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  1. Article ; Online: Pharmacy Practice in High-Volume Community Settings: Barriers and Ethical Responsibilities.

    Owens, Christopher T / Baergen, Ralph

    Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland)

    2021  Volume 9, Issue 2

    Abstract: Pharmaceutical care describes a philosophy and practice paradigm that calls upon pharmacists to work with other healthcare professionals and patients to achieve optimal health outcomes. Among the most accessible health professionals, pharmacists have ... ...

    Abstract Pharmaceutical care describes a philosophy and practice paradigm that calls upon pharmacists to work with other healthcare professionals and patients to achieve optimal health outcomes. Among the most accessible health professionals, pharmacists have responsibilities to individual patients and to public health, and this has been especially evident during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pharmacists in high-volume community settings provide a growing number of clinical services (i.e., immunizations and point-of-care testing), but according to job satisfaction and workplace survey data, demands related to filling prescriptions, insufficient staffing, and working conditions are often not optimal for these enhanced responsibilities and lead to job dissatisfaction. Professional codes of ethics require a high level of practice that is currently difficult to maintain due to a number of related barriers. In this paper, we summarize recent changes to the scope of practice of pharmacists, cite ethical responsibilities from the American Pharmacists Association Code of Ethics, review data and comments from workplace surveys, and make a call for change. Corporate managers, state boards of pharmacy, and professional organizations have a shared responsibility to work with community pharmacists in all settings to find solutions that ensure optimal and ethical patient care. Attention to these areas will enhance patient care and increase job satisfaction.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-03
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2737194-3
    ISSN 2226-4787 ; 2226-4787
    ISSN (online) 2226-4787
    ISSN 2226-4787
    DOI 10.3390/pharmacy9020074
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Pharmacist Knowledge and Perceptions of Homeopathy: A Survey of Recent Pharmacy Graduates in Practice.

    Millward, Jordin / McKay, Kasidy / Holmes, John T / Owens, Christopher T

    Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland)

    2022  Volume 10, Issue 5

    Abstract: Homeopathic products are available over the counter in many pharmacies in the United States and are popular among consumers, although there is no conclusive evidence of their therapeutic effects. Pharmacists are obligated to provide well-informed, ... ...

    Abstract Homeopathic products are available over the counter in many pharmacies in the United States and are popular among consumers, although there is no conclusive evidence of their therapeutic effects. Pharmacists are obligated to provide well-informed, evidence-based information on these products, but many graduates may not be receiving adequate training in this area. This report outlines the results of a survey assessing whether taking a focused elective course in complementary and integrative health (CIH) affects knowledge and perceptions regarding homeopathy. A 22-question survey was developed and distributed to graduates of Idaho State University College of Pharmacy. Responses on survey items were compared between those who had reported taking the CIH elective course and those who had not. Of the 475 pharmacists, 89 completed the survey (response rate of 18.7%). Pharmacists who had taken the CIH elective course reported being more comfortable answering patient questions (82% vs. 44%, p < 0.001), felt more able to make recommendations (75% vs. 36%, p < 0.001), and felt they could explain the proposed mechanism of action of homeopathic remedies to their patients (87% vs. 61%, p = 0.002). Those who took the elective course were also more likely to say that any benefits of homeopathy were due to the placebo effect (82% vs. 64%, p = 0.007). A significantly higher portion of respondents who had not taken the elective course indicated that they could benefit from further training on CIH topics when compared with those who had taken the elective course (85% vs. 51%, p = 0.02). There was no significant difference between groups with respect to their use of reliable resources (e.g., PubMed and Natural Medicines) vs. unreliable sources (other internet searches or personal anecdotes) when addressing CIH-related questions. These findings indicate that pharmacists with more focused training in CIH are more comfortable, confident, and knowledgeable when discussing homeopathy. Such education should be provided more broadly to students in colleges of pharmacy.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-09
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2737194-3
    ISSN 2226-4787 ; 2226-4787
    ISSN (online) 2226-4787
    ISSN 2226-4787
    DOI 10.3390/pharmacy10050130
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Pharmacists' Willingness to Provide Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Services and the Needs to Support COVID-19 Testing, Management, and Prevention.

    Nguyen, Elaine / Owens, Christopher T / Daniels, Tayler / Boyle, Jeremy / Robinson, Renee F

    Journal of community health

    2020  Volume 46, Issue 4, Page(s) 752–757

    Abstract: The need for increased testing is pivotal in the response to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Recently, through the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness (PREP) Act, pharmacists were given the ability to order and administer COVID-19 ... ...

