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Article ; Online: Access to Media and Emerging Technologies: An Evolving Opportunity for Pharmacists to Contribute to Improving Health Outcomes.

Osae, Sharmon P / Chastain, Daniel B / Young, Henry N

2023 Volume 37, Issue 1, Page(s) 9–10

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Pharmacists ; Outcome Assessment, Health Care ; Internet
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Letter
ZDB-ID	1027474-1
ISSN	1531-1937 ; 0897-1900
ISSN (online)	1531-1937
ISSN	0897-1900
DOI	10.1177/08971900221149159
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Lessons learned from a formative study evaluating student pharmacists' experience with a case-based learning "choose your own adventure" activity.

Osae, Sharmon P / Palmer, Russ / Smith, Katie / Misher, Anne

Currents in pharmacy teaching & learning

2022 Volume 14, Issue 6, Page(s) 790–797

Abstract: Background: A case-based learning "Choose Your Own Adventure" (CBL-CYOA) activity was designed to support students in learning to identify drug-related problems and make clinical decisions related to drug therapy management. The purpose of this study ... ...

Abstract	Background: A case-based learning "Choose Your Own Adventure" (CBL-CYOA) activity was designed to support students in learning to identify drug-related problems and make clinical decisions related to drug therapy management. The purpose of this study was to describe student pharmacists' experiences in order to understand, from their perspective, which design features of the CBL-CYOA activity were valued as useful for developing clinical decision-making skills in an Applied Pharmacy Practice I course. However, several limitations with various features of study design minimized the usefulness of results. Impact: In retrospect, methodological limitations with both the survey and focus group designs negatively impacted the interpretation of results in this study. Recommendations: Attention to thoughtful survey development with better alignment to the purpose of the study and neutral questions may produce more useful results. Further, additional focus groups and a purposeful sampling strategy may add to increasing the credibility of the findings in this study. Discussion: Overall, formative studies like this one have the potential to produce insights into how innovative instructional designs operate in real-world contexts. They also have the capacity to output results that provide an evidence base for refining and improving those designs. We hope that our reflections in this paper may be useful to other educators and researchers working to plan similar projects in the future.
MeSH term(s)	Education, Pharmacy/methods ; Focus Groups ; Humans ; Pharmacists ; Pharmacy ; Students, Pharmacy
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2515217-8
ISSN	1877-1300 ; 1877-1297
ISSN (online)	1877-1300
ISSN	1877-1297
DOI	10.1016/j.cptl.2022.06.013
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Article ; Online: Pharmacist-Led Annual Wellness Visits: A Review.

Osae, Sharmon P / Rotelli, Alaina

Journal of pharmacy practice

2019 Volume 34, Issue 2, Page(s) 295–305

Abstract: Objective: To summarize findings of pharmacist involvement with Medicare Annual Wellness Visits (AWV), including the number of pharmacist interventions, patient/provider satisfaction, and billing models.: Data sources: A literature search was ... ...

Abstract	Objective: To summarize findings of pharmacist involvement with Medicare Annual Wellness Visits (AWV), including the number of pharmacist interventions, patient/provider satisfaction, and billing models. Data sources: A literature search was conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect College Edition Journals Collection-Health and Life Sciences, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Medline, and Academic Search Complete, including dates between January 01, 2011, and November 05, 2018. Study selection: Search was limited to full-text, peer-reviewed articles, published in English which were relevant based on identification of a pharmacist's role in AWV. Search terms included "Medicare annual wellness visits" and "Pharmacists." Data extraction: A data extraction tool was used to collect study authors, year published, study design, description of intervention, objectives, primary outcome measures, model of care, clinic setting, location, results, number of patients, and overall effect. Results: Of the 139 returned citations, 11 met inclusion criteria. Of the practice settings, 7 (72.72%) utilized a collaborative practice agreement for conducting AWV. Six (54.54%) of the studies measured financial outcomes, 3 (27.27%) measured satisfaction of students/patients/physicians, 2 (18.18%) measured clinical outcomes, and finally 4 (36.36%) measured number and types of interventions. Review revealed that 6 (54.54%) articles had more medication-related interventions than nonmedication-related interventions. Studies evaluating finances as it relates to AWVs had various findings including 38% return on investment, higher reimbursement for pharmacist-led visits, and an increase in revenue. Conclusion: In a variety of outpatient health centers, AWV were conducted by pharmacists, had a positive impact on patient care, and had high satisfaction rates between patients and physicians.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Humans ; Medicare ; Patient Satisfaction ; Pharmacists ; Physicians ; United States
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1027474-1
ISSN	1531-1937 ; 0897-1900
ISSN (online)	1531-1937
ISSN	0897-1900
DOI	10.1177/0897190019882869
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Article ; Online: Improving the utility of PhORCAS references: Form revisions may not be enough.

