Article ; Online: Evasion of NKG2D-mediated cytotoxic immunity by sarbecoviruses.
2024 Volume 187, Issue 10, Page(s) 2393–2410.e14
Abstract: SARS-CoV-2 and other sarbecoviruses continue to threaten humanity, highlighting the need to characterize common mechanisms of viral immune evasion for pandemic preparedness. Cytotoxic lymphocytes are vital for antiviral immunity and express NKG2D, an ... ...
| Abstract | SARS-CoV-2 and other sarbecoviruses continue to threaten humanity, highlighting the need to characterize common mechanisms of viral immune evasion for pandemic preparedness. Cytotoxic lymphocytes are vital for antiviral immunity and express NKG2D, an activating receptor conserved among mammals that recognizes infection-induced stress ligands (e.g., MIC-A/B). We found that SARS-CoV-2 evades NKG2D recognition by surface downregulation of MIC-A/B via shedding, observed in human lung tissue and COVID-19 patient serum. Systematic testing of SARS-CoV-2 proteins revealed that ORF6, an accessory protein uniquely conserved among sarbecoviruses, was responsible for MIC-A/B downregulation via shedding. Further investigation demonstrated that natural killer (NK) cells efficiently killed SARS-CoV-2-infected cells and limited viral spread. However, inhibition of MIC-A/B shedding with a monoclonal antibody, 7C6, further enhanced NK-cell activity toward SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. Our findings unveil a strategy employed by SARS-CoV-2 to evade cytotoxic immunity, identify the culprit immunevasin shared among sarbecoviruses, and suggest a potential novel antiviral immunotherapy. |
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| MeSH term(s) | Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Killer Cells, Natural/immunology ; Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism ; NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K/metabolism ; COVID-19/immunology ; COVID-19/virology ; Immune Evasion ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism ; Animals ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Down-Regulation ; Lung/immunology ; Lung/virology ; Lung/pathology | ||||||||||
| Chemical Substances | NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K ; MICB antigen ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I ; KLRK1 protein, human ; MHC class I-related chain A | ||||||||||
| Language | English | ||||||||||
| Publishing date | 2024-04-22 | ||||||||||
| Publishing country | United States | ||||||||||
| Document type | Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | ||||||||||
| ZDB-ID | 187009-9 | ||||||||||
| ISSN | 1097-4172 ; 0092-8674 | ||||||||||
| ISSN (online) | 1097-4172 | ||||||||||
| ISSN | 0092-8674 | ||||||||||
| DOI | 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.026 | ||||||||||
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| Database | MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE |
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