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Article ; Online: Identification and genomic characterization of feline calicivirus from a leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) in Taiwan.

Chen, Li-Hsuan / Chen, Yen-Wen / Lee, Fan / Hsu, Wei-Li / Ou, Shan-Chia

The Journal of veterinary medical science

2024

Abstract: The leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) is an endangered wildlife that is protected under Taiwan's regulations. The body of a road-killed leopard cat was found to contain sequences of feline calicivirus (FCV), designated W109-1443. Analysis of the ... ...

Abstract	The leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) is an endangered wildlife that is protected under Taiwan's regulations. The body of a road-killed leopard cat was found to contain sequences of feline calicivirus (FCV), designated W109-1443. Analysis of the complete genomic sequence revealed that it shared approximately 81% similarity with a Chinese strain of FCV found in a domestic cat. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 gene indicated that the W109-1443 isolate belonged to genogroup II. Recombination analysis revealed that the W109-1443 isolate may have resulted from recombination between two FCV strains. Given the potential impact of FCV on the health and survival of wild felids, further investigation is necessary to assess its pathogenicity in the leopard cat population.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-19
Publishing country	Japan
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1071753-5
ISSN	1347-7439 ; 0916-7250
ISSN (online)	1347-7439
ISSN	0916-7250
DOI	10.1292/jvms.23-0522
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Article ; Online: The conservation and diversity of the exons encoding the glycine and arginine rich domain of the fibrillarin gene in vertebrates, with special focus on reptiles and birds.

Wang, Yi-Chun / Chang, Chien-Ping / Lai, Yu-Chuan / Chan, Chi-Ho / Ou, Shan-Chia / Wang, Sue-Hong / Li, Chuan

Gene

2023 Volume 866, Page(s) 147345

Abstract: The nucleolar rRNA 2'-O-methyltransferase fibrillarin (FBL) contains a highly conserved methyltransferase domain at the C-terminus and a diverse glycine arginine-rich (GAR) domain at the N-terminus in eukaryotes. We found that a nine-exon configuration ... ...

Abstract	The nucleolar rRNA 2'-O-methyltransferase fibrillarin (FBL) contains a highly conserved methyltransferase domain at the C-terminus and a diverse glycine arginine-rich (GAR) domain at the N-terminus in eukaryotes. We found that a nine-exon configuration of fbl and exon 2-3 encoded GAR domain are conserved and specific in vertebrates. All internal exons except exon 2 and 3 are of the same lengths in different vertebrate lineages. The lengths of exon 2 and 3 vary in different vertebrate species but the ones with longer exon 2 usually have shorter exon 3 complementarily, limiting lengths of the GAR domain within a certain range. In tetrapods except for reptiles, exon 2 appears to be longer than exon 3. We specifically analyzed different lineages of reptiles for their GAR sequences and exon lengths. The lengths of exon 2 in reptiles are around 80-130-nt shorter and the lengths of exon 3 in reptiles are around 50-90 nt longer than those in other tetrapods, all in the GAR-coding regions. An FSPR sequence is present at the beginning of the GAR domain encoded by exon 2 in all vertebrates, and a specific FXSP/G element (X can be K, R, Q, N, and H) exist in the middle of GAR with phenylalanine as the 3rd exon 3-encoded amino acid residue starting from jawfish. Snakes, turtles, and songbirds contain shorter exon 2 compared with lizards, indicating continuous deletions in exon 2 and insertions/duplications in exon 3 in these lineages. Specifically, we confirmed the presence the fbl gene in chicken and validated the RNA expression. Our analyses of the GAR-encoding exons of fbl in vertebrates and reptiles should provide the basis for further evolutionary analyses of more GAR domain encoding proteins.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Arginine ; Glycine ; Vertebrates/genetics ; Exons/genetics ; Methyltransferases ; Reptiles/genetics ; Birds
Chemical Substances	fibrillarin ; Arginine (94ZLA3W45F) ; Glycine (TE7660XO1C) ; Methyltransferases (EC 2.1.1.-)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-07
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	391792-7
ISSN	1879-0038 ; 0378-1119
ISSN (online)	1879-0038
ISSN	0378-1119
DOI	10.1016/j.gene.2023.147345
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Article ; Online: The conservation and diversity of the exons encoding the glycine and arginine rich domain of the fibrillarin gene in vertebrates, with special focus on reptiles and birds

