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Article ; Online: Enhancing acute flaccid paralysis surveillance through the use of pictorial surveillance reminder cards during supplementary immunization activities, December 2014: a survey in Jigawa State, Nigeria.

Okeke, Lilian Akudo / Waziri, Ndadilnasiya / Gidado, Saheed / Adegoke, Joel / Edukugho, Aboyowa / Idris, Jibrin / Abbot, Samuel Luka / Uba, Belinda Vernyuy / Adewole, Adefisoye / Ajumobi, Olufemi / Nguku, Patrick / Biya, Oladayo / Esapa, Lisa / Bolu, Omotayo / Wiesen, Eric / Ohuabunwo, Chima

The Pan African medical journal

2021 Volume 40, Issue Suppl 1, Page(s) 4

Abstract: Introduction: Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) pictorial surveillance reminder cards (AFP cards) could aid AFP case identification during supplementary immunization activities (SIAs). We assessed the availability and utilization of AFP cards among ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) pictorial surveillance reminder cards (AFP cards) could aid AFP case identification during supplementary immunization activities (SIAs). We assessed the availability and utilization of AFP cards among vaccination teams during the December 2014 polio SIAs in Jigawa State, Nigeria. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of 95 vaccination team supervisors. We used a semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire to collect information on socio-demographics, knowledge of AFP cases, availability and utilization of the AFP cards for case identification and investigation and non-compliance resolution by vaccination teams. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed using Epi Info version 3.5.1. Results: Of the 95 supervisors interviewed, 86 (91%) reported that vaccinators properly displayed the AFP cards, 90 (95%) reported use of cards for AFP case identification, 88 (93%) reported use of cards to resolve non-compliance with polio vaccination and 77 (81%) reported use of cards to ask caregivers six key questions to prevent missed children. Fifty-eight (61%) supervisors knew the AFP case definition. A total of 21 possible AFP cases were identified by vaccination team members with the aid of the cards, of which 17 (81%) were referred to the nearest health facility. Conclusion: The survey demonstrated usefulness of reminder cards for identification and follow-up of AFP cases. Based on these findings, use of AFP cards was implemented in all Nigerian States and similar cards were developed and implemented for measles surveillance during SIAs.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Humans ; Central Nervous System Viral Diseases ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Immunization ; Myelitis ; Neuromuscular Diseases ; Nigeria/epidemiology ; Paralysis/epidemiology ; Poliomyelitis/epidemiology ; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control ; Population Surveillance ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Vaccination
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-12
Publishing country	Uganda
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2514347-5
ISSN	1937-8688 ; 1937-8688
ISSN (online)	1937-8688
ISSN	1937-8688
DOI	10.11604/pamj.supp.2021.40.1.19647
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Article ; Online: Strengthening facility-based immunization service delivery in local government areas at high risk for polio in Northern Nigeria, 2014-2015.

