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Article ; Online: Gauss–Seidel limb scattering (GSLS) radiative transfer model development in support of the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) limb profiler mission

R. Loughman / D. Flittner / E. Nyaku / P. K. Bhartia

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol 15, Iss 6, Pp 3007-

2015 Volume 3020

Abstract: The Gauss–Seidel limb scattering (GSLS) radiative transfer (RT) model simulates the transfer of solar radiation through the atmosphere and is imbedded in the retrieval algorithm used to process data from the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) limb ... ...

Abstract	The Gauss–Seidel limb scattering (GSLS) radiative transfer (RT) model simulates the transfer of solar radiation through the atmosphere and is imbedded in the retrieval algorithm used to process data from the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) limb profiler (LP), which was launched on the Suomi NPP satellite in October 2011. A previous version of this model has been compared with several other limb scattering RT models in previous studies, including Siro, MCC++, CDIPI, LIMBTRAN, SASKTRAN, VECTOR, and McSCIA. To address deficiencies in the GSLS radiance calculations revealed in earlier comparisons, several recent changes have been added that improve the accuracy and flexibility of the GSLS model, including 1. improved treatment of the variation of the extinction coefficient with altitude, both within atmospheric layers and above the nominal top of the atmosphere; 2. addition of multiple-scattering source function calculations at multiple solar zenith angles along the line of sight (LOS); 3. introduction of variable surface properties along the limb LOS, with minimal effort required to add variable atmospheric properties along the LOS as well; 4. addition of the ability to model multiple aerosol types within the model atmosphere. The model improvements 1 and 2 are verified by comparison to previously published results (using standard radiance tables whenever possible), demonstrating significant improvement in cases for which previous versions of the GSLS model performed poorly. The single-scattered radiance errors that were as high as 4% in earlier studies are now generally reduced to 0.3%, while total radiance errors generally decline from 10% to 1–3%. In all cases, the tangent height dependence of the GSLS radiance error is greatly reduced.
Keywords	Geography. Anthropology. Recreation ; G ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350 ; Physics ; QC1-999 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	290
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Copernicus Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Gauss-Seidel Limb Scattering (GSLS) radiative transfer model development in support of the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) Limb Profiler mission

R. Loughman / D. Flittner / E. Nyaku / P. K. Bhartia

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, Vol 14, Iss 13, Pp 19315-

2014 Volume 19356

Abstract: The Gauss-Seidel Limb Scattering (GSLS) radiative transfer (RT) model simulates the transfer of solar radiation through the atmosphere, and is imbedded in the retrieval algorithm used to process data from the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) Limb ... ...

Abstract	The Gauss-Seidel Limb Scattering (GSLS) radiative transfer (RT) model simulates the transfer of solar radiation through the atmosphere, and is imbedded in the retrieval algorithm used to process data from the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) Limb Profiler (LP), which was launched on the Suomi NPP satellite in October 2011. A previous version of this model has been compared with several other limb scattering RT models in previous studies, including Siro, MCC++, CDIPI, LIMBTRAN, SASKTRAN, VECTOR, and McSCIA. To address deficiencies in the GSLS radiance calculations revealed in earlier comparisons, several recent changes have been added that improve the accuracy and flexibility of the GSLS model, including: 1. Improved treatment of the variation of the extinction coefficient with altitude, both within atmospheric layers and above the nominal top of the atmosphere (TOA). 2. Addition of multiple scattering source function calculations at multiple zeniths along the line of sight (LOS). 3. Re-introduction of the ability to simulate vector (polarized) radiances. 4. Introduction of variable surface properties along the limb LOS, with minimal effort required to add variable atmospheric properties along the LOS as well. 5. Addition of the ability to model multiple aerosol types within the model atmosphere. The model improvements numbered 1–3 above are verified by comparison to previously published results (using standard radiance tables whenever possible), demonstrating significant improvement in cases for which previous versions of the GSLS model performed poorly. The single-scattered radiance errors that were as high as 4% in earlier studies are now generally reduced to < 0.5%, while total radiance errors generally decline from > 10% to 1–2%. In all cases, the height dependence of the GSLS radiance error is greatly reduced.
Keywords	Environmental sciences ; GE1-350 ; Geography. Anthropology. Recreation ; G ; Geophysics. Cosmic physics ; QC801-809
Subject code	290
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Copernicus Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: What do satellite backscatter ultraviolet and visible spectrometers see over snow and ice? A study of clouds and ozone using the A-train