Wang, Yi-Chun / Chang, Chien-Ping / Lai, Yu-Chuan / Chan, Chi-Ho / Ou, Shan-Chia / Wang, Sue-Hong / Li, Chuan

Gene. 2023 May, v. 866 p.147345-

2023

Abstract: The nucleolar rRNA 2′-O-methyltransferase fibrillarin (FBL) contains a highly conserved methyltransferase domain at the C-terminus and a diverse glycine arginine-rich (GAR) domain at the N-terminus in eukaryotes. We found that a nine-exon configuration ... ...

Abstract	The nucleolar rRNA 2′-O-methyltransferase fibrillarin (FBL) contains a highly conserved methyltransferase domain at the C-terminus and a diverse glycine arginine-rich (GAR) domain at the N-terminus in eukaryotes. We found that a nine-exon configuration of fbl and exon 2–3 encoded GAR domain are conserved and specific in vertebrates. All internal exons except exon 2 and 3 are of the same lengths in different vertebrate lineages. The lengths of exon 2 and 3 vary in different vertebrate species but the ones with longer exon 2 usually have shorter exon 3 complementarily, limiting lengths of the GAR domain within a certain range. In tetrapods except for reptiles, exon 2 appears to be longer than exon 3. We specifically analyzed different lineages of reptiles for their GAR sequences and exon lengths. The lengths of exon 2 in reptiles are around 80–130-nt shorter and the lengths of exon 3 in reptiles are around 50–90 nt longer than those in other tetrapods, all in the GAR-coding regions. An FSPR sequence is present at the beginning of the GAR domain encoded by exon 2 in all vertebrates, and a specific FXSP/G element (X can be K, R, Q, N, and H) exist in the middle of GAR with phenylalanine as the 3rd exon 3-encoded amino acid residue starting from jawfish. Snakes, turtles, and songbirds contain shorter exon 2 compared with lizards, indicating continuous deletions in exon 2 and insertions/duplications in exon 3 in these lineages. Specifically, we confirmed the presence the fbl gene in chicken and validated the RNA expression. Our analyses of the GAR-encoding exons of fbl in vertebrates and reptiles should provide the basis for further evolutionary analyses of more GAR domain encoding proteins.
Keywords	RNA ; arginine ; chickens ; eukaryotic cells ; exons ; methyltransferases ; phenylalanine ; Fibrillarin ; Glycine arginine rich (GAR) domain ; Reptiles ; Exon length ; rRNA ; DFC ; FBL ; MTase ; snoRNA ; snoRNP ; GAR ; RGG ; RG ; ADMA ; PRMT ; SDMA ; PBS ; aa ; nt ; myr ; EST ; SNP ; SMN
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-05
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	391792-7
ISSN	1879-0038 ; 0378-1119
ISSN (online)	1879-0038
ISSN	0378-1119
DOI	10.1016/j.gene.2023.147345
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Article ; Online: A variant NS1 protein from H5N2 avian influenza virus suppresses PKR activation and promotes replication and virulence in mammals.

Chung, Yun-Ting / Kuan, Chih-Ying / Liao, Guan-Ru / Albrecht, Randy A / Tseng, Yeu-Yang / Hsu, Yu-Chen / Ou, Shan-Chia / Hsu, Wei-Li

Emerging microbes & infections

2022 Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 2291–2303

Abstract: Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) frequently receive global attention as threats to public health. The NS1 protein is a key virulence factor known to impair host antiviral responses. The study herein revealed HPAIV H5N2 NS gene encoded ... ...

