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  1. Article ; Online: Progress of polio eradication and containment requirements after eradication.

    Oberste, M Steven

    Transfusion

    2018  Volume 58 Suppl 3, Page(s) 3078–3083

    Abstract: Wild poliovirus (WPV) is nearing eradication, and only three countries have never interrupted WPV transmission (Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nigeria). WPV2 was last detected in 1999, and it was declared eradicated in 2015. WPV3 has not been detected since ... ...

    Abstract Wild poliovirus (WPV) is nearing eradication, and only three countries have never interrupted WPV transmission (Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nigeria). WPV2 was last detected in 1999, and it was declared eradicated in 2015. WPV3 has not been detected since 2012. Since 2016, WPV1 has been detected in only two countries (Afghanistan and Pakistan), with only 22 cases reported in 2017 and 12 cases reported in 2018 (as of July 10). Because of WPV2 eradication and the risk of emergence of type 2 vaccine-derived polioviruses from continued use of trivalent oral polio vaccine (OPV), trivalent OPV was replaced by bivalent OPV (types 1 and 3) in a globally coordinated effort in 2016. WPV2 eradication and trivalent OPV cessation also mean that breach of containment in a facility working with type 2 poliovirus is now a major risk to reseed type 2 circulation in the community. As a result, the World Health Organization has developed a "Global Action Plan to minimize poliovirus facility-associated risk after type-specific eradication of wild polioviruses and sequential cessation of oral polio vaccine use." Because poliovirus has long been used as a standard for qualification of intravenous immunoglobulin, disinfectant products, and sanitation methods, poliovirus containment has implications far beyond poliovirus laboratories.
    MeSH term(s) Containment of Biohazards/methods ; Containment of Biohazards/trends ; Disease Eradication/methods ; Disease Eradication/organization & administration ; Disease Eradication/trends ; Emergency Medical Services/organization & administration ; Emergency Medical Services/standards ; Health Facilities ; Humans ; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control ; Poliovirus Vaccines/therapeutic use ; Risk Management/methods ; Risk Management/organization & administration ; Risk Management/trends
    Chemical Substances Poliovirus Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-12-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Review
    ZDB-ID 208417-x
    ISSN 1537-2995 ; 0041-1132
    ISSN (online) 1537-2995
    ISSN 0041-1132
    DOI 10.1111/trf.15018
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  2. Article ; Online: Validation of improved automated nucleic acid extraction methods for direct detection of polioviruses for global polio eradication.

    Miles, Stacey Jeffries / Harrington, Chelsea / Sun, Hong / Deas, Ashley / Oberste, M Steven / Nix, W Allan / Vega, Everardo / Gerloff, Nancy

    Journal of virological methods

    2024  Volume 326, Page(s) 114914

    Abstract: Polioviruses (PV), the main causative agent of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses of the family Picornaviridae. As we approach polio eradication, accurate and timely detection of poliovirus in stool from AFP ... ...

    Abstract Polioviruses (PV), the main causative agent of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses of the family Picornaviridae. As we approach polio eradication, accurate and timely detection of poliovirus in stool from AFP cases becomes vital to success for the eradication efforts. Direct detection of PV from clinical diagnostic samples using nucleic acid (NA) extraction and real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) instead of the current standard method of virus isolation in culture, eliminates the long turn-around time to diagnosis and the need for high viral titer amplification in laboratories. An essential component of direct detection of PV from AFP surveillance samples is the efficient extraction of NA. Potential supply chain issues and lack of vendor presence in certain areas of the world necessitates the validation of multiple NA extraction methods. Using retrospective PV-positive surveillance samples (n=104), two extraction kits were compared to the previously validated Zymo Research Quick-RNA™ Viral Kit. The Roche High Pure Viral RNA Kit, a column-based manual extraction method, and the MagMaX™ Pathogen RNA/DNA kit used in the automated Kingfisher Flex system were both non-inferior to the Zymo kit, with similar rates of PV detection in pivotal rRT-PCR assays, such as pan-poliovirus (PanPV), poliovirus serotype 2 (PV2), and wild poliovirus serotype 1 (WPV1). These important assays allow the identification and differentiation of PV genotypes and serotypes and are fundamental to the GPLN program. Validation of two additional kits provides feasible alternatives to the current piloted method of NA extraction for poliovirus rRT-PCR assays.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Poliovirus/genetics ; Retrospective Studies ; alpha-Fetoproteins ; Poliomyelitis/diagnosis ; Enterovirus/genetics ; RNA, Viral/genetics
    Chemical Substances alpha-Fetoproteins ; RNA, Viral
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-06
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 8013-5
    ISSN 1879-0984 ; 0166-0934
    ISSN (online) 1879-0984
    ISSN 0166-0934
    DOI 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114914
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  3. Article: An Automated High-Throughput Enterovirus D68 Microneutralization Assay Platform

