodie, Michael / Abokyi, Samuel / Abraham, Carl Halladay

    Clinical & experimental optometry

    2022  Volume 106, Issue 5, Page(s) 509–515

    Abstract: Clinical relevance: Inclusion of personality profile assessment and appropriate psychotherapeutic regimen in glaucoma diagnosis and management protocols could prove useful for enhanced medication adherence in patients living with glaucoma.: Background! ...

    Abstract Clinical relevance: Inclusion of personality profile assessment and appropriate psychotherapeutic regimen in glaucoma diagnosis and management protocols could prove useful for enhanced medication adherence in patients living with glaucoma.
    Background: There is poor adherence to medication among patients with glaucoma, especially in people of African ancestry. The present study assessed the influence of personality traits on adherence to glaucoma medication among patients living with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) from an African population.
    Methods: A clinic-based cross-sectional study was conducted among patients with POAG attending a specialist eye-care facility. Adapted and validated questionnaires for personality trait (The Big Five Inventory) and medication adherence (Medication Adherence Report Scale 5) were used.
    Results: Self-reported adherence to glaucoma medication was 60.8%. The personality traits conscientiousness and agreeableness significantly predicted medication adherence but accounted for only 30.3% and 13.3% of the variance, respectively. Non-adherence to glaucoma medication was significantly predicted by the personality profiles neuroticism, extraversion and openness which, respectively, accounted for 61.7%, 20.3% and 13.3% of the variance in the personality trait assessment. Old age and longer use of glaucoma medications were also significantly associated with non-adherence to glaucoma medication.
    Conclusions: Personality trait dimensions were significantly associated with glaucoma medication adherence in this at-risk population.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle/drug therapy ; Personality ; Medication Adherence ; Personality Inventory
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-29
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 639275-1
    ISSN 1444-0938 ; 0816-4622
    ISSN (online) 1444-0938
    ISSN 0816-4622
    DOI 10.1080/08164622.2022.2075253
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  4. Article ; Online: Differential effect of maximal incremental treadmill exercise on tear secretion and tear film stability in athletes and non-athletes.

    Abokyi, Samuel / Mensah, Sekyere Nyamaah / Otchere, Heinz / Akoto, Yaw Osei / Ntodie, Michael

    Experimental eye research

    2021  Volume 214, Page(s) 108865

    Abstract: The study investigated the differential response to a single bout of maximal incremental treadmill exercise between athletes and non-athletes without dry eyes regarding tear secretion, tear film stability, visual acuity (VA), and stereoacuity. ... ...

    Abstract The study investigated the differential response to a single bout of maximal incremental treadmill exercise between athletes and non-athletes without dry eyes regarding tear secretion, tear film stability, visual acuity (VA), and stereoacuity. Additionally, the study examined the effect of gender and the duration of exercise on exercise-induced changes. Study participants included young university students aged 18-25 years who were athletes (male/female: 13/13) or non-athletes (male/female: 17/9). Participants underwent an aerobic exercise session using a treadmill and following the laid down Bruce treadmill test protocol till exhaustion. Measurements were taken in the order of distance VA, stereopsis, non-invasive tear break-up time (TBUT), and phenol red thread test, at baseline and after the exercise regimen. Within- and between-subject analyses using multiple t-tests with correction for multiple comparisons were performed to determine differences before and after exercise in athletes and non-athletes. Subsequently, ANCOVA was used to assess the influence of gender and the duration of exercise. The mean age (SD) of the athletes and the non-athletes was 22.4 ± 2.1 years and 21.8 ± 2.1 years, respectively (p = 0.357). Before exercise, the athletes had higher TBUT than non-athletes (14.6 ± 2.9 s vs. 11.9 ± 3.8 s; p = 0.021), but no difference was observed in any other ocular measurements. After exercise, the athletes showed significant improvement in tear secretion with the basal tear secretion increasing from 22.3 ± 2.5 mm to 25.8 ± 1.7 mm (p < 0.001). The non-athletes on the other hand had a borderline increase in tear secretion from 21.42 ± 2.85 mm to 23.73 ± 2.68 mm (p = 0.08). Also, the TBUT was much improved in the athletes after exercise compared to the non-athletes (17.7 ± 2.7 s vs. 14.8 ± 2.9 s, p = 0.004). Additionally, exercise improved the VA indifferently between the groups, while stereoacuity was unchanged after exercise in either group. Gender had no influence on the differences in the tear function measures between athletes and non-athletes after exercise. The duration of exercise, however, showed a borderline effect on the tear film stability (p = 0.068) after exercise. Our findings support the differential effect of maximal incremental treadmill exercise on tear secretion and tear film stability between athletes and non-athletes. Thus, increased physical fitness and the duration of exercise might be crucial in the improvement of tear function through aerobic exercise.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Athletes ; Depth Perception/physiology ; Dry Eye Syndromes/physiopathology ; Exercise/physiology ; Exercise Test ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Sex Factors ; Tears/physiology ; Visual Acuity/physiology ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-11-27
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 80122-7
    ISSN 1096-0007 ; 0014-4835
    ISSN (online) 1096-0007
    ISSN 0014-4835
    DOI 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108865
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    Zs.A 163: Show issues Location:
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  5. Article ; Online: Application and repeatability of ocular biometric measures for gaze position calibration in children.