The Pan African medical journal

2021 Volume 40, Issue Suppl 1, Page(s) 6

Abstract: Introduction: The National Stop Transmission of Polio (NSTOP) program was created in 2012 to support the Polio Eradication Initiative (PEI) in Local Government Areas (LGAs) at high risk for polio in Northern Nigeria. We assessed immunization service ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: The National Stop Transmission of Polio (NSTOP) program was created in 2012 to support the Polio Eradication Initiative (PEI) in Local Government Areas (LGAs) at high risk for polio in Northern Nigeria. We assessed immunization service delivery prior to the commencement of NSTOP support in 2014 and after one year of implementation in 2015 to measure changes in the implementation of key facility-based Routine Immunization (RI) components. Methods: The pre- and post-assessment was conducted in selected health facilities (HFs) in 61 LGAs supported by NSTOP in 5 states. A standardized questionnaire was administered to the LGA and HF immunization staff by trained interviewers on key RI service delivery components. Results: At the LGA level, an increase was observed in key components including availability of updated Reach Every Ward (REW) micro-plans with identification of hard to reach settlements (65.6% baseline, 96.8% follow-up, PR = 1.5 (95% CI 3.4 - 69.8), vaccine forecasting (77.1% baseline, 93.5% follow-up, PR =1.2 (95% CI 1.8 - 13.8), and timely delivery of monthly immunization reports (73.8% baseline, 90.2% follow-up; PR =1.2 (95% CI 1.2 - 9.0). At the HF level, there was an increase in percentage of HFs with written supervisory feedback (44.5% baseline, 82.5% follow-up, PR = 1.8 (95% CI 4.7 - 7.3), written stock records (66.5% baseline, 87.9% follow-up, PR = 1.3 (95% CI 2.9 - 4.7) and updated immunization monitoring charts (76.3% baseline, 95.6% follow-up, PR = 1.3 (95% CI 4.6 - 9.9). Conclusion: We observed an improvement in key RI service delivery components following implementation of NSTOP program activities in supported LGAs.
MeSH term(s)	Disease Eradication ; Humans ; Immunization ; Immunization Programs ; Local Government ; Nigeria ; Poliomyelitis/epidemiology ; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-12
Publishing country	Uganda
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2514347-5
ISSN	1937-8688 ; 1937-8688
ISSN (online)	1937-8688
ISSN	1937-8688
DOI	10.11604/pamj.supp.2021.40.1.25865
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Article ; Online: Pilot implementation of a routine immunization module of the district health information system version 2 in Kano State, Nigeria, 2014 - 2015.

Uba, Belinda Vernyuy / Waziri, Ndadilnasiya Endie / Adegoke, Oluwasegun Joel / Akerele, Adekunle / Gidado, Saheed / Usifoh, Nnamdi / Adeoye, Olorunsogo Bidemi / Akataobi, Charles Micheal / Ahmed, Suleiman Haladu / Obansa, Ramatu Usman / Simple, Edwin / Kibret, Beza / Ohuabunwo, Chima / Biya, Oladayo / Wiesen, Eric / Nnadi, Chime / Nguku, Patrick

The Pan African medical journal

2021 Volume 40, Issue Suppl 1, Page(s) 5

Abstract: Introduction: Timely and accurate data are necessary for informing sound decision-making and developing effective routine immunization (RI) programs. We launched a pilot project in Kano State to strengthen routine immunization (RI) data reporting ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Timely and accurate data are necessary for informing sound decision-making and developing effective routine immunization (RI) programs. We launched a pilot project in Kano State to strengthen routine immunization (RI) data reporting through the immunization module of the District Health Information System version 2 (DHIS2). We examined the completeness and timeliness of reporting monthly RI data one year before and one year after DHIS2 module pilot in the State. Methods: The first phase of the DHIS2 RI module pilot in Kano included training on RI data tools in November 2014 and in January 2015 for 36 state and zonal personnels, 276 local government area (LGA) personnel, and 2,423 health facility (HF) staff. A RI-focused dashboard to display core RI accountability framework indicators, such as completeness and timeliness of reporting, planned immunization sessions conducted, coverage and dropout was implemented. Report completeness was ratio of submitted reports to number of health facilities while report timeliness was ratio of reports on the DHIS2 by 14th of the month to number of expected. Results: Completeness of data reporting increase from 70% in 2014 to 87% in 2015, while timeliness of reporting increase from 64% to 87% over the same period. Challenges encountered during the implementation process included limited access to internet, power outages, health workers strike, staff attrition and competing state activities. Conclusion: The pilot implementation of the DHIS2 immunization module in Kano State led to modest improvement in the reporting of RI services. Several lessons learned were used to guide scale-up to other states in the country.
MeSH term(s)	Health Information Systems ; Humans ; Immunization ; Immunization Programs ; Nigeria ; Pilot Projects ; Vaccination
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-12
Publishing country	Uganda
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2514347-5
ISSN	1937-8688 ; 1937-8688
ISSN (online)	1937-8688
ISSN	1937-8688
DOI	10.11604/pamj.supp.2021.40.1.24879
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Article ; Online: Using Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance as a Platform for Vaccine-Preventable Disease Surveillance.

