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  1. Article ; Online: Economic Evaluation of Rotavirus Vaccination in Children Aged Under Five Years in South Africa.

    Mohy, Ahmed / Page, Nicola / Boyce, Welekazi / Gomez, Jorge A

    Clinical drug investigation

    2023  Volume 43, Issue 11, Page(s) 851–863

    Abstract: Background and objective: Evidence on the economic value of rotavirus vaccines in middle-income countries is limited. We aimed to model the implementation of three vaccines (human rotavirus, live, attenuated, oral vaccine [HRV, 2 doses]; rotavirus ... ...

    Abstract Background and objective: Evidence on the economic value of rotavirus vaccines in middle-income countries is limited. We aimed to model the implementation of three vaccines (human rotavirus, live, attenuated, oral vaccine [HRV, 2 doses]; rotavirus vaccine, live, oral, pentavalent [HBRV, 3 doses] and rotavirus vaccine, live attenuated oral, freeze-dried [BRV-PV, 3 doses] presented in 1-dose and 2-dose vials) into the South African National Immunisation Programme.
    Methods: Cost and cost-effectiveness analyses were conducted to compare three rotavirus vaccines using a static, deterministic, population model in children aged <5 years in South Africa from country payer and societal perspectives. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the impact of uncertainty in model inputs.
    Results: The human rotavirus, live, attenuated, oral vaccine (HRV) was associated with cost savings versus HBRV from both perspectives, and versus BRV-PV 1-dose vial from the societal perspective. In the cost-effectiveness analysis, HRV was estimated to avoid 1,107 home care rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) events, 247 medical visits, 35 hospitalisations, and 4 RVGE-related deaths versus HBRV and BRV-PV. This translated to 73 quality-adjusted life years gained. HRV was associated with lower costs versus HBRV from both payer (-$3.9M) and societal (-$11.5M) perspectives and versus BRV-PV 1-dose vial from the societal perspective (-$3.8M), dominating those options. HRV was associated with higher costs versus BRV-PV 1-dose vial from the payer perspective and versus BRV-PV 2‑dose vial from both payer and societal perspectives (ICERs: $51,834, $121,171, and $16,717, respectively), exceeding the assumed cost-effectiveness threshold of 0.5 GDP per capita.
    Conclusion: Vaccination with a 2-dose schedule of HRV may lead to better health outcomes for children in South Africa compared with the 3-dose schedule rotavirus vaccines.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Child ; Infant ; Rotavirus ; Rotavirus Vaccines ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; South Africa ; Rotavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Vaccination
    Chemical Substances Rotavirus Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-13
    Publishing country New Zealand
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1220136-4
    ISSN 1179-1918 ; 0114-2402 ; 1173-2563
    ISSN (online) 1179-1918
    ISSN 0114-2402 ; 1173-2563
    DOI 10.1007/s40261-023-01312-4
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Changes in Prevalence and Seasonality of Pathogens Identified in Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Hospitalised Individuals in Rural and Urban Settings in South Africa; 2018-2022.

    Davids, Michaela / Johnstone, Siobhan / Mendes, Adriano / Brecht, Gadean / Avenant, Theunis / du Plessis, Nicolette / de Villiers, Maryke / Page, Nicola / Venter, Marietjie

    Viruses

    2024  Volume 16, Issue 3

    Abstract: Severe acute respiratory tract infections (SARIs) has been well described in South Africa with seasonal patterns described for influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), while others occur year-round (rhinovirus and adenovirus). This prospective ... ...

    Abstract Severe acute respiratory tract infections (SARIs) has been well described in South Africa with seasonal patterns described for influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), while others occur year-round (rhinovirus and adenovirus). This prospective syndromic hospital-based surveillance study describes the prevalence and impact of public interventions on the seasonality of other respiratory pathogens during the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. This occurred from August 2018 to April 2022, with 2595 patients who met the SARS case definition and 442 controls, from three sentinel urban and rural hospital sites in South Africa. Naso/oro-pharyngeal (NP/OP) swabs were tested using the FastTrack Diagnostics
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Humans ; Infant ; Influenza, Human/epidemiology ; South Africa/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Prospective Studies ; Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human ; Streptococcus pneumoniae ; Rhinovirus ; Enterovirus Infections ; COVID-19/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-05
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2516098-9
    ISSN 1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
    ISSN (online) 1999-4915
    ISSN 1999-4915
    DOI 10.3390/v16030404
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Erratum: Investigation of two suspected diarrhoeal-illness outbreaks in Northern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces, South Africa, April-July 2013: The role of rotavirus.

    Shonhiwa, Andronica M / Ntshoe, Genevie / Crisp, Noreen / Olowolagba, Ayo J / Mbuthu, Vusi / Taylor, Maureen B / Thomas, Juno / Page, Nicola

    Southern African journal of infectious diseases

    2024  Volume 39, Issue 1, Page(s) 597

    Abstract: This corrects the article DOI: 10.4102/sajid.v35i1.159.]. ...