Osae, Sharmon P / Bradley, Katherine E / Chastain, Daniel B

American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists

2020 Volume 78, Issue 4, Page(s) 286–287

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Personnel Selection ; Pharmacy Residencies ; Students, Pharmacy
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Letter ; Comment
ZDB-ID	1224627-x
ISSN	1535-2900 ; 1079-2082
ISSN (online)	1535-2900
ISSN	1079-2082
DOI	10.1093/ajhp/zxaa344
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Article ; Online: Evaluation of quality measure attainment with pharmacist-delivered Medicare annual wellness visits.

Osae, Sharmon P / Young, Henry N / Fricks, William P / Zillich, Alan J

Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA

2021 Volume 62, Issue 2, Page(s) 559–563

Abstract: Background: Medicare is required to fully cover annual wellness visits (AWVs) to increase access to preventive care. As health care converts to pay for performance models, clinical quality measures have increasing importance. Few studies have ... ...

Abstract	Background: Medicare is required to fully cover annual wellness visits (AWVs) to increase access to preventive care. As health care converts to pay for performance models, clinical quality measures have increasing importance. Few studies have investigated the effect of pharmacist-delivered AWVs on clinical quality measure attainment in a rural family medicine (FM) clinic setting. Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate attainment of clinical quality measures for pharmacist-delivered AWVs compared with physician-delivered AWVs (usual care). Secondary objectives included assessment of the number and type of drug therapy problems (DTPs) identified by pharmacists during AWVs. Methods: This single-center retrospective cohort study was conducted within an FM clinic located in southwest Georgia. Two cohorts were created according to the provider of AWVs during 2017: pharmacist or physician-usual care. Data on quality measure eligibility, attainment, and DTPs (for the pharmacist group only) were collected through electronic chart review. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize variables, and chi-square (or Fisher exact where appropriate) tests to compare the proportion of clinical quality measures attained between groups. Results: Among 334 delivered AWVs, pharmacists performed 68.6%. Approximately 62% of pharmacist and usual care visits were female with mean ages of 72 (SD +/- 9.1) and 62 (SD +/- 13.9) years, respectively. Pharmacist-delivered AWVs had statistically significant greater quality measure attainment in the following categories: advance care planning, osteoporosis cardiovascular screenings, and Tdap vaccinations compared with usual care (P < 0.05). Usual care had statistically significant greater quality measure attainment for diabetes screening. Seventy-five DTPs were identified in the pharmacist group, with the majority being related to adherence (39%). Conclusion: Pharmacist-delivered AWVs had greater quality measure attainment in several areas than usual care. Furthermore, increased quality measure attainment may assist in meeting benchmarks set by payers to ensure ongoing reimbursement of these services.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Medicare ; Pharmacists ; Quality Indicators, Health Care ; Reimbursement, Incentive ; Retrospective Studies ; United States
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2118585-2
ISSN	1544-3450 ; 1544-3191 ; 1086-5802
ISSN (online)	1544-3450
ISSN	1544-3191 ; 1086-5802
DOI	10.1016/j.japh.2021.10.030
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Article ; Online: Pharmacists' naloxone services beyond community pharmacy settings: A systematic review.

Rawal, Smita / Osae, Sharmon P / Cobran, Ewan K / Albert, Alexis / Young, Henry N

Research in social & administrative pharmacy : RSAP

2022 Volume 19, Issue 2, Page(s) 243–265

Abstract: Background: Pharmacists' provision of naloxone services in community pharmacy settings is well-recognized. Recently, studies describing pharmacists' naloxone services in settings other than community pharmacies have emerged in the literature. There is a ...