    Abstract The need for increased testing is pivotal in the response to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Recently, through the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness (PREP) Act, pharmacists were given the ability to order and administer COVID-19 tests, giving them a better opportunity to engage in the pandemic response across the nation as well as in Idaho. This survey sought to determine Idaho pharmacists' willingness to provide different COVID-19 related services, assess needed resources to provide such services, and identify and prioritize other unmet community needs. We conducted a nine-question, cross-sectional survey distributed to pharmacists with addresses located in Idaho. All questions in the survey were optional and focused on pharmacist's willingness to provide services, what resources and additional training they would need, difficulty with 90-day prescriptions, and solicited additional feedback using an open-ended question. A total of 229 responses were received, representing all areas of pharmacy practice, with approximately half from community settings. The majority of respondents (70%) were willing to provide COVID-19 testing. Adequate staffing, changes to workflow, and the need for billing and clear reimbursement mechanisms were most frequently cited as barriers to contributing to the COVID-19 response. In summary, we found that pharmacists are very willing to help during this crisis, but their involvement may be better facilitated with the removal of barriers.
    MeSH term(s) COVID-19/diagnosis ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19 Testing ; Community Pharmacy Services/organization & administration ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Pharmacists/psychology ; Professional Role ; Public Health ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Surveys and Questionnaires
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-11-06
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 426631-6
    ISSN 1573-3610 ; 0094-5145
    ISSN (online) 1573-3610
    ISSN 0094-5145
    DOI 10.1007/s10900-020-00946-1
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 1386: Show issues Location:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
    bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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  4. Article: Association Between Vitamin D Levels During Pregnancy and Postpartum Depression.

    Mahmood, Israa / Owens, Christopher T / Hoover, Rebecca M

    The Journal of pharmacy technology : jPT : official publication of the Association of Pharmacy Technicians

    2015  Volume 31, Issue 5, Page(s) 223–227

    Abstract: Objective: ...

    Abstract Objective:
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-03-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 54478-4
    ISSN 8755-1225
    ISSN 8755-1225
    DOI 10.1177/8755122515579461
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 3673: Show issues Location:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
    bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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  5. Article: Estrogen replacement therapy for Alzheimer disease in postmenopausal women.

    Owens, Christopher T

    The Annals of pharmacotherapy

    2002  Volume 36, Issue 7-8, Page(s) 1273–1276

    Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the clinical utility of oral conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with Alzheimer disease.: Data sources: Literature was identified through MEDLINE (1997-January 2002). Key search terms included Alzheimer disease, ... ...

    Abstract Objective: To evaluate the clinical utility of oral conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with Alzheimer disease.
    Data sources: Literature was identified through MEDLINE (1997-January 2002). Key search terms included Alzheimer disease, estrogen replacement therapy, and treatment.
    Data synthesis: Estrogen has been identified as a neuroprotective agent with possible application in degenerative disorders. Observational studies have demonstrated an association between estrogen replacement therapy and decreased incidence of Alzheimer disease. Two recent, controlled clinical trials have evaluated the role of oral conjugated estrogen in the treatment of Alzheimer disease.
    Conclusions: Clinical trials indicate that oral conjugated equine estrogen is not an effective treatment for Alzheimer disease in postmenopausal women.
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy ; Estrogen Replacement Therapy ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP)/therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Postmenopause ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Treatment Failure
    Chemical Substances Estrogens, Conjugated (USP)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2002-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1101370-9
    ISSN 1542-6270 ; 1060-0280
    ISSN (online) 1542-6270
    ISSN 1060-0280
    DOI 10.1345/aph.1A365
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 900: Show issues Location:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
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    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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  6. Article: Use of low-molecular-weight heparin during dental extractions in a medicaid population.

    Pettinger, Tracy K / Owens, Christopher T

    Journal of managed care pharmacy : JMCP

    2007  Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 53–58

    Abstract: Background: Evidence-based guidelines recommend against discontinuation of oral anticoagulation therapy during most dental procedures because severe bleeding complications are rare and there is an increased risk for thromboembolic events in patients for ...