Wassilak, Steven G F / Williams, Cheryl L / Murrill, Christopher S / Dahl, Benjamin A / Ohuabunwo, Chima / Tangermann, Rudolf H

The Journal of infectious diseases

2017 Volume 216, Issue suppl_1, Page(s) S293–S298

Abstract: Surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is a fundamental cornerstone of the global polio eradication initiative (GPEI). Active surveillance (with visits to health facilities) is a critical strategy of AFP surveillance systems for highly sensitive ... ...

Abstract	Surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is a fundamental cornerstone of the global polio eradication initiative (GPEI). Active surveillance (with visits to health facilities) is a critical strategy of AFP surveillance systems for highly sensitive and timely detection of cases. Because of the extensive resources devoted to AFP surveillance, multiple opportunities exist for additional diseases to be added using GPEI assets, particularly because there is generally 1 district officer responsible for all disease surveillance. For this reason, integrated surveillance has become a standard practice in many countries, ranging from adding surveillance for measles and rubella to integrated disease surveillance for outbreak-prone diseases (integrated disease surveillance and response). This report outlines the current level of disease surveillance integration in 3 countries (Nepal, India, and Nigeria) and proposes that resources continue for long-term maintenance in resource-poor countries of AFP surveillance as a platform for surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases and other outbreak-prone diseases.
MeSH term(s)	Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Humans ; India ; Nepal ; Nigeria ; Paralysis/diagnosis ; Paralysis/epidemiology ; Paralysis/physiopathology ; Paralysis/virology ; Poliomyelitis/diagnosis ; Poliomyelitis/epidemiology ; Poliomyelitis/physiopathology ; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control ; Poliovirus ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral ; Public Health Surveillance/methods
Chemical Substances	Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-08-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	3019-3
ISSN	1537-6613 ; 0022-1899
ISSN (online)	1537-6613
ISSN	0022-1899
DOI	10.1093/infdis/jiw593
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Article: Building a new platform to support public health emergency response in Africa: the AFENET Corps of Disease Detectives, 2018-2019.

Masiira, Ben / Antara, Simon N / Kazoora, Herbert B / Namusisi, Olivia / Gombe, Notion T / Magazani, Alain N / Nguku, Patrick M / Kazambu, Ditu / Gitta, Sheba N / Kihembo, Christine / Sawadogo, Bernard / Bogale, Tatek A / Ohuabunwo, Chima / Nsubuga, Peter / Tshimanga, Mufuta

BMJ global health

2020 Volume 5, Issue 10

Abstract: Public health emergency (PHE) response in sub-Saharan Africa is constrained by inadequate skilled public health workforce and underfunding. Since 2005, the African Field Epidemiology Network (AFENET) has been supporting field epidemiology capacity ... ...

Abstract	Public health emergency (PHE) response in sub-Saharan Africa is constrained by inadequate skilled public health workforce and underfunding. Since 2005, the African Field Epidemiology Network (AFENET) has been supporting field epidemiology capacity development and innovative strategies are required to use this workforce. In 2018, AFENET launched a continental rapid response team: the AFENET Corps of Disease Detectives (ACoDD). ACoDD comprises field epidemiology graduates and residents and was established to support PHE response. Since 2018, AFENET has deployed the ACoDD to support response to several PHEs. The main challenges faced during ACoDD deployments were financing of operations, ACoDD safety and security, resistance to interventions and distrust of the responders by some communities. Our experience during these deployments showed that it was feasible to mobilise and deploy ACoDD within 48 hours. However, the sustainability of deployments will depend on establishing strong linkages with the employers of ACoDD members. PHEs are effectively controlled when there is a fast deployment and strong linkages between the stakeholders. There are ongoing efforts to strengthen PHE preparedness and response in sub-Saharan Africa. ACoDD members are a competent workforce that can effectively augment PHE response. ACoDD teams mentored front-line health workers and community health workers who are critical in PHE response. Public health emergence response in sub-Saharan Africa is constrained by inadequacies in a skilled workforce and underfunding. ACoDD can be utilised to overcome the challenges of accessing a skilled public health workforce. To improve health security in sub-Saharan Africa, more financing of PHE response is needed.
MeSH term(s)	Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology ; Emergencies ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Public Health
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2059-7908
ISSN	2059-7908
DOI	10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002874
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Article ; Online: Secondary analysis of snake bite data in the Western Region of Ghana: 2006-2010.