Abstract	Background: Pharmacists' provision of naloxone services in community pharmacy settings is well-recognized. Recently, studies describing pharmacists' naloxone services in settings other than community pharmacies have emerged in the literature. There is a need to synthesize evidence from these studies to evaluate the scope and impact of pharmacists' naloxone services beyond community pharmacy settings. Objectives: The objectives of this systematic review were to a) identify pharmacists' naloxone services and their outcomes, and b) examine knowledge, attitudes, and barriers (KAB) related to naloxone service provision in non-community pharmacy settings. Methods: Eligible studies were identified using PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL. Inclusion criteria were as follows: peer-reviewed empirical research conducted in the U.S. from January 2010 through February 2022; published in English; and addressed a) pharmacists' naloxone services and/or b) KAB related to the implementation of naloxone services. PRISMA guidelines were used to report this study. Results: Seventy-six studies were identified. The majority were non-randomized and observational; only two used a randomized controlled (RCT) design. Most studies were conducted in veterans affairs (30%) and academic medical centers (21%). Sample sizes ranged from n = 10 to 217,469, and the majority reported sample sizes <100. Pharmacists' naloxone services involved clinical staff education, utilization of screening tools to identify at-risk patients, naloxone prescribing and overdose education and naloxone dispensing (OEND). Outcomes of implementing naloxone services included improved naloxone knowledge, positive attitudes, increased OEND, and overdose reversals. Pharmacists cited inadequate training, time constraints, reimbursement issues, and stigma as barriers that hindered naloxone service implementation. Conclusion: This systematic review found robust evidence regarding pharmacist-based naloxone services beyond community pharmacy settings. Future programs should use targeted approaches to help pharmacists overcome barriers and enhance naloxone services. Additional research is needed to evaluate pharmacist naloxone services by using rigorous methodologies (e.g., larger sample sizes, RCT designs).
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Naloxone/therapeutic use ; Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use ; Pharmacists ; Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy ; Pharmacies ; Drug Overdose/drug therapy ; Drug Overdose/prevention & control ; Pharmacy ; Community Pharmacy Services
Chemical Substances	Naloxone (36B82AMQ7N) ; Narcotic Antagonists
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Systematic Review ; Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2192059-X
ISSN	1934-8150 ; 1551-7411
ISSN (online)	1934-8150
ISSN	1551-7411
DOI	10.1016/j.sapharm.2022.09.002
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Article ; Online: Community pharmacists' naloxone counseling: A theory-informed qualitative study.

Rawal, Smita / Osae, Sharmon P / Tackett, Randall L / MacKinnon, Neil J / Soiro, Frantz D / Young, Henry N

Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA

2023 Volume 63, Issue 6, Page(s) 1743–1752.e2

Abstract: Background: Opioid-related overdose (ORO) deaths have reached a record high in the United States. Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that can rapidly reverse an opioid overdose. Pharmacists are in an ideal position to provide naloxone and related ... ...

Abstract	Background: Opioid-related overdose (ORO) deaths have reached a record high in the United States. Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that can rapidly reverse an opioid overdose. Pharmacists are in an ideal position to provide naloxone and related counseling, given their accessibility and expertise. However, minimal research is available on community pharmacists' naloxone counseling. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate Georgia community pharmacists' naloxone counseling as well as explore their attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control toward counseling. Methods: Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted to elicit pharmacists' beliefs and practices regarding naloxone counseling. The interviews were guided by open-ended questions based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Thematic analysis was performed to identify the modal salient beliefs expressed by the pharmacists. The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research was used to report the study findings. Results: A total of 12 community pharmacists participated. Pharmacists held mixed attitudes toward naloxone counseling. While they recognized it as a vital part of their profession to prevent ORO deaths, they also expressed concerns about offending patients. Regarding normative beliefs, pharmacists identified several groups, including regulatory agencies (e.g., Board of Pharmacy, CDC), managers, news/media, patients, and doctors, influencing their provision of naloxone counseling. Facilitators to counseling included receiving naloxone training and having access to counseling guidelines and resources. Reimbursement issues, high costs of naloxone, and lack of patient awareness were the most commonly cited barriers. Pharmacists reported participating in counseling and providing information on identifying signs of opioid overdose and administering naloxone. Conclusions: The TPB is a useful framework for understanding community pharmacists' beliefs and practices regarding naloxone counseling. Capitalizing on facilitators and targeting barriers related to pharmacists' reimbursement issues, high costs of naloxone, and increasing patients' awareness of naloxone use and benefits may enhance pharmacists' naloxone counseling.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; United States ; Naloxone ; Pharmacists/psychology ; Opiate Overdose/drug therapy ; Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use ; Qualitative Research ; Counseling ; Community Pharmacy Services ; Attitude of Health Personnel
Chemical Substances	Naloxone (36B82AMQ7N) ; Narcotic Antagonists
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2118585-2
ISSN	1544-3450 ; 1544-3191 ; 1086-5802
ISSN (online)	1544-3450
ISSN	1544-3191 ; 1086-5802
DOI	10.1016/j.japh.2023.08.018
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Article ; Online: Collaborative drug therapy modification (CDTM): Facilitators, barriers, and perceptions of individual pharmacist participation in Georgia.

