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Article: The Practice of Pulse Processing.

Fowler, J W / Alpert, B K / Doriese, W B / Joe, Y-I / O'Neil, G C / Ullom, J N / Swetz, D S

2024 Volume 184, Issue 1-2, Page(s) 374–381

Abstract: The analysis of data from x-ray microcalorimeters requires great care; their excellent intrinsic energy resolution cannot usually be achieved in practice without a statistically near-optimal pulse ... ...

Abstract	The analysis of data from x-ray microcalorimeters requires great care; their excellent intrinsic energy resolution cannot usually be achieved in practice without a statistically near-optimal pulse analysis
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2016984-X
ISSN	1573-7357 ; 0022-2291
ISSN (online)	1573-7357
ISSN	0022-2291
DOI	10.1007/s10909-015-1380-0
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Article: Energy Calibration of Nonlinear Microcalorimeters with Uncertainty Estimates from Gaussian Process Regression.

Fowler, J W / Alpert, B K / O'Neil, G C / Swetz, D S / Ullom, J N

Journal of low temperature physics

2022 Volume 209, Issue 5-6

Abstract: The nonlinear energy response of cryogenic microcalorimeters is usually corrected through an empirical calibration. X-ray or gamma-ray emission lines of known shape and energy anchor a smooth function that generalizes the calibration data and converts ... ...

Abstract	The nonlinear energy response of cryogenic microcalorimeters is usually corrected through an empirical calibration. X-ray or gamma-ray emission lines of known shape and energy anchor a smooth function that generalizes the calibration data and converts detector measurements to energies. We argue that this function should be an approximating spline. The theory of Gaussian process regression makes a case for this functional form. It also provides an important benefit previously absent from our calibration method: a quantitative uncertainty estimate for the calibrated energies, with lower uncertainty near the best-constrained calibration points.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2016984-X
ISSN	1573-7357 ; 0022-2291
ISSN (online)	1573-7357
ISSN	0022-2291
DOI	10.1007/s10909-022-02740-w
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Article: A Robust Principal Component Analysis for Outlier Identification in Messy Microcalorimeter Data.

Fowler, J W / Alpert, B K / Joe, Y-I / O'Neil, G C / Swetz, D S / Ullom, J N

Journal of low temperature physics

2020 Volume 199, Issue 3-4

Abstract: A principal component analysis (PCA) of clean microcalorimeter pulse records can be a first step beyond statistically optimal linear filtering of pulses toward a fully nonlinear analysis. For PCA to be practical on spectrometers with hundreds of sensors, ...

Abstract	A principal component analysis (PCA) of clean microcalorimeter pulse records can be a first step beyond statistically optimal linear filtering of pulses toward a fully nonlinear analysis. For PCA to be practical on spectrometers with hundreds of sensors, an automated identification of clean pulses is required. Robust forms of PCA are the subject of active research in machine learning. We examine a version known as coherence pursuit that is simple and fast and well matched to the automatic identification of outlier records, as needed for microcalorimeter pulse analysis.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2016984-X
ISSN	1573-7357 ; 0022-2291
ISSN (online)	1573-7357
ISSN	0022-2291
DOI	10.1007/s10909-019-02248-w
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Article: Absolute energies and emission line shapes of the L x-ray transitions of lanthanide metals.

Fowler, J W / O'Neil, G C / Alpert, B K / Bennett, D A / Denison, E V / Doriese, W B / Hilton, G C / Hudson, L T / Joe, Y-I / Morgan, K M / Schmidt, D R / Swetz, D S / Szabo, C I / Ullom, J N

Metrologia

2021 Volume 58, Issue 1

Abstract: We use an array of transition-edge sensors, cryogenic microcalorimeters with 4 eV energy resolution, to measure L x-ray emission-line profiles of four elements of the lanthanide series: praseodymium, neodymium, terbium, and holmium. The spectrometer also ...

