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  1. Article ; Online: Effects of distance flown on pilot decision making in continued flight into deteriorating weather conditions.

    O'Hare, David

    Journal of safety research

    2023  Volume 88, Page(s) 336–343

    Abstract: Introduction: Continuing flight into adverse weather remains a significant problem in general aviation (GA) safety. A variety of experiential, cognitive, and motivational factors have been suggested as explanations. Previous research has shown that ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Continuing flight into adverse weather remains a significant problem in general aviation (GA) safety. A variety of experiential, cognitive, and motivational factors have been suggested as explanations. Previous research has shown that adverse weather accidents occur further into planned flights than other types of accident, suggesting that previous investment of time and effort might be a contributing factor. The aim of this study was to experimentally determine the effect of prior commitment on general aviation pilots' decision-making and risk-taking in simulated VFR flights.
    Method: Thirty-six licensed pilots 'flew' two simulated flights designed to simulate an encounter with deteriorating coastal weather and a developing extensive cloud base underneath the aircraft as it crossed a mountain range. After making a decision to continue or discontinue the flight, pilots completed a range of risk perception, risk taking, and situational awareness measures.
    Results: Visual flight rules were violated in 42% of the flights. Prior commitment, in terms of distance already flown, led to an increased tendency to continue the flight into adverse weather in the coastal 'scud running' scenario. Continuing pilots perceived the risks differently and showed greater risk tolerance than others. These 'bolder' pilots also tended to be more active and better qualified than the others.
    Conclusions: There are undoubtedly multiple factors underlying any individual decision to continue or discontinue a flight. The willingness to tolerate a higher level of risk seems to be one such factor. This willingness can increase with time invested in the flight and also seems to be related to individual flight qualifications and experience.
    Practical applications: All pilots might benefit from carefully structured simulator sessions designed to safely teach practical risk management strategies with clear and immediate feedback.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Accidents, Aviation/prevention & control ; Decision Making ; Weather ; Aircraft ; Aviation
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-20
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2015321-1
    ISSN 1879-1247 ; 0022-4375
    ISSN (online) 1879-1247
    ISSN 0022-4375
    DOI 10.1016/j.jsr.2023.11.020
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  2. Article ; Online: In plane sight: Inattentional blindness affects visual detection of external targets in simulated flight.

    White, Alaska / O'Hare, David

    Applied ergonomics

    2021  Volume 98, Page(s) 103578

    Abstract: Aviation places significant demands on pilots' perceptual and attentional capacities. The avoidance of other objects both on the ground and in the air is critical to safe flight. Research on automobile driving has revealed the occurrence of ' ... ...

    Abstract Aviation places significant demands on pilots' perceptual and attentional capacities. The avoidance of other objects both on the ground and in the air is critical to safe flight. Research on automobile driving has revealed the occurrence of 'inattentional blindness' (IB) whereby objects clearly located within the visual field may not detected when drivers are concurrently engaged in another attention capturing task such as a cellphone conversation. Almost no comparable research has been conducted within the aviation domain despite the significance of both ground-based and mid-air collisions. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of diverting attentional resources away from the primary task of safely flying a simulated light aircraft from takeoff to cruising. Flight naïve students were trained to proficiency in a flight-simulator and flew two simulated flights with and without a competing attentional task. Detection of a variety of objects placed in the background was measured. The results showed that when distracted by an engaging cellphone conversation novice pilots failed to detect many of the objects located within the visual scene. Recognition accuracy was greater when pilots' attention was not diverted elsewhere. There was a reduction in time spent looking at some key flight instruments but not on others. Inattentional blindness poses significant flight safety risks and further research into both the stimulus and perceiver characteristics that promote or reduce inattentional blindness would be of significant benefit to aviation safety.
    MeSH term(s) Aircraft ; Attention ; Aviation ; Blindness ; Computer Simulation ; Humans
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-09-09
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2003513-5
    ISSN 1872-9126 ; 0003-6870
    ISSN (online) 1872-9126
    ISSN 0003-6870
    DOI 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103578
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  3. Article ; Online: Responding to an Unexpected In-Flight Event: Physiological Arousal, Information Processing, and Performance.

    Kinney, Lana / O'Hare, David

    Human factors

    2019  Volume 62, Issue 5, Page(s) 737–750

    Abstract: Objective: The study was designed to investigate whether a simulated unexpected abnormal flight event can lead to startle and explore differences in behavioral responses between expected and unexpected abnormal flight events.: Background: Recent ... ...