Osae, Sharmon P / Palmer, Russ / Harvey, Ashlee / Keedy, Chelsea A / Lavender, Devin L / Phillips, Beth Bryles / Johnson, Blake R / Young, Henry N / Stone, Rebecca H

Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA

2024 Volume 64, Issue 3, Page(s) 102041

Abstract: Background: Georgia Board of Pharmacy (BOP) regulations permit pharmacists to engage in collaborative drug therapy modification (CDTM) with physicians, allowing them to perform patient assessments, adjust pharmacotherapy, and order laboratory tests. ... ...

Abstract	Background: Georgia Board of Pharmacy (BOP) regulations permit pharmacists to engage in collaborative drug therapy modification (CDTM) with physicians, allowing them to perform patient assessments, adjust pharmacotherapy, and order laboratory tests. Pharmacist-led CDTM can positively affect health outcomes leading to reduced healthcare expenditures. CDTM is underutilized, with < 1% of Georgia pharmacists holding an active license to practice CDTM. Objective(s): The objective of this study was to examine CDTM licensed pharmacists' perceptions of facilitators and barriers in providing CDTM. Methods: Georgia-licensed CDTM pharmacists were invited to participate in a 60-minute qualitative interview. Interview questions were developed from electronic survey responses. The interview was designed to elicit information regarding perceived benefits and barriers to CDTM implementation. Guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, thematic analysis was applied to identify themes using ATLAS.ti software to code. Themes were described qualitatively and prevalence of each was reported. Results: Nine interviews were conducted, and data saturation was achieved at interview 6. After resolution of discrepancies, 100% coding agreement was reached among 2 independent researchers. Nine themes were identified, and each was categorized as a facilitator or barrier to establishing pharmacist-led CDTM in Georgia. Themes associated with facilitating were (prevalence %) (1) practice autonomy (100), (2) personal attributes (100), (3) having support (100), and (4) institutional logistics (88). Barrier themes included issues concerning (5) the Georgia BOP (100), (6) pharmacist autonomy (88), (7) lack of provider status (88), (8) institutional restrictions (75), and (9) personal development (e.g., confidence) (22). Conclusion: Facilitators to the establishment of pharmacist-led CDTM exist and pharmacists can capitalize on these to create successful CDTM programs. Barriers are varied, and it may be difficult to systematically address individual barriers such as pharmacist autonomy and personal development. Barriers associated with institutional restrictions, the Georgia BOP, and lack of provider status can likely be removed or addressed by policy.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Pharmacists/psychology ; Georgia ; Male ; Female ; Attitude of Health Personnel ; Professional Role ; Pharmaceutical Services/organization & administration ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Cooperative Behavior ; Perception ; Middle Aged ; Interviews as Topic ; Adult ; Drug Therapy ; Qualitative Research ; Practice Patterns, Pharmacists'
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2118585-2
ISSN	1544-3450 ; 1544-3191 ; 1086-5802
ISSN (online)	1544-3450
ISSN	1544-3191 ; 1086-5802
DOI	10.1016/j.japh.2024.102041
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Article ; Online: A Scoping Review Evaluating the Effect of SGLT-2 Inhibitors on Insulin Dose Requirements in Insulin-Dependent Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.

