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Article ; Online: Naturally Occurring Cannabinoids and their Role in Modulation of Cardiovascular Health.

Karimian Azari, Elnaz / Kerrigan, Aileen / O'Connor, Annalouise

2020 Volume 17, Issue 5, Page(s) 625–650

Abstract: In recent years, the role of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in various cardiovascular conditions has been a subject of great interest. The ECS is composed of cannabinoid receptors, their endogenous ligands, also known as endocannabinoids, and enzymes ... ...

Abstract	In recent years, the role of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in various cardiovascular conditions has been a subject of great interest. The ECS is composed of cannabinoid receptors, their endogenous ligands, also known as endocannabinoids, and enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of endocannabinoids. Several lines of evidence suggest that the ECS plays a complex role in cardiac and vascular systems; however, under normal physiological conditions the functions of the ECS are limited. Overactivation of components of the ECS has been associated with various cardiovascular conditions. Intriguingly, activation of the ECS may also reflect a cardioprotective compensatory mechanism. With this knowledge, a range of naturally occurring and synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists and antagonists, as well as inhibitors of endocannabinoid metabolic enzymes have emerged as promising approaches for the treatment or management of cardiovascular health. This review will first focus on the known role of the ECS in regulating the cardiovascular system. Secondly, we discuss emerging data highlighting the therapeutic potential of naturally occurring non-psychoactive ECS modulators within the cardiovascular system, including phytocannabinoids, terpenes, and the endocannabinoid-like molecule palmitoylethanolamide.
MeSH term(s)	Amides/pharmacology ; Cannabinoids/pharmacology ; Cannabis/chemistry ; Cardiovascular Diseases/drug therapy ; Cardiovascular System/drug effects ; Endocannabinoids/metabolism ; Ethanolamines/pharmacology ; Humans ; Palmitic Acids/pharmacology ; Phytotherapy/methods ; Terpenes/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Amides ; Cannabinoids ; Endocannabinoids ; Ethanolamines ; Palmitic Acids ; Terpenes ; palmidrol (6R8T1UDM3V)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-17
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2460305-3
ISSN	1939-022X ; 1939-0211
ISSN (online)	1939-022X
ISSN	1939-0211
DOI	10.1080/19390211.2020.1790708
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Article: Naturally Occurring Cannabinoids and their Role in Modulation of Cardiovascular Health

Karimian Azari, Elnaz / Kerrigan, Aileen / O’Connor, Annalouise

Journal of dietary supplements. 2020 Sept. 2, v. 17, no. 5

2020

Abstract	In recent years, the role of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in various cardiovascular conditions has been a subject of great interest. The ECS is composed of cannabinoid receptors, their endogenous ligands, also known as endocannabinoids, and enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of endocannabinoids. Several lines of evidence suggest that the ECS plays a complex role in cardiac and vascular systems; however, under normal physiological conditions the functions of the ECS are limited. Overactivation of components of the ECS has been associated with various cardiovascular conditions. Intriguingly, activation of the ECS may also reflect a cardioprotective compensatory mechanism. With this knowledge, a range of naturally occurring and synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists and antagonists, as well as inhibitors of endocannabinoid metabolic enzymes have emerged as promising approaches for the treatment or management of cardiovascular health. This review will first focus on the known role of the ECS in regulating the cardiovascular system. Secondly, we discuss emerging data highlighting the therapeutic potential of naturally occurring non-psychoactive ECS modulators within the cardiovascular system, including phytocannabinoids, terpenes, and the endocannabinoid-like molecule palmitoylethanolamide.
Keywords	cannabinoid receptors ; cannabinoids ; cardiovascular system ; ligands ; terpenoids ; therapeutics
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-0902
Size	p. 625-650.
Publishing place	Taylor & Francis
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	2460305-3
ISSN	1939-022X ; 1939-0211
ISSN (online)	1939-022X
ISSN	1939-0211
DOI	10.1080/19390211.2020.1790708
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Article: The effects of a 6-week controlled, hypocaloric ketogenic diet, with and without exogenous ketone salts, on cognitive performance and mood states in overweight and obese adults.

Kackley, Madison L / Brownlow, Milene L / Buga, Alex / Crabtree, Chris D / Sapper, Teryn N / O'Connor, Annalouise / Volek, Jeff S

Frontiers in neuroscience

2022 Volume 16, Page(s) 971144

Abstract: Background: Ketogenic diets are a commonly used weight loss method, but little is known how variations in sodium content and ketones influence cognition and mood during the early keto-adaptation period.: Objectives: To investigate the effects of an ... ...