    Abstract Background: Evidence-based guidelines recommend against discontinuation of oral anticoagulation therapy during most dental procedures because severe bleeding complications are rare and there is an increased risk for thromboembolic events in patients for whom warfarin therapy is interrupted. Although interruption of oral anticoagulation and bridge therapy with low-molecular- weight heparin (LMWH) may be indicated for high-risk individuals undergoing certain procedures, the use of LMWH in tooth extractions is expensive and often unnecessary.
    Objective: The purpose of this review was to identify and characterize procedural use of LMWH for dental extractions with respect to current consensus recommendations.
    Methods: The Idaho Medicaid pharmacy and medical claims database was queried to identify patients with a tooth extraction procedure between February 1, 1998, and January 31, 2005. Patients on warfarin therapy for 2 months before tooth extraction were identified as were claims for LMWH within 30 days before the procedure or 5 days after. Patient profiles were reviewed to determine number of extractions, rate of LMWH use, indication for anticoagulation, and associated drug costs.
    Results: Of 55,260 Medicaid patients who had a tooth extraction, 518 (0.9%) had received warfarin for at least 2 consecutive months before the tooth extraction procedure. Of these, 31 patients (6%) received LMWH therapy at the time of extraction for a total of 35 procedures. All procedures selected for review carried a low bleeding risk, with an average of 1.3 teeth extracted per procedure. The indications for anticoagulation included 16 procedures (45.7%) involving patients with a history of a thromboembolic event more than 90 days before the procedure, 10 procedures (28.5%) involving patients with a prosthetic valve, 4 procedures (11.4%) involving anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation, and 5 procedures (14.2%) involving patients with a history of thromboembolism fewer than 3 months before the procedure. LMWH costs for these 35 extractions totaled $22,294, or an average of $637 per procedure or $474 per extracted tooth. Enoxaparin was used in all but 1 of the procedures, with an average 5-day supply (average 8 enoxaparin units) dispensed per procedure. The costs associated with the required additional drug monitoring, e.g., INR monitoring, were not included in this analysis.
    Conclusion: Although the overall number of dental procedures in anticoagulated patients using LMWH was small in our review, this inappropriate use resulted in avoidable costs to this Medicaid program.
    MeSH term(s) Administration, Oral ; Anticoagulants/administration & dosage ; Anticoagulants/economics ; Anticoagulants/therapeutic use ; Drug Utilization Review/methods ; Drug Utilization Review/statistics & numerical data ; Evidence-Based Medicine/methods ; Evidence-Based Medicine/standards ; Hemorrhage/etiology ; Hemorrhage/prevention & control ; Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight/administration & dosage ; Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight/economics ; Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Idaho ; Managed Care Programs/standards ; Managed Care Programs/statistics & numerical data ; Medicaid ; Patients/statistics & numerical data ; Practice Guidelines as Topic/standards ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Time Factors ; Tooth Extraction/adverse effects ; Tooth Extraction/statistics & numerical data ; Warfarin/administration & dosage ; Warfarin/therapeutic use
    Chemical Substances Anticoagulants ; Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight ; Warfarin (5Q7ZVV76EI)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2007-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2022394-8
    ISSN 1944-706X ; 1083-4087
    ISSN (online) 1944-706X
    ISSN 1083-4087
    DOI 10.18553/jmcp.2007.13.1.53
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 5450: Show issues Location:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
    bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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  7. Article: The effects of 17beta-estradiol and ethanol on zinc- or manganese-induced toxicity in SK-N-SH cells.

    Keller, Jay / Owens, Christopher T / Lai, James C K / Devaud, Leslie L

    Neurochemistry international

    2005  Volume 46, Issue 4, Page(s) 293–303

    Abstract: Serious neurodegenerative disorders are increasingly prevalent in our society and excessive oxidative stress may be a key mediator of neuronal cell death in many of these conditions. A variety of metals, such as manganese and zinc, are essential trace ... ...

    Abstract Serious neurodegenerative disorders are increasingly prevalent in our society and excessive oxidative stress may be a key mediator of neuronal cell death in many of these conditions. A variety of metals, such as manganese and zinc, are essential trace elements but can reach localized toxic concentrations through various disease processes or environmental exposures and have been implicated as having a role in neurodegeneration. Both manganese and zinc exist as bivalent cations and are essential cofactors/activators for numerous enzymes. Evidence suggests one action of these metals, when concentrated beyond physiological levels, may be to inhibit cellular energy production, ultimately leading to increased radical formation. Our studies were undertaken to directly investigate the toxic effects of manganese and zinc in an immortalized neuronal-like cell line (SK-N-SH) by testing interactions with the antioxidant, 17beta-estradiol, and the neurotoxin, ethanol. Employing undifferentiated SK-N-SH cells, we found that these metals caused biphasic effects, enhancing cell proliferation at low doses and inducing cell death at higher doses. Zinc was both more efficacious and more potent than manganese in enhancing growth and in causing cell death. 17beta-Estradiol and ethanol enhanced the proliferative actions of zinc and manganese across a wide concentration range. Furthermore, co-treatment with either 17beta-estradiol or ethanol afforded protection against manganese-, but not zinc-induced toxicity. Finally, combined administration of 17beta-estradiol and ethanol to SK-N-SH cells resulted in both a loss of growth enhancement and protective properties that were observed when these substances were administered individually. We also noted that the toxic effects occurred more rapidly from zinc than manganese exposure. Taken together, these data suggest that oxidative stress likely has a role in cell death resulting from toxic exposure to either zinc or manganese, but there is a difference in the precise mechanism of their effects.
    MeSH term(s) Antioxidants/pharmacology ; Cell Death/drug effects ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Interactions/physiology ; Estradiol/pharmacology ; Ethanol/pharmacology ; Free Radicals/antagonists & inhibitors ; Free Radicals/metabolism ; Humans ; Manganese/antagonists & inhibitors ; Manganese Poisoning/drug therapy ; Manganese Poisoning/metabolism ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/chemically induced ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/drug therapy ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism ; Neurons/drug effects ; Neurons/metabolism ; Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology ; Neurotoxins/antagonists & inhibitors ; Neurotoxins/pharmacology ; Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; Oxidative Stress/physiology ; Time Factors ; Zinc/toxicity
    Chemical Substances Antioxidants ; Free Radicals ; Neuroprotective Agents ; Neurotoxins ; Ethanol (3K9958V90M) ; Manganese (42Z2K6ZL8P) ; Estradiol (4TI98Z838E) ; Zinc (J41CSQ7QDS)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2005-03
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 283190-9
    ISSN 1872-9754 ; 0197-0186
    ISSN (online) 1872-9754
    ISSN 0197-0186
    DOI 10.1016/j.neuint.2004.11.003
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 1610: Show issues Location:
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