A. P. Vasilkov / J. Joiner / D. Haffner / P. K. Bhartia / R. J. D. Spurr

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions, Vol 3, Iss 1, Pp 237-

2010 Volume 268

Abstract: In this paper, we examine how clouds over snow and ice affect ozone absorption and how these effects may be accounted for in satellite retrieval algorithms. Over snow and ice, the Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) Raman cloud pressure algorithm ... ...

Abstract	In this paper, we examine how clouds over snow and ice affect ozone absorption and how these effects may be accounted for in satellite retrieval algorithms. Over snow and ice, the Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) Raman cloud pressure algorithm derives an effective scene pressure. When this scene pressure differs appreciably from the surface pressure, the difference is assumed to be caused by a cloud that is shielding atmospheric absorption and scattering below cloud-top from satellite view. A pressure difference of 100 hPa is used as a crude threshold for the detection of clouds that significantly shield tropospheric ozone absorption. Combining the OMI effective scene pressure and the Aqua MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud top pressure, we can distinguish between shielding and non-shielding clouds. To evaluate this approach, we performed radiative transfer simulations under various observing conditions. Using cloud vertical extinction profiles from the CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR), we find that clouds over a bright surface can produce significant shielding (i.e., a reduction in the sensitivity of the top-of-the-atmosphere radiance to ozone absorption below the clouds). The amount of shielding provided by clouds depends upon the geometry (solar and satellite zenith angles) and the surface albedo as well as cloud optical thickness. We also use CloudSat observations to qualitatively evaluate our approach. The CloudSat, Aqua, and Aura satellites fly in an afternoon polar orbit constellation with ground overpass times within 15 min of each other. The current Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) total column ozone algorithm (that has also been applied to the OMI) assumes no clouds over snow and ice. This assumption leads to errors in the retrieved ozone column. We show that the use of OMI effective scene pressures over snow and ice reduces these errors and leads to a more homogeneous spatial distribution of the retrieved total ozone.
Keywords	Meteorology. Climatology ; QC851-999 ; Physics ; QC1-999 ; Science ; Q ; DOAJ:Meteorology and Climatology ; DOAJ:Earth and Environmental Sciences
Subject code	290
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Copernicus GmbH
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: A new ENSO index derived from satellite measurements of column ozone

J. R. Ziemke / S. Chandra / L. D. Oman / P. K. Bhartia

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, Vol 10, Iss 2, Pp 2859-

2010 Volume 2887

Abstract: Column Ozone measured in tropical latitudes from Nimbus 7 TOMS, Earth Probe TOMS, NOAA SBUV, and Aura OMI satellite instruments are used to derive an El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index. This index, which covers a time period from 1979 to the ... ...

Abstract	Column Ozone measured in tropical latitudes from Nimbus 7 TOMS, Earth Probe TOMS, NOAA SBUV, and Aura OMI satellite instruments are used to derive an El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index. This index, which covers a time period from 1979 to the present, is defined as the Ozone ENSO Index (OEI) and is the first developed from atmospheric trace gas measurements. Using a data mining technique with existing ENSO indices of surface pressure and sea-surface temperature, the OEI is constructed by first averaging monthly mean column ozone over two broad regions in the western and eastern Pacific and taking their difference. This differencing yields a self-calibrating ENSO index which is independent of individual instrument calibration offsets and drifts in measurements over the long record. The combined Aura OMI and MLS ozone data confirm that zonal variability in total column ozone in the tropics caused by ENSO events lies almost entirely in the troposphere. As a result, the OEI can be derived directly from total column ozone instead of tropospheric column ozone. For clear-sky ozone measurements a +1 K change in Nino 3.4 index corresponds to +2.9 DU (Dobson Unit) change in the OEI, while a +1 hPa change in SOI coincides with a −1.7 DU change in the OEI. For ozone measurements under all cloud conditions these numbers are +2.4 DU and −1.4 DU, respectively. As an ENSO index based upon ozone, it is potentially useful in evaluating climate models predicting long term changes in ozone and other trace gases.
Keywords	Environmental sciences ; GE1-350 ; Geography. Anthropology. Recreation ; G ; DOAJ:Environmental Sciences ; DOAJ:Earth and Environmental Sciences ; Geophysics. Cosmic physics ; QC801-809
Subject code	290
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Copernicus Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: What do satellite backscatter ultraviolet and visible spectrometers see over snow and ice? A study of clouds and ozone using the A-train