    Ntodie, Michael / Enimah, Eugene B / Akoto, Yaw O / Yennu, Joseph N / Abokyi, Samuel / Abu, Emmanuel K

    Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)

    2021  Volume 41, Issue 5, Page(s) 1144–1151

    Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the utility of two ocular biometric measurements to obtain Hirschberg ratios (HRs) in a binocularly normal paediatric population, and to assess the repeatability of this approach.: Methods: Ocular ...

    Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the utility of two ocular biometric measurements to obtain Hirschberg ratios (HRs) in a binocularly normal paediatric population, and to assess the repeatability of this approach.
    Methods: Ocular biometry data from 80 participants (aged 5 to 14 years) was obtained using the KM-1 LED manual keratometer and the Tomey Biometer AL-100 A-scan. HRs were calculated from corneal curvature and anterior chamber depth measurements in the horizontal and vertical meridians of each eye using a regression equation based on a geometric optics model. To assess intrasubject variability in the HRs obtained from biometry, measurements were repeated approximately 1 h later.
    Results: At the initial measurement, mean (SD, range) HRs were 10.77 (0.79, 9.14-12.73) and 11.02 (0.82, 9.48-13.32) °/mm for the horizontal and vertical meridians, respectively. There was a significant difference between the horizontal and vertical HRs (p < 0.0001). Mean intrasubject variability of HR was 0.06 °/mm (95% Limit of Agreement [LOA]: -0.82 to 0.94 °/mm), and 0.05 °/mm (95% LOA: -1.05 to 1.15 °/mm) for the horizontal and vertical meridians, respectively.
    Conclusion: The results indicated that HRs obtained through ocular biometry in a binocularly normal paediatric population are consistent with previous studies in both strabismic children and adult cohorts. The HRs obtained with this technique were highly repeatable in this study population. This approach to gaze position calibration could be used in lieu of other empirical techniques in children.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Anterior Chamber ; Biometry ; Calibration ; Child ; Cornea ; Humans ; Optics and Photonics ; Reproducibility of Results
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-08-11
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 604564-9
    ISSN 1475-1313 ; 0275-5408
    ISSN (online) 1475-1313
    ISSN 0275-5408
    DOI 10.1111/opo.12866
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  6. Article ; Online: Epidemiology and visual outcomes of ocular injuries in a low resource country.

    Abu, Emmanuel K / Ocansey, Stephen / Gyamfi, Jennifer A / Ntodie, Michael / Morny, Enyam Ka

    African health sciences

    2020  Volume 20, Issue 2, Page(s) 779–788

    Abstract: Background: Ocular injury is a major cause of ocular morbidity and unilateral visual impairment and represents a considerable public health concern especially in low resource societies.: Objective: To evaluate the epidemiology and visual outcomes of ... ...

    Abstract Background: Ocular injury is a major cause of ocular morbidity and unilateral visual impairment and represents a considerable public health concern especially in low resource societies.
    Objective: To evaluate the epidemiology and visual outcomes of ocular injuries in southern Ghana.
    Methods: A retrospective hospital-based case series was conducted. Information on new cases of ocular injuries were retrieved and parameters including time between injury occurrence and reporting to the clinic, presenting visual acuity (VA), and the best corrected final VA were investigated and visual outcomes were assessed Results: Most (50.2%) of the patients reported to the hospital after a day of sustaining an ocular injury; workplace injuries, older patients and farm-related injuries were most likely to report after a day of sustaining an injury. A significant proportion (40.4%) of patients reported with good presenting vision (6/6-6/18) which increased to 56.7% after treatment; 45.3% of patients reported with visual impairment (<6/18) and reduced to 42.4% after treatment. Farming (AOR = 4.5, p = 0.02), reporting after a day of sustaining injury (AOR = 78, p< 0.001), workplace injuries (AOR = 3.1, p = 0.007) and roadside injuries (AOR = 3.1, p = 0.02) were associated with poor visual outcomes. Initial VA 6/18 or better was the highest predictor of good visual outcome.
    Conclusion: There is a shift in the pattern of ocular injury occurrence from work-related to home- related.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Eye Injuries/epidemiology ; Eye Injuries/etiology ; Female ; Ghana/epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Occupational Diseases/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Vision, Low ; Visual Acuity ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-14
    Publishing country Uganda
    Document type Evaluation Study ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2240308-5
    ISSN 1729-0503 ; 1680-6905
    ISSN (online) 1729-0503
    ISSN 1680-6905
    DOI 10.4314/ahs.v20i2.31
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    Zs.A 3851: Show issues Location:
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  7. Article ; Online: The effect of filters and varying illumination on contrast sensitivity in eyes with moderate to severe visual impairment.