Abstract	Background: Ketogenic diets are a commonly used weight loss method, but little is known how variations in sodium content and ketones influence cognition and mood during the early keto-adaptation period. Objectives: To investigate the effects of an exogenous ketone salt (KS) as part of a hypocaloric KD on mood and cognitive outcomes in overweight and obese adults. A secondary objective was to evaluate changes in biochemical markers associated with inflammatory and cognitive responses. Materials and methods: Adults who were overweight or obese participated in a 6-week controlled-feeding intervention comparing hypocaloric diets (∼75% of energy expenditure). KD groups received twice daily ketone salt (KD + KS; Results: Both KD groups achieved nutritional ketosis. Fasting serum glucose decreased in both KD groups, whereas glucose was unaffected in the LFD. Insulin decreased at week 2 and remained lower in all groups. At week 2, depression scores in the KD + PL group were higher compared to KD + KS. Performance in the math processing and go/no-go cognitive tests were lower for KD + PL and LFD participants, respectively, compared to KD + KS. Serum leptin levels decreased for all groups throughout the study but were higher for KD + KS group at week 6. Serum TNF-α steadily increased for LFD participants, reaching significance at week 6. Conclusion: During a short-term hypocaloric diet, no indication of a consistent decline in mood or cognitive function were seen in participants following either KD, despite KD + PL being relatively low in sodium. WK2 scores of "anger" and "depression" were higher in the LFD and KD + PL groups, suggesting that KS may attenuate negative mood parameters during the early intervention stages.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-30
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2411902-7
ISSN	1662-453X ; 1662-4548
ISSN (online)	1662-453X
ISSN	1662-4548
DOI	10.3389/fnins.2022.971144
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Article ; Online: Microbial modulation of host body composition and plasma metabolic profile.

Nazmul Huda, M / Winnike, Jason H / Crowell, Jocelyn M / O'Connor, Annalouise / Bennett, Brian J

Scientific reports

2020 Volume 10, Issue 1, Page(s) 6545

Abstract: The gut microbiota is a critical mediator of nutrition and disease risk. Like most complex traits, the microbiome is under genetic regulation and differs between inbred strains of mice. We tested the effect of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on ... ...

Abstract	The gut microbiota is a critical mediator of nutrition and disease risk. Like most complex traits, the microbiome is under genetic regulation and differs between inbred strains of mice. We tested the effect of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on obesity, and plasma glucose. For this study, we collected microbiota from 2 inbred strains of mice which differ in adiposity and glucose tolerance, C57BL/6J and WSB/EiJ. C57BL/6J female mice (n = 18) were first treated with antibiotics for 4 weeks to ablate the microbiota. Following ablation, the mice were transplanted with microbiota from a C57BL/6J or a WSB/EiJ mouse and clinical traits and plasma metabolomic profiles were interrogated at 2- and 4-weeks post-transplantation. Unexpectedly, the mice receiving WSB/EiJ microbiota increased adiposity but decreased plasma glucose. Metabolomic and 16S microbiota profiling indicated broad metabolic changes occurred during and after FMT. Detailed analysis of these interactions demonstrated specific microbiota-host metabolite interactions which may alter disease susceptibility.
MeSH term(s)	Adiposity ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Biodiversity ; Biomarkers/blood ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Body Composition/drug effects ; Cholesterol/blood ; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ; Feces/microbiology ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects ; Metabolomics ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Multivariate Analysis ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Principal Component Analysis
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Biomarkers ; Blood Glucose ; Cholesterol (97C5T2UQ7J)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-020-63214-1
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Article ; Online: Hepatic transcriptional profile reveals the role of diet and genetic backgrounds on metabolic traits in female progenitor strains of the Collaborative Cross.

Kim, Myungsuk / Huda, M Nazmul / O'Connor, Annalouise / Albright, Jody / Durbin-Johnson, Blythe / Bennett, Brian J

Physiological genomics

2021 Volume 53, Issue 5, Page(s) 173–192

Abstract: Mice have provided critical mechanistic understandings of clinical traits underlying metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) and susceptibility to MetSyn in mice is known to vary among inbred strains. We investigated the diet- and strain-dependent effects on ... ...