Abstract	We use an array of transition-edge sensors, cryogenic microcalorimeters with 4 eV energy resolution, to measure L x-ray emission-line profiles of four elements of the lanthanide series: praseodymium, neodymium, terbium, and holmium. The spectrometer also surveys numerous x-ray standards in order to establish an absolute-energy calibration traceable to the international system of units for the energy range 4 keV to 10 keV. The new results include emission line profiles for 97 lines, each expressed as a sum of one or more Voigt functions; improved absolute energy uncertainty on 71 of these lines relative to existing reference data; a median uncertainty on the peak energy of 0.24 eV, four to ten times better than the median of prior work; and six lines that lack any measured values in existing reference tables. The 97 lines comprise nearly all of the most intense L lines from these elements under broad-band x-ray excitation. The work improves on previous measurements made with a similar cryogenic spectrometer by the use of sensors with better linearity in the absorbed energy and a gold x-ray absorbing layer that has a Gaussian energy-response function. It also employs a novel sample holder that enables rapid switching between science targets and calibration targets with excellent gain balancing. Most of the results for peak energy values shown here should be considered as replacements for the currently tabulated standard reference values, while the line shapes given here represent a significant expansion of the scope of available reference data.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	207790-5
ISSN	0026-1394
ISSN	0026-1394
DOI	10.1088/1681-7575/abd28a
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Article ; Online: A transition-edge sensor-based x-ray spectrometer for the study of highly charged ions at the National Institute of Standards and Technology electron beam ion trap.

Szypryt, P / O'Neil, G C / Takacs, E / Tan, J N / Buechele, S W / Naing, A S / Bennett, D A / Doriese, W B / Durkin, M / Fowler, J W / Gard, J D / Hilton, G C / Morgan, K M / Reintsema, C D / Schmidt, D R / Swetz, D S / Ullom, J N / Ralchenko, Yu

The Review of scientific instruments

2020 Volume 90, Issue 12, Page(s) 123107

Abstract: We report on the design, commissioning, and initial measurements of a Transition-Edge Sensor (TES) x-ray spectrometer for the Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Over the past few decades, the NIST ... ...

Abstract	We report on the design, commissioning, and initial measurements of a Transition-Edge Sensor (TES) x-ray spectrometer for the Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Over the past few decades, the NIST EBIT has produced numerous studies of highly charged ions in diverse fields such as atomic physics, plasma spectroscopy, and laboratory astrophysics. The newly commissioned NIST EBIT TES Spectrometer (NETS) improves the measurement capabilities of the EBIT through a combination of high x-ray collection efficiency and resolving power. NETS utilizes 192 individual TES x-ray microcalorimeters (166/192 yield) to improve upon the collection area by a factor of ∼30 over the 4-pixel neutron transmutation doped germanium-based microcalorimeter spectrometer previously used at the NIST EBIT. The NETS microcalorimeters are optimized for the x-ray energies from roughly 500 eV to 8000 eV and achieve an energy resolution of 3.7 eV-5.0 eV over this range, a more modest (<2×) improvement over the previous microcalorimeters. Beyond this energy range, NETS can operate with various trade-offs, the most significant of which are reduced efficiency at lower energies and being limited to a subset of the pixels at higher energies. As an initial demonstration of the capabilities of NETS, we measured transitions in He-like and H-like O, Ne, and Ar as well as Ni-like W. We detail the energy calibration and data analysis techniques used to transform detector counts into x-ray spectra, a process that will be the basis for analyzing future data.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-03-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209865-9
ISSN	1089-7623 ; 0034-6748
ISSN (online)	1089-7623
ISSN	0034-6748
DOI	10.1063/1.5116717
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Article ; Online: Proof-of-Principle Experiment for Testing Strong-Field Quantum Electrodynamics with Exotic Atoms: High Precision X-Ray Spectroscopy of Muonic Neon.

Okumura, T / Azuma, T / Bennett, D A / Chiu, I / Doriese, W B / Durkin, M S / Fowler, J W / Gard, J D / Hashimoto, T / Hayakawa, R / Hilton, G C / Ichinohe, Y / Indelicato, P / Isobe, T / Kanda, S / Katsuragawa, M / Kawamura, N / Kino, Y / Mine, K /

Miyake, Y / Morgan, K M / Ninomiya, K / Noda, H / O'Neil, G C / Okada, S / Okutsu, K / Paul, N / Reintsema, C D / Schmidt, D R / Shimomura, K / Strasser, P / Suda, H / Swetz, D S / Takahashi, T / Takeda, S / Takeshita, S / Tampo, M / Tatsuno, H / Ueno, Y / Ullom, J N / Watanabe, S / Yamada, S

Physical review letters

2023 Volume 130, Issue 17, Page(s) 173001

Abstract: To test bound-state quantum electrodynamics (BSQED) in the strong-field regime, we have performed high precision x-ray spectroscopy of the 5g-4f and 5f- 4d transitions (BSQED contribution of 2.4 and 5.2 eV, respectively) of muonic neon atoms in the low- ... ...