    Rhoden, Eric E. / Mainou, Bernardo A. / Konopka-Anstadt, Jennifer L. / Oberste, M. Steven

    Journal of virological methods. 2022 July 22,

    2022  

    Abstract: Virus neutralization assays, widely used to detect and quantify antibodies induced by virus infection, are considered the gold standard for enterovirus serology testing. Conventional microneutralization assays have been used to assess enterovirus D68 (EV- ...

    Abstract Virus neutralization assays, widely used to detect and quantify antibodies induced by virus infection, are considered the gold standard for enterovirus serology testing. Conventional microneutralization assays have been used to assess enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) seroprevalence. While manual or automated 96-well assays are valuable, higher-density assays that increase throughput provide the opportunity to more efficiently screen large, population-based serology collections, as well as to test sample sets against multiple virus strains on the same plate or within the same run. Here, automation was implemented for bulk reagent dispensing, serial dilutions, and luminescence measurement to develop a 384-well enterovirus microneutralization assay that increases overall testing throughput, maintains the reproducibility of the standard 96-well assay, and reduces sample volume usage. EV-D68 strains Fermon, 14-18953, and 18-23087 were used to evaluate the automated 384-well microneutralization assay and compare to the conventional 96-well assay. Sensitivity and specificity were evaluated using pooled human sera and positive and negative control antisera. The Lower Limit of quantitation (LLOQ) was the same as for the 96-well assay and coefficients of variations (CV) of 7.35%, 5.97%, and 2.85% for the three EV-D68 strains respectively, were well below the typical goal of ≤ 20% CV for accuracy. Z-factor analysis yielded results of 0.694, 0.638, and 0.852, for the three EV-D68 strains respectively, indicating a high level of precision, reliability, and robustness. Intra-assay (7.25%) and inter-assay (7.12%) variability were well below 20% CV. Moreover, the 96-well and 384-well versions of the assay were highly concordant, with a 0.955 correlation coefficient in titers obtained for 50 sera tested. Validation of this automated 384-well microneutralization will support its use in large serology screens assessing the presence of EV-D68 neutralizing antibodies in human populations.
    Keywords Enterovirus ; automation ; humans ; luminescent assay ; neutralization tests ; serology ; seroprevalence ; viruses
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-0722
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article
    Note Pre-press version
    ZDB-ID 8013-5
    ISSN 1879-0984 ; 0166-0934
    ISSN (online) 1879-0984
    ISSN 0166-0934
    DOI 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114590
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  4. Article ; Online: An automated high-throughput enterovirus D68 microneutralization assay platform.

    Rhoden, Eric E / Mainou, Bernardo A / Konopka-Anstadt, Jennifer L / Oberste, M Steven

    Journal of virological methods

    2022  Volume 308, Page(s) 114590

    Abstract: Virus neutralization assays, widely used to detect and quantify antibodies induced by virus infection, are considered the gold standard for enterovirus serology testing. Conventional microneutralization assays have been used to assess enterovirus D68 (EV- ...