Abstract	Mice have provided critical mechanistic understandings of clinical traits underlying metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) and susceptibility to MetSyn in mice is known to vary among inbred strains. We investigated the diet- and strain-dependent effects on metabolic traits in the eight Collaborative Cross (CC) founder strains (A/J, C57BL/6J, 129S1/SvImJ, NOD/ShiLtJ, NZO/HILtJ, CAST/EiJ, PWK/PhJ, and WSB/EiJ). Liver transcriptomics analysis showed that both atherogenic diet and host genetics have profound effects on the liver transcriptome, which may be related to differences in metabolic traits observed between strains. We found strain differences in circulating trimethylamine
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Collaborative Cross Mice/genetics ; Collaborative Cross Mice/metabolism ; Diet ; Diet, Atherogenic/adverse effects ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Regulatory Networks ; Genetic Background ; Liver/metabolism ; Liver/physiology ; Methylamines/blood ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; NADPH Oxidase 4/genetics ; Triglycerides/metabolism ; Mice
Chemical Substances	Methylamines ; Triglycerides ; NADPH Oxidase 4 (EC 1.6.3.-) ; Nox4 protein, mouse (EC 1.6.3.-) ; trimethyloxamine (FLD0K1SJ1A)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2038823-8
ISSN	1531-2267 ; 1094-8341
ISSN (online)	1531-2267
ISSN	1094-8341
DOI	10.1152/physiolgenomics.00140.2020
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Article ; Online: Fasting and diurnal blood ketonemia and glycemia responses to a six-week, energy-controlled ketogenic diet, supplemented with racemic R/S-BHB salts.

Buga, Alex / Kackley, Madison L / Crabtree, Christopher D / Bedell, Teryn N / Robinson, Bradley T / Stoner, Justen T / Decker, Drew D / Hyde, Parker N / LaFountain, Rich A / Brownlow, Milene L / O'Connor, Annalouise / Krishnan, Deepa / McElroy, Craig A / Kraemer, William J / Volek, Jeff S

Clinical nutrition ESPEN

2023 Volume 54, Page(s) 277–287

Abstract: Background: Single doses of exogenous ketone salts (KS) transiently increase circulating beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) (∼1 mM; 1-2 h) regardless of starting levels of ketosis; however, no studies have explored how sustained use of KS influences measures of ...

Abstract	Background: Single doses of exogenous ketone salts (KS) transiently increase circulating beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) (∼1 mM; 1-2 h) regardless of starting levels of ketosis; however, no studies have explored how sustained use of KS influences measures of ketonemia and glycemia. Objectives: To determine the response to a hypocaloric, well-formulated ketogenic diet (KD), with and without the inclusion of two daily racemic KS doses (6 g R-BHB + 6 g S-BHB per serving) on 1) daily fasting capillary R-BHB and glucose (R-BHB/GLU Methods: Non-diabetic adults with overweight and obesity were randomized to receive a precisely measured hypocaloric KD (∼75 %en of maintenance) for six weeks, supplemented twice-daily with KS or placebo (PL). A non-randomized comparison group was provided an isonitrogenous/isoenergetic low-fat diet (LFD). All meals were provided to subjects. Capillary blood was collected daily to measure R-BHB/GLU Results: Mean R-BHB Conclusions: A hypocaloric KD was effective at reducing diurnal glucose compared to a LFD independent of weight loss, but twice-daily racemic KS ingestion during KD augmented ketonemia, both as R- and S-BHB, and decreased mean fasting glucose beyond a KD alone. The hypoglycemic effects of KD in combination with exogenous ketones merit further investigation.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Diet, Ketogenic ; 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid ; Salts ; Ketone Bodies ; Ketosis ; Ketones ; Glucose ; Insulin ; Fasting
Chemical Substances	3-Hydroxybutyric Acid (TZP1275679) ; Salts ; Ketone Bodies ; Ketones ; Glucose (IY9XDZ35W2) ; Insulin
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	2405-4577
ISSN (online)	2405-4577
DOI	10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.01.030
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Article ; Online: Fasting and diurnal blood ketonemia and glycemia responses to a six-week, energy-controlled ketogenic diet, supplemented with racemic R/S-BHB salts

Buga, Alex / Kackley, Madison L. / Crabtree, Christopher D. / Bedell, Teryn N. / Robinson, Bradley T. / Stoner, Justen T. / Decker, Drew D. / Hyde, Parker N. / LaFountain, Rich A. / Brownlow, Milene L. / O'Connor, Annalouise / Krishnan, Deepa / McElroy, Craig A. / Kraemer, William J. / Volek, Jeff S.

European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Clinical Nutrition ESPEN. 2023 Feb. 04,

2023

Abstract: Single doses of exogenous ketone salts (KS) transiently increase circulating beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) (∼1 mM; 1–2 h) regardless of starting levels of ketosis; however, no studies have explored how sustained use of KS influences measures of ketonemia ... ...