Abstract	To test bound-state quantum electrodynamics (BSQED) in the strong-field regime, we have performed high precision x-ray spectroscopy of the 5g-4f and 5f- 4d transitions (BSQED contribution of 2.4 and 5.2 eV, respectively) of muonic neon atoms in the low-pressure gas phase without bound electrons. Muonic atoms have been recently proposed as an alternative to few-electron high-Z ions for BSQED tests by focusing on circular Rydberg states where nuclear contributions are negligibly small. We determined the 5g_{9/2}- 4f_{7/2} transition energy to be 6297.08±0.04(stat)±0.13(syst) eV using superconducting transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters (5.2-5.5 eV FWHM resolution), which agrees well with the most advanced BSQED theoretical prediction of 6297.26 eV.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208853-8
ISSN	1079-7114 ; 0031-9007
ISSN (online)	1079-7114
ISSN	0031-9007
DOI	10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.173001
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Article: Laser plasma x-ray source for ultrafast time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy.

Miaja-Avila, L / O'Neil, G C / Uhlig, J / Cromer, C L / Dowell, M L / Jimenez, R / Hoover, A S / Silverman, K L / Ullom, J N

Structural dynamics (Melville, N.Y.)

2015 Volume 2, Issue 2, Page(s) 24301

Abstract: We describe a laser-driven x-ray plasma source designed for ultrafast x-ray absorption spectroscopy. The source is comprised of a 1 kHz, 20 W, femtosecond pulsed infrared laser and a water target. We present the x-ray spectra as a function of laser ... ...

Abstract	We describe a laser-driven x-ray plasma source designed for ultrafast x-ray absorption spectroscopy. The source is comprised of a 1 kHz, 20 W, femtosecond pulsed infrared laser and a water target. We present the x-ray spectra as a function of laser energy and pulse duration. Additionally, we investigate the plasma temperature and photon flux as we vary the laser energy. We obtain a 75 μm FWHM x-ray spot size, containing ∼10(6) photons/s, by focusing the produced x-rays with a polycapillary optic. Since the acquisition of x-ray absorption spectra requires the averaging of measurements from >10(7) laser pulses, we also present data on the source stability, including single pulse measurements of the x-ray yield and the x-ray spectral shape. In single pulse measurements, the x-ray flux has a measured standard deviation of 8%, where the laser pointing is the main cause of variability. Further, we show that the variability in x-ray spectral shape from single pulses is low, thus justifying the combining of x-rays obtained from different laser pulses into a single spectrum. Finally, we show a static x-ray absorption spectrum of a ferrioxalate solution as detected by a microcalorimeter array. Altogether, our results demonstrate that this water-jet based plasma source is a suitable candidate for laboratory-based time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments.
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-03-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2758684-4
ISSN	2329-7778
ISSN	2329-7778
DOI	10.1063/1.4913585
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Article ; Online: Measurements of Strong-Interaction Effects in Kaonic-Helium Isotopes at Sub-eV Precision with X-Ray Microcalorimeters.

Hashimoto, T / Aikawa, S / Akaishi, T / Asano, H / Bazzi, M / Bennett, D A / Berger, M / Bosnar, D / Butt, A D / Curceanu, C / Doriese, W B / Durkin, M S / Ezoe, Y / Fowler, J W / Fujioka, H / Gard, J D / Guaraldo, C / Gustafsson, F P / Han, C /

Hayakawa, R / Hayano, R S / Hayashi, T / Hays-Wehle, J P / Hilton, G C / Hiraiwa, T / Hiromoto, M / Ichinohe, Y / Iio, M / Iizawa, Y / Iliescu, M / Ishimoto, S / Ishisaki, Y / Itahashi, K / Iwasaki, M / Ma, Y / Murakami, T / Nagatomi, R / Nishi, T / Noda, H / Noumi, H / Nunomura, K / O'Neil, G C / Ohashi, T / Ohnishi, H / Okada, S / Outa, H / Piscicchia, K / Reintsema, C D / Sada, Y / Sakuma, F / Sato, M / Schmidt, D R / Scordo, A / Sekimoto, M / Shi, H / Shirotori, K / Sirghi, D / Sirghi, F / Suzuki, K / Swetz, D S / Takamine, A / Tanida, K / Tatsuno, H / Trippl, C / Uhlig, J / Ullom, J N / Yamada, S / Yamaga, T / Yamazaki, T / Zmeskal, J

Physical review letters

2022 Volume 128, Issue 11, Page(s) 112503

Abstract: We have measured the 3d→2p transition x rays of kaonic ^{3}He and ^{4}He atoms using superconducting transition-edge-sensor microcalorimeters with an energy resolution better than 6 eV (FWHM). We determined the energies to be 6224.5±0.4(stat)±0.2(syst) ... ...