Abstract	Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) frequently receive global attention as threats to public health. The NS1 protein is a key virulence factor known to impair host antiviral responses. The study herein revealed HPAIV H5N2 NS gene encoded additional protein; a truncated NS1 variant, designated NS3, produced by alternative splicing of the NS transcript. To examine the function of NS3 during infection, we generated recombinant viruses expressing either full-length NS1 (RG-AIV-T375G) or NS3 (RG-AIV-NS3). Interestingly, RG-AIV-NS3 virus produced higher titres than RG-AIV-T375G in multiple mammalian cell lines. However, RG-AIV-T375G exhibited a replication advantage over RG-AIV-NS3 in chicken DF-1 cells, indicating that host cell identity dictates the effect of NS3 on viral replication. In mice and mammalian cells, RG-AIV-NS3 infection elicited higher level of cytokines, including IFN-β, MX and TNF-α, potentially due to its higher replication activity. Based on mini-genome assay, NS3 had pronounced effects on viral replication machinery. Surprisingly, NS3 retained an interaction with PKR and suppressed PKR activation despite its lack of amino-acid residues 126-167. The poor replication ability of RG-AIV-T375G was partially restored in cells deficient in PKR suggesting that full-length NS1 may be insufficient to suppress PKR function. Notably, virulence of the full-length NS1-expressing RG-AIV-T375G virus was highly attenuated in mice when compared to RG-AIV-NS3. In summary, our study reveals the existence and function of a previously unidentified H5N2 viral protein, NS3. We found that NS3 is functionally distinct from NS1 protein, as it enhances viral replication and pathogenicity in mammalian systems, potentially via suppression of PKR activity.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antiviral Agents ; Birds/virology ; Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype ; Influenza in Birds ; Mammals ; Mice ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins/metabolism ; Virulence/genetics ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; Virus Replication/genetics
Chemical Substances	Antiviral Agents ; PKR1 protein, mouse ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins ; Virulence Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2681359-2
ISSN	2222-1751 ; 2222-1751
ISSN (online)	2222-1751
ISSN	2222-1751
DOI	10.1080/22221751.2022.2114853
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Article: Molecular Characterization and Pathogenicity of the Novel Recombinant Muscovy Duck Parvovirus Isolated from Geese.

Li, Kuang-Po / Hsu, Yu-Chen / Lin, Chih-An / Chang, Poa-Chun / Shien, Jui-Hung / Liu, Hsien-Yueh / Yen, Hua / Ou, Shan-Chia

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

2021 Volume 11, Issue 11

Abstract: Goose parvovirus (GPV) and Muscovy duck parvovirus (MDPV) are the main agents associated with waterfowl parvovirus infections that caused great economic losses in the waterfowl industry. In 2020, a recombinant waterfowl parvovirus, 20-0910G, was isolated ...

Abstract	Goose parvovirus (GPV) and Muscovy duck parvovirus (MDPV) are the main agents associated with waterfowl parvovirus infections that caused great economic losses in the waterfowl industry. In 2020, a recombinant waterfowl parvovirus, 20-0910G, was isolated in a goose flock in Taiwan that experienced high morbidity and mortality. The whole genome of 20-0910G was sequenced to investigate the genomic characteristics of this isolate. Recombination analysis revealed that, like Chinese rMDPVs, 20-0910G had a classical MDPV genomic backbone and underwent two recombination events with classical GPVs at the P9 promoter and partial VP3 gene regions. Phylogenetic analysis of the genomic sequence found that this goose-origin parvovirus was highly similar to the circulating recombinant MDPVs (rMDPVs) isolated from duck flocks in China. The results of experimental challenge tests showed that 20-0910G caused 100% mortality in goose embryos and in 1-day-old goslings by 11 and 12 days post-inoculation, respectively. Taken together, the results indicated that this goose-origin rMDPV was closely related to the duck-origin rMDPVs and was highly pathogenic to young geese.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-10
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2076-2615
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani11113211
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Article: Infectious laryngotracheitis virus in chickens.