A. P. Vasilkov / J. Joiner / D. Haffner / P. K. Bhartia / R. J. D. Spurr

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol 3, Iss 3, Pp 619-

2010 Volume 629

Abstract	In this paper, we examine how clouds over snow and ice affect ozone absorption and how these effects may be accounted for in satellite retrieval algorithms. Over snow and ice, the Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) Raman cloud pressure algorithm derives an effective scene pressure. When this scene pressure differs appreciably from the surface pressure, the difference is assumed to be caused by a cloud that is shielding atmospheric absorption and scattering below cloud-top from satellite view. A pressure difference of 100 hPa is used as a crude threshold for the detection of clouds that significantly shield tropospheric ozone absorption. Combining the OMI effective scene pressure and the Aqua MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud top pressure, we can distinguish between shielding and non-shielding clouds. To evaluate this approach, we performed radiative transfer simulations under various observing conditions. Using cloud vertical extinction profiles from the CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR), we find that clouds over a bright surface can produce significant shielding (i.e., a reduction in the sensitivity of the top-of-the-atmosphere radiance to ozone absorption below the clouds). The amount of shielding provided by clouds depends upon the geometry (solar and satellite zenith angles) and the surface albedo as well as cloud optical thickness. We also use CloudSat observations to qualitatively evaluate our approach. The CloudSat, Aqua, and Aura satellites fly in an afternoon polar orbit constellation with ground overpass times within 15 min of each other. The current Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) total column ozone algorithm (that has also been applied to the OMI) assumes no clouds over snow and ice. This assumption leads to errors in the retrieved ozone column. We show that the use of OMI effective scene pressures over snow and ice reduces these errors and leads to a more homogeneous spatial distribution of the retrieved total ozone.
Keywords	Meteorology. Climatology ; QC851-999 ; Physics ; QC1-999 ; Science ; Q ; DOAJ:Meteorology and Climatology ; DOAJ:Earth and Environmental Sciences ; Environmental engineering ; TA170-171 ; Earthwork. Foundations ; TA715-787
Subject code	290
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Copernicus Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: A new ENSO index derived from satellite measurements of column ozone

J. R. Ziemke / S. Chandra / L. D. Oman / P. K. Bhartia

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol 10, Iss 8, Pp 3711-

2010 Volume 3721

Abstract: Column Ozone measured in tropical latitudes from Nimbus 7 total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS), Earth Probe TOMS, solar backscatter ultraviolet (SBUV), and Aura ozone monitoring instrument (OMI) are used to derive an El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) ...

Abstract	Column Ozone measured in tropical latitudes from Nimbus 7 total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS), Earth Probe TOMS, solar backscatter ultraviolet (SBUV), and Aura ozone monitoring instrument (OMI) are used to derive an El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index. This index, which covers a time period from 1979 to the present, is defined as the "Ozone ENSO Index" (OEI) and is the first developed from atmospheric trace gas measurements. The OEI is constructed by first averaging monthly mean column ozone over two broad regions in the western and eastern Pacific and then taking their difference. This differencing yields a self-calibrating ENSO index which is independent of individual instrument calibration offsets and drifts in measurements over the long record. The combined Aura OMI and MLS ozone data confirm that zonal variability in total column ozone in the tropics caused by ENSO events lies almost entirely in the troposphere. As a result, the OEI can be derived directly from total column ozone instead of tropospheric column ozone. For clear-sky ozone measurements a +1 K change in Nino 3.4 index corresponds to +2.9 Dobson Unit (DU) change in the OEI, while a +1 hPa change in SOI coincides with a −1.7 DU change in the OEI. For ozone measurements under all cloud conditions these numbers are +2.4 DU and −1.4 DU, respectively. As an ENSO index based upon ozone, it is potentially useful in evaluating climate models predicting long term changes in ozone and other trace gases.
Keywords	Physics ; QC1-999 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	290
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Copernicus Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: OMI and MODIS observations of the anomalous 2008–2009 Southern Hemisphere biomass burning seasons