    Abstract Virus neutralization assays, widely used to detect and quantify antibodies induced by virus infection, are considered the gold standard for enterovirus serology testing. Conventional microneutralization assays have been used to assess enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) seroprevalence. While manual or automated 96-well assays are valuable, higher-density assays that increase throughput provide the opportunity to more efficiently screen large, population-based serology collections, as well as to test sample sets against multiple virus strains on the same plate or within the same run. Here, automation was implemented for bulk reagent dispensing, serial dilutions, and luminescence measurement to develop a 384-well enterovirus microneutralization assay that increases overall testing throughput, maintains the reproducibility of the standard 96-well assay, and reduces sample volume usage. EV-D68 strains Fermon, 14-18953, and 18-23087 were used to evaluate the automated 384-well microneutralization assay and compare to the conventional 96-well assay. Sensitivity and specificity were evaluated using pooled human sera and positive and negative control antisera. The Lower Limit of quantitation (LLOQ) was the same as for the 96-well assay and coefficients of variations (CV) of 7.35 %, 5.97 %, and 2.85 % for the three EV-D68 strains respectively, were well below the typical goal of ≤ 20 % CV for accuracy. Z-factor analysis yielded results of 0.694, 0.638, and 0.852, for the three EV-D68 strains respectively, indicating a high level of precision, reliability, and robustness. Intra-assay (7.25 %) and inter-assay (7.12 %) variability were well below 20 % CV. Moreover, the 96-well and 384-well versions of the assay were highly concordant, with a 0.955 correlation coefficient in titers obtained for 50 sera tested. Validation of this automated 384-well microneutralization will support its use in large serology screens assessing the presence of EV-D68 neutralizing antibodies in human populations.
    MeSH term(s) Antibodies, Neutralizing/analysis ; Enterovirus D, Human ; Enterovirus Infections ; Humans ; Reproducibility of Results ; Seroepidemiologic Studies
    Chemical Substances Antibodies, Neutralizing
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-07-22
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 8013-5
    ISSN 1879-0984 ; 0166-0934
    ISSN (online) 1879-0984
    ISSN 0166-0934
    DOI 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114590
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  5. Article ; Online: A search-based geographic metadata curation pipeline to refine sequencing institution information and support public health.

    Zhao, Kun / Farrell, Katie / Mashiku, Melchizedek / Abay, Dawit / Tang, Kevin / Oberste, M Steven / Burns, Cara C

    Frontiers in public health

    2023  Volume 11, Page(s) 1254976

    Abstract: Background: The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Sequence Read Archive (SRA) has amassed a vast reservoir of genetic data since its inception in 2007. These public data hold immense potential for supporting pathogen surveillance and ... ...

    Abstract Background: The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Sequence Read Archive (SRA) has amassed a vast reservoir of genetic data since its inception in 2007. These public data hold immense potential for supporting pathogen surveillance and control. However, the lack of standardized metadata and inconsistent submission practices in SRA may impede the data's utility in public health.
    Methods: To address this issue, we introduce the Search-based Geographic Metadata Curation (SGMC) pipeline. SGMC utilized Python and web scraping to extract geographic data of sequencing institutions from NCBI SRA in the Cloud and its website. It then harnessed ChatGPT to refine the sequencing institution and location assignments. To illustrate the pipeline's utility, we examined the geographic distribution of the sequencing institutions and their countries relevant to polio eradication and categorized them.
    Results: SGMC successfully identified 7,649 sequencing institutions and their global locations from a random selection of 2,321,044 SRA accessions. These institutions were distributed across 97 countries, with strong representation in the United States, the United Kingdom and China. However, there was a lack of data from African, Central Asian, and Central American countries, indicating potential disparities in sequencing capabilities. Comparison with manually curated data for U.S. institutions reveals SGMC's accuracy rates of 94.8% for institutions, 93.1% for countries, and 74.5% for geographic coordinates.
    Conclusion: SGMC may represent a novel approach using a generative AI model to enhance geographic data (country and institution assignments) for large numbers of samples within SRA datasets. This information can be utilized to bolster public health endeavors.
    MeSH term(s) Metadata ; Public Health ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; China ; United Kingdom
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-14
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2711781-9
    ISSN 2296-2565 ; 2296-2565
    ISSN (online) 2296-2565
    ISSN 2296-2565
    DOI 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1254976
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  6. Article ; Online: Global polio perspective.