Ou, Shan-Chia / Giambrone, Joseph J

World journal of virology

2013 Volume 1, Issue 5, Page(s) 142–149

Abstract: Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an important respiratory disease of chickens and annually causes significant economic losses in the poultry industry world-wide. ILT virus (ILTV) belongs to alphaherpesvirinae and the Gallid herpesvirus 1 species. ... ...

Abstract	Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an important respiratory disease of chickens and annually causes significant economic losses in the poultry industry world-wide. ILT virus (ILTV) belongs to alphaherpesvirinae and the Gallid herpesvirus 1 species. The transmission of ILTV is via respiratory and ocular routes. Clinical and post-mortem signs of ILT can be separated into two forms according to its virulence. The characteristic of the severe form is bloody mucus in the trachea with high mortality. The mild form causes nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, and reduced weight gain and egg production. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nested PCR, real-time PCR, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification were developed to detect ILTV samples from natural or experimentally infected birds. The PCR combined with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) can separate ILTVs into several genetic groups. These groups can separate vaccine from wild type field viruses. Vaccination is a common method to prevent ILT. However, field isolates and vaccine viruses can establish latent infected carriers. According to PCR-RFLP results, virulent field ILTVs can be derived from modified-live vaccines. Therefore, modified-live vaccine reversion provides a source for ILT outbreaks on chicken farms. Two recently licensed commercial recombinant ILT vaccines are also in use. Other recombinant and gene-deficient vaccine candidates are in the developmental stages. They offer additional hope for the control of this disease. However, in ILT endemic regions, improved biosecurity and management practices are critical for improved ILT control.
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-07-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2829019-7
ISSN	2220-3249
ISSN	2220-3249
DOI	10.5501/wjv.v1.i5.142
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Article: Molecular Characterization and Pathogenicity of the Novel Recombinant Muscovy Duck Parvovirus Isolated from Geese

Li, Kuang-Po / Hsu, Yu-Chen / Lin, Chih-An / Chang, Poa-Chun / Shien, Jui-Hung / Liu, Hsien-Yueh / Yen, Hua / Ou, Shan-Chia

Animals. 2021 Nov. 10, v. 11, no. 11

2021

Abstract	Goose parvovirus (GPV) and Muscovy duck parvovirus (MDPV) are the main agents associated with waterfowl parvovirus infections that caused great economic losses in the waterfowl industry. In 2020, a recombinant waterfowl parvovirus, 20-0910G, was isolated in a goose flock in Taiwan that experienced high morbidity and mortality. The whole genome of 20-0910G was sequenced to investigate the genomic characteristics of this isolate. Recombination analysis revealed that, like Chinese rMDPVs, 20-0910G had a classical MDPV genomic backbone and underwent two recombination events with classical GPVs at the P9 promoter and partial VP3 gene regions. Phylogenetic analysis of the genomic sequence found that this goose-origin parvovirus was highly similar to the circulating recombinant MDPVs (rMDPVs) isolated from duck flocks in China. The results of experimental challenge tests showed that 20-0910G caused 100% mortality in goose embryos and in 1-day-old goslings by 11 and 12 days post-inoculation, respectively. Taken together, the results indicated that this goose-origin rMDPV was closely related to the duck-origin rMDPVs and was highly pathogenic to young geese.
Keywords	Anseriform dependoparvovirus 1 ; Protoparvovirus ; ducks ; flocks ; genes ; genomics ; industry ; morbidity ; mortality ; nucleotide sequences ; pathogenicity ; phylogeny ; waterfowl ; China ; Taiwan
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-1110
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2606558-7
ISSN	2076-2615
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani11113211
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Article ; Online: Epidemiology of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome in Dogs and Cats in Taiwan.

Kuan, Chih-Ying / Ou, Shan-Chia / Chang, Chao-Chin / Kao, Pei-Ling / Tsai, Ruei-Sheng / Rattanapanadda, Porjai / Lin, Tsai-Lu / Maeda, Ken / Cheng, Tsun-Li / Lee, Ya-Jane / Chuang, Shih-Te / Lin, Shiun-Long / Liu, Hsien-Yueh / Lin, Fong-Yuan / Lin, Jen-Wei / Hsu, Wei-Li / Chou, Chi-Chung

Viruses

2023 Volume 15, Issue 12

Abstract: Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS), caused by the SFTS Virus (SFTSV), is a global health threat. SFTSV in Taiwan has only been reported in ruminants and wild animals. Thus, we aimed to investigate the infection statuses of dogs and cats, ... ...