Mensah, Ebenezer K / Karikari, Kwaku / Aikins, Moses / Vanotoo, Linda / Sackey, Samuel / Ohuabunwo, Chima / Wurapa, Fred / Sifah, Tweneboah K / Afari, Edwin

Ghana medical journal

2016 Volume 50, Issue 2, Page(s) 103–106

Abstract: Background: A snake bite is an injury caused by a bite from a snake, often resulting in puncture wounds, amputations and sometimes envenomation. Envenoming resulting from snake bite is a particularly important public health problem in rural areas of ... ...

Abstract	Background: A snake bite is an injury caused by a bite from a snake, often resulting in puncture wounds, amputations and sometimes envenomation. Envenoming resulting from snake bite is a particularly important public health problem in rural areas of tropical and sub-tropical countries in Africa. This paper reports the incidence of snake bites and its associated mortality in the Western Region of Ghana. Method: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional review of 2006 - 2010 snake bite secondary data generated by the Western Regional Health Information Office in Ghana. Data was extracted from the District Health Information Management System (DHIMS) database. Data was managed and analyzed using SPSS Version 16.0. Univariate analyses were expressed as percentages and graphs. Results: The year 2009 recorded the highest incidence of Snake bites in the Western Region with Juabeso district recording the highest incidence of snake bites over the study period. Over the period about 55% of the incidence was between 50 - 100 per 100,000 population. The total number of snake bites recorded in the region for the period was 7,275, of which 52% (3,776) were males. About 60% of the patients were of the age group 15-49 years. A total of 12 reported snake bite deaths were recorded, of which 67% were men. This study recommends to the Districts Health Directorates in the Western Region to regularly organize community education on snake bite and the use of protective clothing by the farmers. Funding: None declared.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Distribution ; Aged ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Databases, Factual ; Female ; Ghana/epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sex Distribution ; Snake Bites/epidemiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-11-01
Publishing country	Ghana
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2616-163X
ISSN (online)	2616-163X
DOI	10.4314/gmj.v50i2.8
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Article ; Online: Revelation of an important weakness in polio elimination efforts in Nigeria: a descriptive cross-sectional study of nomadic dynamics in Sokoto and Taraba States, May 2013.

Aliyu, Nuruddeen / Bawa, Musa Kalamullah / Gidado, Saheed / Ohuabunwo, Chima / Esapa, Lisa / Archer, Wiedad Roodly / Sule, Adamu / Bolatito, Halimatu Ayanleke / Mamman, Aisha / Olayinka, Adebola / Balogun, Muhammad Shakir / Getso, Kabir Ibrahim / Dalhat, Mahmood Muazu / Haladu, Ahmed Suleiman / Shehu, Usman Lawan / Nguku, Patrick Mboya / Shehu, Aminu / Abdulganiyu, Shehu / Waziri, Ndadilnasiya Endie