    Oberste, M Steven / Lipton, Howard L

    Neurology

    2014  Volume 82, Issue 20, Page(s) 1831–1832

    Abstract: The results of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative that began in 1988 when there was transmission of 350,000 polio cases in 125 countries and has culminated in endemic transmission of only 223 polio cases in 3 countries in 2012 are reviewed. ...

    Abstract The results of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative that began in 1988 when there was transmission of 350,000 polio cases in 125 countries and has culminated in endemic transmission of only 223 polio cases in 3 countries in 2012 are reviewed.
    MeSH term(s) Disease Outbreaks ; Global Health ; Humans ; Poliomyelitis/epidemiology ; Poliomyelitis/transmission ; Poliovirus Vaccines ; Population Surveillance
    Chemical Substances Poliovirus Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-05-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 207147-2
    ISSN 1526-632X ; 0028-3878
    ISSN (online) 1526-632X
    ISSN 0028-3878
    DOI 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000426
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  7. Article ; Online: Use of guanidine thiocyanate-based nucleic acid extraction buffers to inactivate poliovirus in potentially infectious materials.

    Honeywood, Michelle J / Jeffries-Miles, Stacey / Wong, Kimberly / Harrington, Chelsea / Burns, Cara C / Oberste, M Steven / Bowen, Michael D / Vega, Everardo

    Journal of virological methods

    2021  Volume 297, Page(s) 114262

    Abstract: The efforts of the Global Poliovirus Eradication Initiative (GPEI) have brought about the near elimination of poliovirus worldwide. The World Health Organization has issued guidelines for the safe handling and containment of infectious materials (IM) and ...

    Abstract The efforts of the Global Poliovirus Eradication Initiative (GPEI) have brought about the near elimination of poliovirus worldwide. The World Health Organization has issued guidelines for the safe handling and containment of infectious materials (IM) and potentially infectious materials (PIM) following poliovirus eradication. Inactivation of poliovirus in IM and PIM is needed to prevent inadvertent re-introduction of polioviruses post-eradication. In this study, we investigated the use of guanidine thiocyanate-based nucleic acid extraction buffers from commercially available nucleic acid extraction kits to inactivate poliovirus in cell culture isolates and stool suspensions, two common types of poliovirus IM and PIM, respectively. Incubation with selected nucleic acid extraction buffers or extraction buffers supplemented with ethanol reduced the infectivity of high-titer wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1), wild poliovirus type 3 (WPV3), Sabin 1 (SL1), and Sabin 3 (SL3) cell culture isolates below the limit of detection in CCID
    MeSH term(s) Disease Eradication ; Guanidines ; Humans ; Nucleic Acids ; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control ; Poliovirus ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral ; Thiocyanates
    Chemical Substances Guanidines ; Nucleic Acids ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral ; Thiocyanates ; guanidine thiocyanate (593-84-0)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-08-09
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 8013-5
    ISSN 1879-0984 ; 0166-0934
    ISSN (online) 1879-0984
    ISSN 0166-0934
    DOI 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114262
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  8. Article ; Online: Enterovirus 71 encephalitis: a new vaccine on the horizon?

    Pallansch, Mark A / Oberste, M Steven

    Lancet (London, England)

    2013  Volume 381, Issue 9871, Page(s) 976–977

    MeSH term(s) Enterovirus A, Human/immunology ; Enterovirus Infections/prevention & control ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Viral Vaccines/adverse effects
    Chemical Substances Viral Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-03-23
    Publishing country England
    Document type Comment ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 3306-6
    ISSN 1474-547X ; 0023-7507 ; 0140-6736
    ISSN (online) 1474-547X
    ISSN 0023-7507 ; 0140-6736
    DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60286-X
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  9. Article ; Online: Standardized Methods for Detection of Poliovirus Antibodies.

    Weldon, William C / Oberste, M Steven / Pallansch, Mark A

    Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)

    2016  Volume 1387, Page(s) 145–176

    Abstract: Testing for neutralizing antibodies against polioviruses has been an established gold standard for assessing individual protection from disease, population immunity, vaccine efficacy studies, and other vaccine clinical trials. Detecting poliovirus ... ...