Abstract	Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS), caused by the SFTS Virus (SFTSV), is a global health threat. SFTSV in Taiwan has only been reported in ruminants and wild animals. Thus, we aimed to investigate the infection statuses of dogs and cats, the animals with closer human interactions. Overall, the SFTSV RNA prevalence was 23% (170/735), with dogs showing a 25.9% (111/429) prevalence and cats at 19.3% (59/306) prevalence. Noticeably, the prevalence in stray animals (39.8% 77/193) was significantly higher than in domesticated ones (17.2%, 93/542). Among the four categories analyzed, the highest SFTSV prevalence was found in the stray dogs at 53.9% (120/193), significantly higher than the 24.2% prevalence noted in stray cats. In contrast, domesticated animals exhibited similar prevalence rates, with 17.1% for dogs and 17.2% for cats. It is noteworthy that in the domesticated animal groups, a significantly elevated prevalence (45%, 9/20) was observed among cats exhibiting thrombocytopenia compared to those platelet counts in the reference range (4.8%, 1/21). The high infection rate in stray animals, especially stray dogs, indicated that exposure to various outdoor environments influences the prevalence of infections. Given the higher human interaction with dogs and cats, there is a need for proactive measures to reduce the risk associated with the infection of SFTSV in both animals and humans.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cats ; Humans ; Dogs ; Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome/epidemiology ; Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome/veterinary ; Bunyaviridae Infections/epidemiology ; Bunyaviridae Infections/veterinary ; Taiwan/epidemiology ; Cat Diseases/epidemiology ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology ; Phlebovirus/genetics ; Animals, Wild ; Animals, Domestic
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-28
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v15122338
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Article: Prevalence and Genotyping of Chlamydia psittaci from Domestic Waterfowl, Companion Birds, and Wild Birds in Taiwan

Liu, Szu-Yu / Chang, Poa-Chun / Hsieh, Ming-Kun / Li, Kuang-Po / Ou, Shan-Chia / Shien, Jui-Hung

Vector borne and zoonotic diseases. 2019 Sept. 01, v. 19, no. 9

2019

Abstract: Chlamydia psittaci, the causative agent of avian chlamydiosis, an important zoonotic disease, infects a wide range of birds. Infected birds, whether symptomatic or asymptomatic, intermittently shed the agent through respiratory and intestinal routes. ... ...

Abstract	Chlamydia psittaci, the causative agent of avian chlamydiosis, an important zoonotic disease, infects a wide range of birds. Infected birds, whether symptomatic or asymptomatic, intermittently shed the agent through respiratory and intestinal routes. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the epizootiology of C. psittaci in poultry, pet birds, and wild birds. In this study, cloacal or fecal swabs collected from domestic waterfowl, psittacine birds, Columbidae, and wild birds were used to determine the prevalence of C. psittaci in Taiwan between 2014 and 2017. The C. psittaci infection rate was as high as 34.2% among domestic waterfowl farms. The waterfowl isolates clustered into two groups based on ompA phylogeny: one group (G1-like) clustered with the Polish G1 strains; the other group (waterfowl-TW) clustered near, but independently from, the classical ABE genotype cluster. Separately, 3.1% of parrot samples tested positive for C. psittaci belonging to genotype A. C. psittaci isolates of genotype B were detected in 10.1% of racing pigeons and other Columbidae. Wild bird samples from a wildlife refuge had a 2.2% prevalence rate; among these, two atypical C. psittaci genotypes were detected in samples from a Malayan night heron (Gorsachius melanolophus) and a Taiwan barbet (Megalaima nuchalis). Taken together, our results revealed that the risk of C. psittaci transmission from domestic waterfowl and Columbidae birds to humans could be underestimated, given the high prevalence rates in these birds. Furthermore, the free-range rearing system of waterfowl in Taiwan may promote C. psittaci transmission between poultry and wild birds. Pet birds and racing pigeons, which are in close contact with people, are also possible sources for cross-species transmission. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the virulence, biological and genetic characteristics, and modes of transmission of Taiwanese C. psittaci isolates to facilitate the prevention and control of C. psittaci infection.
Keywords	Chlamydophila psittaci ; cloaca ; Columbidae ; conservation areas ; etiological agents ; farms ; genotype ; genotyping ; Gorsachius ; humans ; intestines ; parrots ; pets ; phylogeny ; poultry ; psittacosis ; racing pigeons ; rearing ; risk ; virulence ; waterfowl ; wild birds ; zoonoses ; Taiwan
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-0901
Size	p. 666-673.
Publishing place	Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2047199-3
ISSN	1557-7759 ; 1530-3667
ISSN (online)	1557-7759
ISSN	1530-3667
DOI	10.1089/vbz.2018.2403
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Article ; Online: NS2 is a key determinant of compatibility in reassortant avian influenza virus with heterologous H7N9-derived NS segment.