    Abraham, Carl Halladay / Morny, Enyam / Aboagye-MacCarthy, Asantewaa / Ocansey, Stephen / Ntodie, Michael / Sakyi-Badu, Godfred / Dadzie, Albert Kofi / Addo, Naa Adjeley / Holdbrook, Selina / Abu, Emmanuel Kwasi

    International ophthalmology

    2023  Volume 43, Issue 9, Page(s) 3329–3337

    Abstract: Purpose: To investigate the effect of filters and illumination on contrast sensitivity in persons with cataract, pseudophakia, maculopathy and glaucoma to provide a guide for eye care providers in low vision rehabilitation.: Materials and methods: A ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: To investigate the effect of filters and illumination on contrast sensitivity in persons with cataract, pseudophakia, maculopathy and glaucoma to provide a guide for eye care providers in low vision rehabilitation.
    Materials and methods: A within-subjects experimental design with a counter-balanced presentation technique was employed in this study. The contrast sensitivity of eyes with cataract, pseudophakia, maculopathy and glaucoma was measured with filters (no filter, yellow, pink and orange) combined with increasing illumination levels (100 lx, 300 lx, 700 lx and 1000 lx) using the SpotChecks™ contrast sensitivity chart. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and two-way repeated measures ANOVA.
    Results: The yellow filter at 100 lx significantly improved contrast sensitivity in the maculopathy group. There were no significant improvements with either intervention in the rest of the groups. There was, however, a significant interaction between filters and illumination in the cataract group.
    Conclusion: There were small improvements in contrast sensitivity at low illumination levels with the yellow filter in the maculopathy group, and this could be considered in clinical practice and low vision rehabilitation. Overall, filters at most illumination levels did not benefit most groups.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Contrast Sensitivity ; Pseudophakia ; Vision, Low ; Lighting ; Vision Disorders ; Macular Degeneration ; Cataract ; Retinal Diseases ; Glaucoma
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-16
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 800087-6
    ISSN 1573-2630 ; 0165-5701
    ISSN (online) 1573-2630
    ISSN 0165-5701
    DOI 10.1007/s10792-023-02738-7
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  8. Article ; Online: Assessment of infection prevention and control measures adopted by eye care practitioners in Ghana and South Africa against COVID-19.

    Boadi-Kusi, Samuel Bert / Kyei, Samuel / Ocansey, Stephen / Ntodie, Michael / Ofori-Agyei, Dziffa-Bella / Mashige, Khathutshelo Percy

    Scientific African

    2021  Volume 12, Page(s) e00766

    Abstract: This study investigated the infection prevention and control measures adopted by eye care practitioners in Ghana and South Africa during the lockdown phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was used to investigate infection ... ...

    Abstract This study investigated the infection prevention and control measures adopted by eye care practitioners in Ghana and South Africa during the lockdown phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was used to investigate infection prevention and control measures by eye care practitioners in Ghana (
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-08
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2468-2276
    ISSN (online) 2468-2276
    DOI 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00766
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  9. Article ; Online: Contact Lens- and Patient-related Factors Associated with Contact Lens Discomfort among Contact Lens Wearers in an African Cohort.

    Ilechie, Alex Azuka / Danquah, Douglas / Ntodie, Michael / Andoh, Ebenezer / Addo, Naa Adjeley / Odoi, Daniel / Otabil, Felix / Assiamah, Frank

    Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry

    2021  Volume 98, Issue 9, Page(s) 1056–1062

    Abstract: Significance: No information is available on contact lens discomfort in any African population. Such information may be helpful in developing the scope and priorities for intervention.: Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine contact lens- ... ...