The Pan African medical journal

2021 Volume 40, Issue Suppl 1, Page(s) 12

Abstract: Introduction: Operational gaps in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative implementation had been partly responsible for inadequate population immunity and the continued transmission of wild poliovirus in Nigeria before the African Region was declared ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Operational gaps in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative implementation had been partly responsible for inadequate population immunity and the continued transmission of wild poliovirus in Nigeria before the African Region was declared polio-free in 2020. Missed opportunities to provide services in nomadic populations due to frequent mobility, lack of inclusion in microplans and the remoteness of their settlements were the major challenges. During May 2013 we conducted immunization outreach to nomadic and other underserved communities in Rabah LGA, Sokoto state, and Ardo Kola LGA, Taraba state, in Nigeria to identify and vaccinate children missed during supplemental immunization activities while identifying missed acute flaccid paralysis cases. Methods: An enumeration checklist and data collection instruments on Android cell phones were used to capture socio-demographic data and GPS coordinates on nomadic settlements, households, number of children aged <5 years, children previously missed for vaccination and their locations. Local guides led trained enumerators to underserved communities for the enumeration and vaccination. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2007. Results: A total of 324 settlements were listed for the two states, and 111 (34.3%) of these were identified as missed when compared with micro-planning for the most recent SIA. In these settlements, 3,533 households and 9,385 children aged <5 years were listed. We administered oral poliovirus vaccine to all 1,946 missed children during the recent or any supplemental immunization activities. Of these, 527 (27.1%) had never been vaccinated. We found no missed acute flaccid paralysis cases. Conclusion: Nomadic populations continue to be underserved, especially for vaccination services. This results in pockets of populations with low herd immunity and increased risk for poliovirus transmission. Community leaders and nomadic settlements should be included in the micro-planning of all supplemental immunization activities to ensure all children receive vaccination services.
MeSH term(s)	Central Nervous System Viral Diseases ; Child ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Immunization Programs ; Myelitis ; Neuromuscular Diseases ; Nigeria/epidemiology ; Poliomyelitis/epidemiology ; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral ; Vaccination
Chemical Substances	Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-24
Publishing country	Uganda
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2514347-5
ISSN	1937-8688 ; 1937-8688
ISSN (online)	1937-8688
ISSN	1937-8688
DOI	10.11604/pamj.supp.2021.40.1.32542
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Article ; Online: Mental health in emergency response: lessons from Ebola.

Mohammed, Abdulaziz / Sheikh, Taiwo Lateef / Poggensee, Gabriele / Nguku, Patrick / Olayinka, Adebola / Ohuabunwo, Chima / Eaton, Julian

The lancet. Psychiatry

2015 Volume 2, Issue 11, Page(s) 955–957

MeSH term(s)	Adaptation, Psychological ; Africa, Western/epidemiology ; Anxiety/psychology ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Emergency Medical Services/organization & administration ; Fear/psychology ; Health Personnel/psychology ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/epidemiology ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/prevention & control ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/psychology ; Humans ; Mental Health Services/organization & administration ; Stress, Psychological/therapy
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2215-0374
ISSN (online)	2215-0374
DOI	10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00451-4
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Article ; Online: Approaches to Vaccination Among Populations in Areas of Conflict.

Nnadi, Chimeremma / Etsano, Andrew / Uba, Belinda / Ohuabunwo, Chima / Melton, Musa / Wa Nganda, Gatei / Esapa, Lisa / Bolu, Omotayo / Mahoney, Frank / Vertefeuille, John / Wiesen, Eric / Durry, Elias

The Journal of infectious diseases

2017 Volume 216, Issue suppl_1, Page(s) S368–S372

Abstract: Vaccination is an important and cost-effective disease prevention and control strategy. Despite progress in vaccine development and immunization delivery systems worldwide, populations in areas of conflict (hereafter, "conflict settings") often have ... ...