Moulton, Morgan K / Johnson, Blake R / Lavender, Devin L / Osae, Sharmon P / Phillips, Beth Bryles / Thomas, Ian / Stone, Rebecca H

The Annals of pharmacotherapy

2022 Volume 56, Issue 9, Page(s) 1030–1040

Abstract: Objective: Assess evidence describing the effect of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on total daily insulin (TDI) requirements in insulin-dependent patients with type 2 diabetes.: Data sources: A scoping review was conducted ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Assess evidence describing the effect of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on total daily insulin (TDI) requirements in insulin-dependent patients with type 2 diabetes. Data sources: A scoping review was conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Protocols and Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. The search was conducted in PubMed; citation mapping was completed in Web of Science. Filters for human studies, English language, and a publication date, from January 1, 2005 to April 12, 2021, were applied. Study selection and data extraction: Studies assessing insulin dose requirements with concurrent use of an SGLT2 inhibitor for patients with type 2 diabetes were included. Data synthesis: Sixteen studies were included and demonstrated that addition of an SGLT2 inhibitor typically reduced TDI requirements. Insulin reductions were often statistically significant, occurring in studies evaluating (1) within subjects who received SGLT2 inhibitors, and (2) between subjects receiving SGLT2 inhibitors versus placebo. Compared with placebo, insulin dose reduction ranged from -0.72 to -19.2 units. However, studies were relatively small, not designed to assess TDI change, and some utilized fixed dose insulin protocols or empiric insulin dose reductions. Conclusions: Lowering insulin requirements may have benefits, such as decreased hypoglycemia risk, insulin resistance, and cost. Addition of an SGLT2 inhibitor may modestly reduce TDI requirements for patients with type 2 diabetes. Evidence indicating SGLT2 inhibitor use reduces TDI may lead to additional implementation in practice and inform future research. Further research is needed to clarify insulin type (i.e., basal or prandial) and degree of TDI reduction expected with addition of an SGLT2 inhibitor.
MeSH term(s)	Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy ; Humans ; Hypoglycemia/chemically induced ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; Insulin ; Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/therapeutic use
Chemical Substances	Hypoglycemic Agents ; Insulin ; Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Systematic Review
ZDB-ID	1101370-9
ISSN	1542-6270 ; 1060-0280
ISSN (online)	1542-6270
ISSN	1060-0280
DOI	10.1177/10600280211071089
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Article ; Online: A Scoping Review for Debate-Style Journal Clubs in Health Professional Education.

Johnson, Blake R / Logan, Linda D / Darley, Andrew / Stone, Rebecca H / Smith, Susan E / Osae, Sharmon P / Thomas, Ian S / Watts, Misha T / Welch, Lindsey H

American journal of pharmaceutical education

2023 Volume 87, Issue 6, Page(s) 100064

Abstract: Objectives: The objectives of this scoping review are to (1) describe the available literature regarding the utility of the debate-style journal club for health professional learners on literature evaluation skills and (2) report the themes found within ...

Abstract	Objectives: The objectives of this scoping review are to (1) describe the available literature regarding the utility of the debate-style journal club for health professional learners on literature evaluation skills and (2) report the themes found within debate-style journal club research and assessments in the context of professional education. Findings: A total of 27 articles written in the English language were included in this scoping review. Published evaluations of debate-style journal clubs have been predominantly based in the pharmacy profession (48%, n = 13), but are reported in other health professions, such as medicine (22%, n = 6), dentistry (15%, n = 4), nursing (7%, n = 2), occupational therapy (4%, n = 1), and physical therapy (4%, n = 1), as well. The skills assessed in these studies often included critical literature evaluation, application of literature to patient care, critical thinking, knowledge retention, use of supporting literature, and debate-specific skills. Learners typically reported better understanding and application of the literature, and enjoying the experience more than traditional journal clubs, but note the increased assessor and learner time requirement for debating. Pharmacy learner-specific articles more often utilized a traditional, team-based debate format, incorporated grading rubrics for skill assessment and debate performance, and included a grading component for the debate in the course. Summary: Debate-style journal clubs are well-received by learners but require an additional time commitment. Debate platforms, format, rubric use and validation, and outcome assessment vary across published reports.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Education, Pharmacy ; Health Occupations ; Health Personnel ; Knowledge ; Medicine
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	603807-4
ISSN	1553-6467 ; 0002-9459
ISSN (online)	1553-6467
ISSN	0002-9459
DOI	10.1016/j.ajpe.2023.100064
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