Abstract	Single doses of exogenous ketone salts (KS) transiently increase circulating beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) (∼1 mM; 1–2 h) regardless of starting levels of ketosis; however, no studies have explored how sustained use of KS influences measures of ketonemia and glycemia. To determine the response to a hypocaloric, well-formulated ketogenic diet (KD), with and without the inclusion of two daily racemic KS doses (6 g R-BHB + 6 g S-BHB per serving) on 1) daily fasting capillary R-BHB and glucose (R-BHB/GLUfₐₛₜ), 2) bi-weekly 13 h diurnal BHB and glucose (R-BHB/GLUdᵢᵤᵣ), 3) three-hours post–KS ingestion kinetics (R-BHBKS), and 4) bi-weekly fasting plasma enantiomer-specific BHB (R/S-BHBₚₗₐₛₘₐ). Non-diabetic adults with overweight and obesity were randomized to receive a precisely measured hypocaloric KD (∼75 %en of maintenance) for six weeks, supplemented twice-daily with KS or placebo (PL). A non-randomized comparison group was provided an isonitrogenous/isoenergetic low-fat diet (LFD). All meals were provided to subjects. Capillary blood was collected daily to measure R-BHB/GLUfₐₛₜ and hourly for R-BHB/GLUdᵢᵤᵣ. Plasma was collected to measure R/S-BHBₚₗₐₛₘₐ, insulin, fasting glucose, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Total AUC was calculated using the trapezoidal method. Mean R-BHBfₐₛₜ increased significantly during KD + PL (1.0 mM BHB), an effect enhanced 26% during KD + KS. GLUfₐₛₜ AUC was −6% lower during KD + KS versus LFD. Mean R-BHBdᵢᵤᵣ increased 40% in KD + KS versus KD + PL, whereas GLUdᵢᵤᵣ decreased 13% during both KDs versus LFD. R-BHBKS peaked (Δ: ∼1 mM) 1 h after the morning KS dose, but not following the afternoon dose. Both R/S-BHBₚₗₐₛₘₐ increased during KD independent of KS inclusion. R-BHBₚₗₐₛₘₐ was 50-times greater compared to S-BHBₚₗₐₛₘₐ, and the KS augmented S-BHBₚₗₐₛₘₐ 50% more than PL. Fasting insulin and HOMA-IR decreased after 14 days independent of diet. A hypocaloric KD was effective at reducing diurnal glucose compared to a LFD independent of weight loss, but twice-daily racemic KS ingestion during KD augmented ketonemia, both as R- and S-BHB, and decreased mean fasting glucose beyond a KD alone. The hypoglycemic effects of KD in combination with exogenous ketones merit further investigation.
Keywords	3-hydroxybutyric acid ; blood ; blood glucose ; clinical nutrition ; glucose ; ingestion ; insulin ; insulin resistance ; ketogenic diet ; ketonemia ; ketosis ; low fat diet ; obesity ; placebos ; weight loss ; Beta-hydroxybutyrate ; Low-fat diet ; Ketone salts
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0204
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Pre-press version
ISSN	2405-4577
DOI	10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.01.030
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Article: Rice Protein Matrix Enhances Circulating Levels of Xanthohumol Following Acute Oral Intake of Spent Hops in Humans

O'Connor, Annalouise / J. Mark Christensen / Jan F. Stevens / Nikhat Contractor / Ralph L. Reed / Veera Konda

Molecular nutrition & food research. 2018 Mar., v. 62, no. 6

2018

Abstract: SCOPE: Xanthohumol (XN), a prenylated flavonoid found in hops, exhibits antiâinflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, poor bioavailability may limit therapeutic applications. As food components are known to modulate polyphenol absorption, the ... ...

Abstract	SCOPE: Xanthohumol (XN), a prenylated flavonoid found in hops, exhibits antiâinflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, poor bioavailability may limit therapeutic applications. As food components are known to modulate polyphenol absorption, the objective is to determine whether a protein matrix could enhance the bioavailability of XN post oral consumption in humans. METHODS AND RESULTS: This is a randomized, doubleâblind, crossover study in healthy participants (n = 6) evaluating XN and its major metabolites (isoxanthohumol [IX], 6â and 8âprenylnaringenin [6âPN, 8âPN]) for 6 h following consumption of 12.4 mg of XN delivered via a spent hopsârice protein matrix preparation or a control spent hops preparation. Plasma XN and metabolites are measured by LCâMS/MS. Câââ, Tâââ, and areaâunderâtheâcurve (AUC) values were determined. Circulating XN and metabolite response to each treatment was not bioequivalent. Plasma concentrations of XN and XN + metabolites (AUC) are greater with consumption of the spent hopsârice protein matrix preparation. CONCLUSION: Compared to a standard spent hops powder, a proteinârich spent hops matrix demonstrates enhanced plasma levels of XN and metabolites following acute oral intake.
Keywords	absorption ; antioxidant activity ; bioavailability ; cross-over studies ; flavonoids ; hops ; humans ; metabolites ; polyphenols ; rice protein
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-03
Size	p. e1700692.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2160372-8
ISSN	1613-4133 ; 1613-4125
ISSN (online)	1613-4133
ISSN	1613-4125
DOI	10.1002/mnfr.201700692
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Article: Irisin levels correlate with energy expenditure in a subgroup of humans with energy expenditure greater than predicted by fat free mass