Liu, Yee-Chen / Liao, Guan-Ru / Tsai, April Y / Tseng, Ching-Yu / Kuan, Chih-Ying / Tsai, Ruei-Sheng / Albrecht, Randy A / Kuo, Rei-Lin / Cheng, Ivan-Chen / Liang, Wan-Ting / Ou, Shan-Chia / Hsu, Wei-Li

Virus research

2022 Volume 324, Page(s) 199028

Abstract: Influenza A viruses are common pathogens with high prevalence worldwide and potential for pandemic spread. While influenza A infections typically elicit robust cellular innate immune responses, the non-structural protein 1 (NS1) antagonizes host anti- ... ...

Abstract	Influenza A viruses are common pathogens with high prevalence worldwide and potential for pandemic spread. While influenza A infections typically elicit robust cellular innate immune responses, the non-structural protein 1 (NS1) antagonizes host anti-viral responses and is critical for efficient virus replication and virulence. The avian influenza virus (AIV) H7N9 initially emerged in China in 2013 and has since crossed the avian-human barrier, causing severe disease in humans. To investigate the influence of the H7N9 NS gene (NS079) on viral replication and innate immune response, we generated several recombinant AIVs bearing various NS079 segments on the backbone of H6N1 (strain 0702). Intriguingly, the recombinant virus bearing the heterologous NS079 gene was highly attenuated compared with virus carrying the homologous NS gene (NS0702). Furthermore, we generated a NS079-0702R virus that expresses a chimeric NS gene in which part of the NS079 effector domain was replaced with the sequence from NS0702. The NS079-0702R virus exhibited significantly enhanced viral yield, approximately 100-fold more than virus bearing NS079. The high infection rate of NS079-0702R virus was reflected by strong induction of IFN and Mx expression in human A549 cells. Intriguingly, our in vitro comparative analysis suggested that the increased NS079-0702R infection capacity was independent of the ability of NS1 to interact with cellular partners, such as PKR and CPSF30. Since partial substitution of the effector domain from NS0702 altered the coding sequence of NS2, we further generated another recombinant virus with NS2 derived from H7N9. Surprisingly, the virus with H7N9-derived NS2 exhibited growth characteristics similar to NS079. Our data demonstrate that swapping NS2 components changes infection efficiency, suggesting a key role for NS2 as a determinant of viral compatibility upon reassortment. These findings warrant further investigation into the precise mechanisms by which NS2 contributes to viral replication and host immunity.1.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Birds ; Cell Line ; Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/genetics ; Influenza in Birds ; Influenza, Human
Chemical Substances	NS2 protein, influenza virus A
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-23
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	605780-9
ISSN	1872-7492 ; 0168-1702
ISSN (online)	1872-7492
ISSN	0168-1702
DOI	10.1016/j.virusres.2022.199028
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