O. Torres / Z. Chen / H. Jethva / C. Ahn / S. R. Freitas / P. K. Bhartia

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol 10, Iss 8, Pp 3505-

2010 Volume 3513

Abstract: Significant inter-annual variability of biomass burning was observed in South America over the 2007–2009 period. The 2007 number of fires detected from space in South America, as well as the magnitude of the atmospheric aerosol load resulting from fire ... ...

Abstract	Significant inter-annual variability of biomass burning was observed in South America over the 2007–2009 period. The 2007 number of fires detected from space in South America, as well as the magnitude of the atmospheric aerosol load resulting from fire activity, was the largest over the last ten years. The huge 2007 increase in fire activity was followed by large reductions in the 2008 and 2009 burning seasons. Large drops of the atmospheric load of carbonaceous aerosols over the subcontinent, relative to previous years, was registered in 2008 and 2009 by the OMI sensor onboard the Aura platform, and the MODIS sensors on the Terra and Aqua satellites. The 2009 fire season in South America was the least active of the last ten years. Satellite observations of fire statistics, precipitation, and aerosol optical depth data were used to analyze the fire season over South America and Central Africa during the last ten years to understand the factors that led to the 2007 and 2009 extremes. An analysis of precipitation anomaly data shows that the largest 6-month (May–October) precipitation deficit of the last ten years in South America occurred during 2007. The same analysis indicates that in 2009, this region experienced the largest excess precipitation of the decade. Since precipitation is the most important meteorological factor controlling biomass burning activity, it can be concluded that the 2007 maximum and 2009 minimum in fire activity and aerosol load were driven by the observed levels of precipitation. Analysis of the precipitation record, however, does not explain the extremely low 2008 biomass burning activity. Although the 2008 precipitation deficit was similar in magnitude to the one that in 2005 contributed to the second most intense biomass burning season in the last ten years, the 2008 fire season was surprisingly weak. The combined analysis of satellite data on atmospheric aerosol load, fire counts and precipitation strongly suggests that the observed 2008 decline in aerosol load and fire activity in ...
Keywords	Physics ; QC1-999 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	550
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Copernicus Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Ozone profile retrievals from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument

X. Liu / P. K. Bhartia / K. Chance / R. J. D. Spurr / T. P. Kurosu

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol 10, Iss 5, Pp 2521-

2010 Volume 2537

Abstract: Ozone profiles from the surface to about 60 km are retrieved from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) ultraviolet radiances using the optimal estimation technique. OMI provides daily ozone profiles for the entire sunlit portion of the earth at a horizontal ...

Abstract	Ozone profiles from the surface to about 60 km are retrieved from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) ultraviolet radiances using the optimal estimation technique. OMI provides daily ozone profiles for the entire sunlit portion of the earth at a horizontal resolution of 13 km×48 km for the nadir position. The retrieved profiles have sufficient accuracy in the troposphere to see ozone perturbations caused by convection, biomass burning and anthropogenic pollution, and to track their spatiotemporal transport. However, to achieve such accuracy it has been necessary to calibrate OMI radiances carefully (using two days of Aura/Microwave Limb Sounder data taken in the tropics). The retrieved profiles contain ~6–7 degrees of freedom for signal, with 5–7 in the stratosphere and 0–1.5 in the troposphere. Vertical resolution varies from 7–11 km in the stratosphere to 10–14 km in the troposphere. Retrieval precisions range from 1% in the middle stratosphere to 10% in the lower stratosphere and troposphere. Solution errors (i.e., root sum square of precisions and smoothing errors) vary from 1–6% in the middle stratosphere to 6–35% in the troposphere, and are dominated by smoothing errors. Total, stratospheric, and tropospheric ozone columns can be retrieved with solution errors typically in the few Dobson unit range at solar zenith angles less than 80°.
Keywords	Physics ; QC1-999 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	290
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Copernicus Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Interpreting SBUV smoothing errors

N. A. Kramarova / P. K. Bhartia / S. M. Frith / R. D. McPeters / R. S. Stolarski

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol 6, Iss 8, Pp 2089-

an example using the quasi-biennial oscillation

2013 Volume 2099

Abstract: The Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet (SBUV) observing system consists of a series of instruments that have been measuring both total ozone and the ozone profile since 1970. SBUV measures the profile in the upper stratosphere with a resolution that is ... ...