Swick, Andrew G / Orena, Stephen / O’Connor, Annalouise

Metabolism, clinical and experimental. 2013 Aug., v. 62, no. 8

2013

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Obesity is a result of chronic overconsumption of calories relative to the amount of energy expended. While fat free mass can account for ~80% of the variance in energy expenditure, there is still considerable variability in energy ... ...

Abstract	OBJECTIVE: Obesity is a result of chronic overconsumption of calories relative to the amount of energy expended. While fat free mass can account for ~80% of the variance in energy expenditure, there is still considerable variability in energy requirements between individuals that cannot be explained. We hypothesized that responsiveness to the recently discovered myokine, irisin, which has been touted to increase energy expenditure via activation of brown adipocytes in rodents and possibly humans, may explain some of the variability in energy expenditure. MATERIALS/METHODS: Post-menopausal women (n=17) spent 24-h in a whole room indirect calorimeter. During the study day, subjects remained sedentary and consumed meals tailored to their energy requirements. Plasma irisin, leptin and adiponectin were measured in samples taken from each subject. RESULTS: Our results suggest that in general, irisin levels do not correlate with 24-h energy expenditure, however, for a subpopulation irisin levels and energy expenditure are highly correlative. CONCLUSION: Irisin may help explain some of the observed variability in individual energy requirements that cannot be accounted for by fat free mass. Therefore, interventions designed to increase irisin action may prove to be promising avenues for the treatment of obesity.
Keywords	adipocytes ; adiponectin ; calorimeters ; energy expenditure ; energy requirements ; humans ; leptin ; obesity ; postmenopause ; rodents ; variance ; women
Language	English
Dates of publication	2013-08
Size	p. 1070-1073.
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	80230-x
ISSN	1532-8600 ; 0026-0495
ISSN (online)	1532-8600
ISSN	0026-0495
DOI	10.1016/j.metabol.2013.02.012
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Article ; Online: Irisin levels correlate with energy expenditure in a subgroup of humans with energy expenditure greater than predicted by fat free mass.

Swick, Andrew G / Orena, Stephen / O'Connor, Annalouise

Metabolism: clinical and experimental

2013 Volume 62, Issue 8, Page(s) 1070–1073

Abstract: Objective: Obesity is a result of chronic overconsumption of calories relative to the amount of energy expended. While fat free mass can account for ~80% of the variance in energy expenditure, there is still considerable variability in energy ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Obesity is a result of chronic overconsumption of calories relative to the amount of energy expended. While fat free mass can account for ~80% of the variance in energy expenditure, there is still considerable variability in energy requirements between individuals that cannot be explained. We hypothesized that responsiveness to the recently discovered myokine, irisin, which has been touted to increase energy expenditure via activation of brown adipocytes in rodents and possibly humans, may explain some of the variability in energy expenditure. Materials/methods: Post-menopausal women (n=17) spent 24-h in a whole room indirect calorimeter. During the study day, subjects remained sedentary and consumed meals tailored to their energy requirements. Plasma irisin, leptin and adiponectin were measured in samples taken from each subject. Results: Our results suggest that in general, irisin levels do not correlate with 24-h energy expenditure, however, for a subpopulation irisin levels and energy expenditure are highly correlative. Conclusion: Irisin may help explain some of the observed variability in individual energy requirements that cannot be accounted for by fat free mass. Therefore, interventions designed to increase irisin action may prove to be promising avenues for the treatment of obesity.
MeSH term(s)	Absorptiometry, Photon ; Adipocytes, Brown/metabolism ; Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism ; Aged ; Body Composition/physiology ; Calorimetry, Indirect ; Energy Metabolism/physiology ; Female ; Fibronectins/metabolism ; Humans ; Immunoprecipitation ; Leptin/metabolism ; Middle Aged ; Obesity/metabolism
Chemical Substances	FNDC5 protein, human ; Fibronectins ; Leptin
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	80230-x
ISSN	1532-8600 ; 0026-0495
ISSN (online)	1532-8600
ISSN	0026-0495
DOI	10.1016/j.metabol.2013.02.012
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