    Abstract Objective: The study was designed to investigate whether a simulated unexpected abnormal flight event can lead to startle and explore differences in behavioral responses between expected and unexpected abnormal flight events.
    Background: Recent research suggests startle (an autonomic response to an acute stimulus) following unexpected abnormal flight events can impact pilot performance and can increase the probability of a negative outcome following the event.
    Method: Information processing, physiological measures, and performance differences between responses to expected and unexpected flight events were compared. General aviation (GA) pilots flew a series of flights in a fixed-base flight simulator including two experimental flights which included an unexpected and an expected, engine failure. During the flights, heart rate, eye tracking, and flight data were recorded.
    Results: During the unexpected engine failure, pilots showed greater increases in heart rate and pupil dilation. Significant differences in scanning were evident with fewer areas scanned following the unexpected event. During the unexpected engine failure, performance was impaired when compared to the expected events. However, poor performance was not associated with higher levels of arousal.
    Conclusion: The study provides an empirical demonstration of impaired pilot response to unexpected events with associated symptoms consistent with the induction of startle. The present research builds on Landman et al.'s conceptual model of startle and surprise.
    Application: Standardized training protocols may not adequately prepare pilots to deal with the unexpected effects of startle in real-world encounters. Introducing greater variety into training events may be useful. The effects of startle in disrupting well-trained responses may also occur in areas other than aviation where critical events may occur unexpectedly or present in an unfamiliar manner.
    MeSH term(s) Accidents, Aviation ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Cognition ; Computer Simulation ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pilots/psychology ; Stress, Psychological ; Task Performance and Analysis ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-06-25
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 212725-8
    ISSN 1547-8181 ; 0018-7208
    ISSN (online) 1547-8181
    ISSN 0018-7208
    DOI 10.1177/0018720819854830
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  4. Article ; Online: Can a glass cockpit display help (or hinder) performance of novices in simulated flight training?

    Wright, Stephen / O'Hare, David

    Applied ergonomics

    2015  Volume 47, Page(s) 292–299

    Abstract: The analog dials in traditional GA aircraft cockpits are being replaced by integrated electronic displays, commonly referred to as glass cockpits. Pilots may be trained on glass cockpit aircraft or encounter them after training on traditional displays. ... ...

    Abstract The analog dials in traditional GA aircraft cockpits are being replaced by integrated electronic displays, commonly referred to as glass cockpits. Pilots may be trained on glass cockpit aircraft or encounter them after training on traditional displays. The effects of glass cockpit displays on initial performance and potential transfer effects between cockpit display configurations have yet to be adequately investigated. Flight-naïve participants were trained on either a simulated traditional display cockpit or a simulated glass display cockpit. Flight performance was measured in a test flight using either the same or different cockpit display. Loss of control events and accuracy in controlling altitude, airspeed and heading, workload, and situational awareness were assessed. Preferences for cockpit display configurations and opinions on ease of use were also measured. The results revealed consistently poorer performance on the test flight for participants using the glass cockpit compared to the traditional cockpit. In contrast the post-flight questionnaire data revealed a strong subjective preference for the glass cockpit over the traditional cockpit displays. There was only a weak effect of prior training. The specific glass cockpit display used in this study was subjectively appealing but yielded poorer flight performance in participants with no previous flight experience than a traditional display. Performance data can contradict opinion data. The design of glass cockpit displays may present some difficulties for pilots in the very early stages of training.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Aircraft/instrumentation ; Awareness ; Computer Simulation ; Consumer Behavior ; Data Display ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Perception ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Task Performance and Analysis ; Workload/psychology ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-03
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2003513-5
    ISSN 1872-9126 ; 0003-6870
    ISSN (online) 1872-9126
    ISSN 0003-6870
    DOI 10.1016/j.apergo.2014.10.017
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  5. Article ; Online: The effects of individual differences, prior experience and cognitive load on the transfer of dynamic decision-making performance.

    Nicholson, Brad / O'Hare, David

    Ergonomics

    2014  Volume 57, Issue 9, Page(s) 1353–1365

    Abstract: Situational awareness is recognised as an important factor in the performance of individuals and teams in dynamic decision-making (DDM) environments (Salmon et al. 2014 ). The present study was designed to investigate whether the scores on the WOMBAT™ ... ...

    Abstract Situational awareness is recognised as an important factor in the performance of individuals and teams in dynamic decision-making (DDM) environments (Salmon et al. 2014 ). The present study was designed to investigate whether the scores on the WOMBAT™ Situational Awareness and Stress Tolerance Test (Roscoe and North 1980 ) would predict the transfer of DDM performance from training under different levels of cognitive load to a novel situation. Participants practised a simulated firefighting task under either low or high conditions of cognitive load and then performed a (transfer) test in an alternative firefighting environment under an intermediate level of cognitive load. WOMBAT™ test scores were a better predictor of DDM performance than scores on the Raven Matrices. Participants with high WOMBAT™ scores performed better regardless of their training condition. Participants with recent gaming experience who practised under low cognitive load showed better practice phase performance but worse transfer performance than those who practised under high cognitive load.
    Practitioner summary: The relationship between task experience, situational awareness ability, cognitive load and the transfer of dynamic decision-making (DDM) performance was investigated. Results showed that the WOMBAT™ test predicted transfer of DDM performance regardless of task cognitive load. The effects of cognitive load on performance varied according to previous task-relevant experience.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Awareness ; Decision Making ; Female ; Fires ; Humans ; Individuality ; Male ; Practice, Psychological ; Psychological Tests ; Transfer, Psychology ; Video Games ; Workload/psychology ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-07-04
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1920-3
    ISSN 1366-5847 ; 0014-0139
    ISSN (online) 1366-5847
    ISSN 0014-0139
    DOI 10.1080/00140139.2014.933884
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  6. Article ; Online: Immersion factors affecting perception and behaviour in a virtual reality power wheelchair simulator.