    Abstract Testing for neutralizing antibodies against polioviruses has been an established gold standard for assessing individual protection from disease, population immunity, vaccine efficacy studies, and other vaccine clinical trials. Detecting poliovirus specific IgM and IgA in sera and mucosal specimens has been proposed for evaluating the status of population mucosal immunity. More recently, there has been a renewed interest in using dried blood spot cards as a medium for sample collection to enhance surveillance of poliovirus immunity. Here, we describe the modified poliovirus microneutralization assay, poliovirus capture IgM and IgA ELISA assays, and dried blood spot polio serology procedures for the detection of antibodies against poliovirus serotypes 1, 2, and 3.
    MeSH term(s) Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Cell Line ; Dried Blood Spot Testing/methods ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin A/blood ; Immunoglobulin A/immunology ; Immunoglobulin M/blood ; Immunoglobulin M/immunology ; Micronucleus Tests/methods ; Poliomyelitis/blood ; Poliomyelitis/diagnosis ; Poliomyelitis/immunology ; Poliomyelitis/virology ; Poliovirus/immunology ; Poliovirus/isolation & purification
    Chemical Substances Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; Immunoglobulin A ; Immunoglobulin M
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1940-6029
    ISSN (online) 1940-6029
    DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-3292-4_8
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article: Use of guanidine thiocyanate-based nucleic acid extraction buffers to inactivate poliovirus in potentially infectious materials

    Honeywood, Michelle J. / Jeffries-Miles, Stacey / Wong, Kimberly / Harrington, Chelsea / Burns, Cara C. / Oberste, M. Steven / Bowen, Michael D. / Vega, Everardo

    Journal of virological methods. 2021 Nov., v. 297

    2021  

    Abstract: The efforts of the Global Poliovirus Eradication Initiative (GPEI) have brought about the near elimination of poliovirus worldwide. The World Health Organization has issued guidelines for the safe handling and containment of infectious materials (IM) and ...

    Abstract The efforts of the Global Poliovirus Eradication Initiative (GPEI) have brought about the near elimination of poliovirus worldwide. The World Health Organization has issued guidelines for the safe handling and containment of infectious materials (IM) and potentially infectious materials (PIM) following poliovirus eradication. Inactivation of poliovirus in IM and PIM is needed to prevent inadvertent re-introduction of polioviruses post-eradication. In this study, we investigated the use of guanidine thiocyanate-based nucleic acid extraction buffers from commercially available nucleic acid extraction kits to inactivate poliovirus in cell culture isolates and stool suspensions, two common types of poliovirus IM and PIM, respectively. Incubation with selected nucleic acid extraction buffers or extraction buffers supplemented with ethanol reduced the infectivity of high-titer wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1), wild poliovirus type 3 (WPV3), Sabin 1 (SL1), and Sabin 3 (SL3) cell culture isolates below the limit of detection in CCID₅₀ assays. Stool suspensions containing WPV1, WPV3, SL1, SL2, or SL3 were also inactivated by the extraction buffers tested. Blind passage of WPV1-spiked stool suspensions confirmed complete inactivation of WPV1 after incubation with extraction buffers. Moreover, treatment with a buffer consisting of 4 M guanidine thiocyanate with 30 % ethanol inactivated a high-titer WPV1 culture isolate and a WPV1-spiked stool suspension. Taken together, these results show that guanidine thiocyanate-based nucleic acid extraction buffers are an effective means of inactivating poliovirus IM and PIM, and thus will be instrumental in ensuring containment compliance and preventing potential re-emergence of contained polioviruses.
    Keywords Enterovirus C ; World Health Organization ; cell culture ; compliance ; detection limit ; ethanol ; guanidines ; nucleic acids ; pathogenicity ; thiocyanates
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2021-11
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 8013-5
    ISSN 1879-0984 ; 0166-0934
    ISSN (online) 1879-0984
    ISSN 0166-0934
    DOI 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114262
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