Abstract	The Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet (SBUV) observing system consists of a series of instruments that have been measuring both total ozone and the ozone profile since 1970. SBUV measures the profile in the upper stratosphere with a resolution that is adequate to resolve most of the important features of that region. In the lower stratosphere the limited vertical resolution of the SBUV system means that there are components of the profile variability that SBUV cannot measure. The smoothing error, as defined in the optimal estimation retrieval method, describes the components of the profile variability that the SBUV observing system cannot measure. In this paper we provide a simple visual interpretation of the SBUV smoothing error by comparing SBUV ozone anomalies in the lower tropical stratosphere associated with the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) to anomalies obtained from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). We describe a methodology for estimating the SBUV smoothing error for monthly zonal mean (mzm) profiles. We construct covariance matrices that describe the statistics of the inter-annual ozone variability using a 6 yr record of Aura MLS and ozonesonde data. We find that the smoothing error is of the order of 1% between 10 and 1 hPa, increasing up to 15–20% in the troposphere and up to 5% in the mesosphere. The smoothing error for total ozone columns is small, mostly less than 0.5%. We demonstrate that by merging the partial ozone columns from several layers in the lower stratosphere/troposphere into one thick layer, we can minimize the smoothing error. We recommend using the following layer combinations to reduce the smoothing error to about 1%: surface to 25 hPa (16 hPa) outside (inside) of the narrow equatorial zone 20° S–20° N.
Keywords	Meteorology. Climatology ; QC851-999 ; Physics ; QC1-999 ; Science ; Q ; DOAJ:Meteorology and Climatology ; DOAJ:Earth and Environmental Sciences ; Environmental engineering ; TA170-171 ; Earthwork. Foundations ; TA715-787
Subject code	290
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Copernicus Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Interpreting SBUV smoothing errors

N. A. Kramarova / P. K. Bhartia / S. M. Frith / R. D. McPeters / R. S. Stolarski

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions, Vol 6, Iss 2, Pp 2721-

an example using the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation

2013 Volume 2749

Abstract	The Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet (SBUV) observing system consists of a series of instruments that have been measuring both total ozone and the ozone profile since 1970. SBUV measures the profile in the upper stratosphere with a resolution that is adequate to resolve most of the important features of that region. In the lower stratosphere the limited vertical resolution of the SBUV system means that there are components of the profile variability that SBUV cannot measure. The smoothing error, as defined in the Optimal Estimation retrieval method, describes the components of the profile variability that the SBUV observing system cannot measure. In this paper we provide a simple visual interpretation of the SBUV smoothing error by comparing SBUV ozone anomalies in the lower tropical stratosphere associated with the Quasi Biennial Oscillation (QBO) to anomalies obtained from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). We describe a methodology for estimating the SBUV smoothing error for monthly zonal mean (mzm) profiles. We construct covariance matrices that describe the statistics of the inter-annual ozone variability using a 6-yr record of Aura MLS and ozonesonde data. We find that the smoothing error is of the order of 1% between 10 hPa and 1 hPa, increasing up to 15–20% in the troposphere and up to 5% in the mesosphere. The smoothing error for total ozone columns is small, mostly less than 0.5%. We demonstrate that by merging the partial ozone columns from several layers in the lower stratosphere/troposphere into one thick layer, we can minimize the smoothing error. We recommend using the following layer combinations to reduce the smoothing error to about 1%: surface to 25 hPa (16 hPa) outside (inside) of the narrow equatorial zone 20° S–20° N.
Keywords	Meteorology. Climatology ; QC851-999 ; Physics ; QC1-999 ; Science ; Q ; DOAJ:Meteorology and Climatology ; DOAJ:Earth and Environmental Sciences ; Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ; TA1-2040 ; Earthwork. Foundations ; TA715-787
Subject code	290
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Copernicus Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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