    Alshaer, Abdulaziz / Regenbrecht, Holger / O'Hare, David

    Applied ergonomics

    2017  Volume 58, Page(s) 1–12

    Abstract: Virtual Reality based driving simulators are increasingly used to train and assess users' abilities to operate vehicles in a controlled and safe way. For the development of those simulators it is important to identify and evaluate design factors ... ...

    Abstract Virtual Reality based driving simulators are increasingly used to train and assess users' abilities to operate vehicles in a controlled and safe way. For the development of those simulators it is important to identify and evaluate design factors affecting perception, behaviour, and driving performance. In an exemplary power wheelchair simulator setting we identified the three immersion factors display type (head-mounted display v monitor), ability to freely change the field of view (FOV), and the visualisation of the user's avatar as potentially affecting perception and behaviour. In a study with 72 participants we found all three factors affected the participants' sense of presence in the virtual environment. In particular the display type significantly affected both perceptual and behavioural measures whereas FOV only affected behavioural measures. Our findings could guide future Virtual Reality simulator designers to evoke targeted user behaviours and perceptions.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Behavior ; Computer Simulation ; Computer Terminals ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Orientation, Spatial ; Perception ; Spatial Navigation ; Task Performance and Analysis ; User-Computer Interface ; Wheelchairs ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-01
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2003513-5
    ISSN 1872-9126 ; 0003-6870
    ISSN (online) 1872-9126
    ISSN 0003-6870
    DOI 10.1016/j.apergo.2016.05.003
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  7. Article ; Online: How to Observe Users' Movements in Virtual Environments: Viewpoint Control in a Power Wheelchair Simulator.

    Alshaer, Abdulaziz / O'Hare, David / Archambault, Philippe / Shirley, Mark / Regenbrecht, Holger

    Human factors

    2019  Volume 62, Issue 4, Page(s) 656–670

    Abstract: Objective: We describe a networked, two-user virtual reality (VR) power wheelchair (PWC) simulator system in which an actor (client) and an observer (clinician) meet. We then present a study with 15 observers (expert clinicians) evaluating the effect of ...

    Abstract Objective: We describe a networked, two-user virtual reality (VR) power wheelchair (PWC) simulator system in which an actor (client) and an observer (clinician) meet. We then present a study with 15 observers (expert clinicians) evaluating the effect of three principal forms of viewpoint control (egocentric-egomotion, egocentric-tethered, and client-centric) on the observer's assessment of driving tasks in a virtual environment (VE).
    Background: VR allows for the simulation and assessment of real-world tasks in a controlled, safe, and repeatable environment. Observing users' movement behavior in such a VE requires appropriate viewpoint control for the observer. The VR viewpoint user interface should allow an observer to make judgments equivalent or even superior to real-world situations.
    Method: A purpose-built VR PWC simulator was developed. In a series of PWC driving tasks, we measured the perceived ease of use and sense of presence of the observers and compared the virtual assessment with real-world "gold standard" scores, including confidence levels in judgments.
    Results: Findings suggest that with more immersive techniques, such as egomotion and tethered egocentric viewpoints, judgments are both more accurate and more confident. The ability to walk and/or orbit around the view significantly affected the observers' sense of presence.
    Conclusion: Incorporating the observer into the VE, through egomotion, is an effective method for assessing users' behavior in VR with implications for the transferability of virtual experiences to the real world.
    Application: Our application domain serves as a representative example for tasks where the movement of users through a VE needs to be evaluated.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-07-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 212725-8
    ISSN 1547-8181 ; 0018-7208
    ISSN (online) 1547-8181
    ISSN 0018-7208
    DOI 10.1177/0018720819853682
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  8. Article ; Online: The effects of Crew Resource Management (CRM) training on flight attendants' safety attitudes.