    Abstract Significance: No information is available on contact lens discomfort in any African population. Such information may be helpful in developing the scope and priorities for intervention.
    Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine contact lens- and patient-related factors associated with contact lens discomfort among wearers in Ghana.
    Methods: In this multicenter cross-sectional study, contact lens wearers 18 years and older were recruited. The Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire-8 and a standardized scripted interview were administered to 72 contact lens wearers at five clinical sites, and 40 participants' lens storage cases were collected and cultured. A variety of patient- and contact lens-related factors were examined. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression modeling were used to assess risk factors associated with contact lens discomfort.
    Results: Seventy-two contact lens wearers aged 18 to 45 years completed the study. The mean age was 27.5 ± 6.4 years, 65.3% of them were females, 86.1% wore soft contact lens, and 13.9% wore rigid gas-permeable lens. Contact lens discomfort was reported by 66.7% of the subjects. Most frequent lens storage cases isolates were Bacillus species (40%) and fungi (31.1%). Significant association was found between disinfecting with tap water (5.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22 to 29.27; P = .03), heavy visual display terminal use (3.39; 95% CI, 1.01 to 11.34; P = .05), high water content (1.16; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.33; P = .03), and contact lens discomfort. Demographic factors, wear modality, and care solutions were not significant (all P > .05).
    Conclusions: In considering the use of contact lenses for refractive correction in this population, strategies for preventing contact lens discomfort that should be targeted include use of low-water-content lenses, disinfecting with multipurpose solutions, and reducing the time spent daily on visual display terminal use.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Cohort Studies ; Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic/adverse effects ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Dry Eye Syndromes ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-08-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Multicenter Study
    ZDB-ID 1001706-9
    ISSN 1538-9235 ; 1040-5488
    ISSN (online) 1538-9235
    ISSN 1040-5488
    DOI 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001765
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  10. Article ; Online: Comparison of Three Gaze-position Calibration Techniques in First Purkinje Image-based Eye Trackers.

    Ntodie, Michael / Bharadwaj, Shrikant R / Balaji, Swaathi / Saunders, Kathryn J / Little, Julie-Anne

    Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry

    2019  Volume 96, Issue 8, Page(s) 587–598

    Abstract: Significance: This study highlights potential differences that can arise in gaze-position estimates from first Purkinje image-based eye trackers based on how individual Hirschberg ratios (HRs) are calculated.: Purpose: The purpose of this study was ... ...

    Abstract Significance: This study highlights potential differences that can arise in gaze-position estimates from first Purkinje image-based eye trackers based on how individual Hirschberg ratios (HRs) are calculated.
    Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and repeatability of eccentric-viewing, prism-based, and theoretical techniques that are routinely used to calibrate HR in first Purkinje image-based eye trackers.
    Methods: Hirschberg ratios of 28 participants (18 to 40 years old) were obtained using the PlusOptix PowerRef 3 photorefractor and eye tracker. In the gold standard eccentric-viewing technique, participants viewed eccentric targets (±12°, 4° steps) at 2 m. In the prism-based technique, 4 to 16Δ-D base-out and base-in prisms were placed in 4Δ-D steps before an eye occluded with an infrared filter; the fellow eye fixated a target at 1 m. Each participant's HR was calculated as the slope of the linear regression of the shift in Purkinje image relative to the pupil center for each target eccentricity or induced prism power. Theoretical HR was calculated from the participant's corneal curvature and anterior chamber depth measures. Data collection was repeated on another visit using all three techniques to assess repeatability. Data were also obtained from an Indian cohort (n = 30, 18 to 40 years old) using similar protocols.
    Results: Hirschberg ratio ranged from 10.61 to 14.63°/mm (median, 11.90°/mm) in the eccentric-viewing technique. The prism-based and theoretical techniques demonstrated inaccuracies of 12 and 4% relative to the eccentric-viewing technique. The 95% limits of agreement of intrasubject variability were ±2.00, ±0.40, and ±0.30°/mm for the prism-based, eccentric-viewing, and theoretical techniques, respectively (P > .05). Intraclass correlation coefficients (95% confidence interval) were 0.99 (0.98 to 1.00) for eccentric, 0.99 (0.99 to 1.00) for theoretical, and 0.88 (0.74 to 0.94) for prism-based techniques. Similar results were found for the Indian cohort.
    Conclusions: The prism-based and theoretical techniques both demonstrated relative inaccuracies in measures of HR compared with the eccentric-viewing technique. The prism-based technique exhibited the poorest repeatability.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Calibration ; Eye Movements/physiology ; Female ; Fixation, Ocular/physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Photogrammetry/standards ; Pupil/physiology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Video Recording/standards ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-07-18
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1001706-9
    ISSN 1538-9235 ; 1040-5488
    ISSN (online) 1538-9235
    ISSN 1040-5488
    DOI 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001405
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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