Abstract	We have measured the 3d→2p transition x rays of kaonic ^{3}He and ^{4}He atoms using superconducting transition-edge-sensor microcalorimeters with an energy resolution better than 6 eV (FWHM). We determined the energies to be 6224.5±0.4(stat)±0.2(syst) eV and 6463.7±0.3(stat)±0.1(syst) eV, and widths to be 2.5±1.0(stat)±0.4(syst) eV and 1.0±0.6(stat)±0.3(stat) eV, for kaonic ^{3}He and ^{4}He, respectively. These values are nearly 10 times more precise than in previous measurements. Our results exclude the large strong-interaction shifts and widths that are suggested by a coupled-channel approach and agree with calculations based on optical-potential models.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208853-8
ISSN	1079-7114 ; 0031-9007
ISSN (online)	1079-7114
ISSN	0031-9007
DOI	10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.112503
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Article ; Online: Deexcitation Dynamics of Muonic Atoms Revealed by High-Precision Spectroscopy of Electronic K X Rays.

Okumura, T / Azuma, T / Bennett, D A / Caradonna, P / Chiu, I / Doriese, W B / Durkin, M S / Fowler, J W / Gard, J D / Hashimoto, T / Hayakawa, R / Hilton, G C / Ichinohe, Y / Indelicato, P / Isobe, T / Kanda, S / Kato, D / Katsuragawa, M / Kawamura, N /

Kino, Y / Kubo, M K / Mine, K / Miyake, Y / Morgan, K M / Ninomiya, K / Noda, H / O'Neil, G C / Okada, S / Okutsu, K / Osawa, T / Paul, N / Reintsema, C D / Schmidt, D R / Shimomura, K / Strasser, P / Suda, H / Swetz, D S / Takahashi, T / Takeda, S / Takeshita, S / Tampo, M / Tatsuno, H / Tong, X M / Ueno, Y / Ullom, J N / Watanabe, S / Yamada, S

Physical review letters

2021 Volume 127, Issue 5, Page(s) 53001

Abstract: We observed electronic K x rays emitted from muonic iron atoms using superconducting transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters. The energy resolution of 5.2 eV in FWHM allowed us to observe the asymmetric broad profile of the electronic characteristic Kα ... ...

Abstract	We observed electronic K x rays emitted from muonic iron atoms using superconducting transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters. The energy resolution of 5.2 eV in FWHM allowed us to observe the asymmetric broad profile of the electronic characteristic Kα and Kβ x rays together with the hypersatellite K^{h}α x rays around 6 keV. This signature reflects the time-dependent screening of the nuclear charge by the negative muon and the L-shell electrons, accompanied by electron side feeding. Assisted by a simulation, these data clearly reveal the electronic K- and L-shell hole production and their temporal evolution on the 10-20 fs scale during the muon cascade process.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208853-8
ISSN	1079-7114 ; 0031-9007
ISSN (online)	1079-7114
ISSN	0031-9007
DOI	10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.053001
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Article: Developments in Time-Division Multiplexing of X-ray Transition-Edge Sensors.

Doriese, W B / Morgan, K M / Bennett, D A / Denison, E V / Fitzgerald, C P / Fowler, J W / Gard, J D / Hays-Wehle, J P / Hilton, G C / Irwin, K D / Joe, Y I / Mates, J A B / O'Neil, G C / Reintsema, C D / Robbins, N O / Schmidt, D R / Swetz, D S / Tatsuno, H / Vale, L R /

Ullom, J N

Journal of low temperature physics

2016 Volume 184, Issue 1, Page(s) 389–395

Abstract: Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a mature scheme for the readout of arrays of transition-edge sensors (TESs). TDM is based on superconducting-quantum-interference-device (SQUID) current amplifiers. Multiple spectrometers based on gamma-ray and X-ray ... ...

Abstract	Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a mature scheme for the readout of arrays of transition-edge sensors (TESs). TDM is based on superconducting-quantum-interference-device (SQUID) current amplifiers. Multiple spectrometers based on gamma-ray and X-ray microcalorimeters have been operated with TDM readout, each at the scale of 200 sensors per spectrometer, as have several astronomical cameras with thousands of sub-mm or microwave bolometers. Here we present the details of two different versions of our TDM system designed to read out X-ray TESs. The first has been field-deployed in two 160-sensor (8 columns × 20 rows) spectrometers and four 240-sensor (8 columns × 30 rows) spectrometers. It has a three-SQUID-stage architecture, switches rows every 320 ns, and has total readout noise of 0.41
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2016984-X
ISSN	1573-7357 ; 0022-2291
ISSN (online)	1573-7357
ISSN	0022-2291
DOI	10.1007/s10909-015-1373-z
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