Abstract	Vaccination is an important and cost-effective disease prevention and control strategy. Despite progress in vaccine development and immunization delivery systems worldwide, populations in areas of conflict (hereafter, "conflict settings") often have limited or no access to lifesaving vaccines, leaving them at increased risk for morbidity and mortality related to vaccine-preventable disease. Without developing and refining approaches to reach and vaccinate children and other vulnerable populations in conflict settings, outbreaks of vaccine-preventable disease in these settings may persist and spread across subnational and international borders. Understanding and refining current approaches to vaccinating populations in conflict and humanitarian emergency settings may save lives. Despite major setbacks, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative has made substantial progress in vaccinating millions of children worldwide, including those living in communities affected by conflicts and other humanitarian emergencies. In this article, we examine key strategic and operational tactics that have led to increased polio vaccination coverage among populations living in diverse conflict settings, including Nigeria, Somalia, and Pakistan, and how these could be applied to reach and vaccinate populations in other settings across the world.
MeSH term(s)	Armed Conflicts ; Disease Eradication/methods ; Humans ; Immunization Programs/methods ; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control ; Refugees ; Vulnerable Populations
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-09-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	3019-3
ISSN	1537-6613 ; 0022-1899
ISSN (online)	1537-6613
ISSN	0022-1899
DOI	10.1093/infdis/jix175
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Article ; Online: Continued Endemic Wild Poliovirus Transmission in Security-Compromised Areas - Nigeria, 2016.

Nnadi, Chimeremma / Damisa, Eunice / Esapa, Lisa / Braka, Fiona / Waziri, Ndadilnasiya / Siddique, Anisur / Jorba, Jaume / Nganda, Gatei Wa / Ohuabunwo, Chima / Bolu, Omotayo / Wiesen, Eric / Adamu, Usman

MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report

2017 Volume 66, Issue 7, Page(s) 190–193

Abstract: On August 10, 2016, 2 years after the most recent wild poliovirus (WPV) case was reported in Nigeria (in July 2014) (1), two WPV cases were reported in the northeastern state of Borno, which has been severely affected by insurgency-related insecurity ... ...

Abstract	On August 10, 2016, 2 years after the most recent wild poliovirus (WPV) case was reported in Nigeria (in July 2014) (1), two WPV cases were reported in the northeastern state of Borno, which has been severely affected by insurgency-related insecurity since 2013. On September 9 and 26, 2016, two additional WPV cases were reported in Borno in children whose families migrated from security-compromised, inaccessible areas of the state. All four cases were WPV serotype 1 (WPV1), with genetic differences indicating prolonged undetected transmission. A large-scale emergency response plan was developed and implemented. The plan initially called for vaccination of 815,791 children during August 15-18 in five local government areas (LGAs) in the immediate vicinity of the first two WPV cases. Subsequently, the plan was expanded to regionally synchronized supplementary immunization activities (SIAs), conducted during August 27-December 6 in five Lake Chad basin countries at increased risk for national and regional WPV1 transmission (Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria). In addition, retrospective searches for missed cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), enhanced environmental surveillance for polioviruses, and polio surveillance system reviews were conducted. Prolonged undetected WPV1 transmission in Borno State is a consequence of low population immunity and severe surveillance limitations associated with insurgency-related insecurity and highlights the risk for local and international WPV spread (2). Increasing polio vaccination coverage and implementing high-quality polio surveillance, especially among populations in newly secured and difficult-to-access areas in Borno and other Lake Chad basin areas are urgently needed.
MeSH term(s)	Armed Conflicts ; Child ; Endemic Diseases ; Humans ; Nigeria/epidemiology ; Poliomyelitis/epidemiology ; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control ; Poliomyelitis/transmission ; Poliovirus/genetics ; Poliovirus/isolation & purification ; Poliovirus Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Population Surveillance ; Serogroup ; Vaccination/statistics & numerical data
Chemical Substances	Poliovirus Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-02-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	412775-4
ISSN	1545-861X ; 0149-2195
ISSN (online)	1545-861X
ISSN	0149-2195
DOI	10.15585/mmwr.mm6607a2
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