    Ford, Jane / Henderson, Robert / O'Hare, David

    Journal of safety research

    2014  Volume 48, Page(s) 49–56

    Abstract: Introduction: A number of well-known incidents and accidents had led the aviation industry to introduce Crew Resource Management (CRM) training designed specifically for flight attendants, and joint (pilot and flight attendant) CRM training as a way to ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: A number of well-known incidents and accidents had led the aviation industry to introduce Crew Resource Management (CRM) training designed specifically for flight attendants, and joint (pilot and flight attendant) CRM training as a way to improve teamwork and communication. The development of these new CRM training programs during the 1990s highlighted the growing need for programs to be evaluated using research tools that had been validated for the flight attendant population.
    Method: The FSAQ (Flight Safety Attitudes Questionnaire-Flight Attendants) was designed specifically to obtain safety attitude data from flight attendants working for an Asia-Pacific airline. Flight attendants volunteered to participate in a study before receiving CRM training (N=563) and again (N=526) after CRM training.
    Results: Almost half (13) of the items from the 36-item FSAQ showed highly significant changes following CRM training. Years of experience, crew position, seniority, leadership roles, flight attendant crew size, and length of route flown were all predictive of safety attitudes.
    Practical applications: CRM training for flight attendants is a valuable tool for increasing positive teamwork behaviors between the flight attendant and pilot sub-groups. Joint training sessions, where flight attendants and pilots work together to find solutions to in-flight emergency scenarios, provide a particularly useful strategy in breaking down communication barriers between the two sub-groups.
    MeSH term(s) Aircraft ; Attitude ; Aviation/education ; Humans ; Inservice Training/organization & administration ; Professional Competence ; Program Development ; Safety ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; United States
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2015321-1
    ISSN 1879-1247 ; 0022-4375
    ISSN (online) 1879-1247
    ISSN 0022-4375
    DOI 10.1016/j.jsr.2013.11.003
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  9. Article: Aeronautical decision making

    O'Hare, David

    Principles and practice of aviation psychology.

    metaphors, models, and methods

    (Human factors in transportation)

    2003  

    Abstract: This chapter on decision making reviews historic attitudes toward pilots, explains aeronautical decision making, and presents metaphors and examines types of decision making, including vigilant, rational, and adaptive. Decision makers are characterized ... ...

    Author's details David O'Hare
    Series title Human factors in transportation
    Abstract This chapter on decision making reviews historic attitudes toward pilots, explains aeronautical decision making, and presents metaphors and examines types of decision making, including vigilant, rational, and adaptive. Decision makers are characterized as character defective and enquiring expert. The role of the decision in the organization is discussed.
    MeSH term(s) Accidents, Aviation/psychology ; Aviation/education ; Decision Making ; Decision Support Techniques ; Personality ; Accidents, Aviation/prevention & control ; Aerospace Medicine ; Decision Making, Organizational ; Human Engineering ; Models, Psychological ; Risk-Taking ; Safety Management/methods ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Humans
    Language English
    Size p. 201-237 :, ill.
    Publisher Lawrence Erlbaum
    Publishing place Mahwah, N.J
    Document type Article
    ISBN 0805833900 ; 9780805833904
    Database Catalogue of the US National Library of Medicine (NLM)

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  10. Article ; Online: The role of cue utilisation in reducing the workload in a train control task.

    Brouwers, Sue / Wiggins, Mark W / Griffin, Barbara / Helton, William S / O'Hare, David

    Ergonomics

    2017  Volume 60, Issue 11, Page(s) 1500–1515

    Abstract: Skilled performance has been characterised, in part, by the capacity to accurately identify and respond to patterns as cues in the environment. The outcome is a reduction in cognitive load and a greater residual capacity to undertake concurrent tasks. ... ...

    Abstract Skilled performance has been characterised, in part, by the capacity to accurately identify and respond to patterns as cues in the environment. The outcome is a reduction in cognitive load and a greater residual capacity to undertake concurrent tasks. The present study was designed to examine the relationship between cue utilisation and temporal pattern recognition in the context of a simulated, rail control task. Sixty-one university students undertook an assessment of cue utilisation and engaged in a rail control simulation. The appearance and movement of trains followed a consistent but implicit (undisclosed) pattern. Throughout the second half of the rail task, a secondary task was included. The results indicated that participants with relatively higher cue utilisation were more likely to identify the implicit pattern of rail movements, were more accurate and responded more rapidly under increased workload conditions. The results suggest that a propensity to identify patterns as cues may provide an opportunity to reduce cognitive demands, thereby facilitating performance in a novel task. Implications for selection and system design are discussed. Practitioner Summary: This study was designed to explain differences in the way in which people learn, particularly when tasks involve recurring patterns. Using simulated rail control, the results indicated that participants who display behaviour that is indicative of the utilisation of cues also recognise patterns in the movement of simulated trains. This enables them to manage trains more effectively, even while undertaking other tasks.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-11
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1920-3
    ISSN 1366-5847 ; 0014-0139
    ISSN (online) 1366-5847
    ISSN 0014-0139
    DOI 10.1080/00140139.2017.1330494
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