    Abstract [This corrects the article DOI: 10.4102/sajid.v35i1.159.].
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-15
    Publishing country South Africa
    Document type Published Erratum
    ZDB-ID 3046282-4
    ISSN 2313-1810 ; 2312-0053
    ISSN (online) 2313-1810
    ISSN 2312-0053
    DOI 10.4102/sajid.v39i1.597
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Circulation of classic and recombinant human astroviruses detected in South Africa: 2009 to 2014.

    Nadan, Sandrama / Taylor, Maureen B / Page, Nicola A

    Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology

    2020  Volume 135, Page(s) 104719

    Abstract: Background: Astroviruses (AstVs) are associated with diarrhoeal and extra-intestinal infections in human, animal and avian species. A prevalence of 7% was reported in selected regions in SA while AstVs detected from clinical stool specimens were almost ... ...

    Abstract Background: Astroviruses (AstVs) are associated with diarrhoeal and extra-intestinal infections in human, animal and avian species. A prevalence of 7% was reported in selected regions in SA while AstVs detected from clinical stool specimens were almost identical phylogenetically to strains identified in environmental and water samples. This study investigated the molecular diversity of astroviruses circulating between 2009 and 2014 in South Africa (SA).
    Methods: Astroviruses detected in stool specimens collected from hospitalised children were investigated retrospectively. Astroviruses were characterised using type-specific RT-PCR, partial nucleotide sequence analyses in ORF1 and ORF2 and whole genome sequencing. Different genotypes were compared with clinical features to investigate genotype-related associations. The Vesikari severity scale (VSS) was evaluated for scoring astrovirus diarrhoeal infections.
    Results: Of 405 astroviruses detected, 49.9 % (202/405) were characterised into 32 genotypes comprising 66.3 % (134/202) putative-recombinants and 33.7 % (68/202) classic strains. No trends by year of collection, age or site were observed. Whole genome analysis in eight strains revealed that genotypes assigned by partial nucleotide sequence analyses to five astroviruses were incorrect. Bivariate analyses showed there were no significant associations between genotypes and clinical symptoms or severity of infection. A comparison of Vesikari parameters with astrovirus-positive proxy values demonstrated that Vesikari scores for duration of diarrhoea and admission temperatures would result in a milder infection rating in astrovirus-positive cases.
    Conclusions: Diverse genotypes co-circulated with putative-recombinants predominating. Astrovirus classification was complicated by the lack of a consistent characterisation system and reliable reference database. The VSS should be used cautiously to rate astrovirus diarrhoea. While surveillance in communities and out-patient clinics must be continued, screening for human astroviruses in alternate hosts is needed to determine the reservoir species.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Astroviridae Infections/epidemiology ; Feces ; Humans ; Mamastrovirus/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Retrospective Studies ; South Africa/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-12-31
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1446080-4
    ISSN 1873-5967 ; 1386-6532
    ISSN (online) 1873-5967
    ISSN 1386-6532
    DOI 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104719
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: A systematic review on mobile health applications for foodborne disease outbreak management.

    Ntshoe, Genevie / Shonhiwa, Andronica Moipone / Govender, Nevashan / Page, Nicola

    BMC public health

    2021  Volume 21, Issue 1, Page(s) 2228

    Abstract: Background: Foodborne disease outbreaks are common and notifiable in South Africa; however, they are rarely reported and poorly investigated. Surveillance data from the notification system is suboptimal and limited, and does not provide adequate ... ...

    Abstract Background: Foodborne disease outbreaks are common and notifiable in South Africa; however, they are rarely reported and poorly investigated. Surveillance data from the notification system is suboptimal and limited, and does not provide adequate information to guide public health action and inform policy. We performed a systematic review of published literature to identify mobile application-based outbreak response systems for managing foodborne disease outbreaks and to determine the elements that the system requires to generate foodborne disease data needed for public action.
    Methods: Studies were identified through literature searches using online databases on PubMed/Medline, CINAHL, Academic Search Complete, Greenfile, Library, Information Science & Technology. Search was limited to studies published in English during the period January 1990 to November 2020. Search strategy included various terms in varying combinations with Boolean phrases "OR" and "AND". Data were collected following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement. A standardised data collection tool was used to extract and summarise information from identified studies. We assessed qualities of mobile applications by looking at the operating system, system type, basic features and functionalities they offer for foodborne disease outbreak management.
    Results: Five hundred and twenty-eight (528) publications were identified, of which 48 were duplicates. Of the remaining 480 studies, 2.9% (14/480) were assessed for eligibility. Only one of the 14 studies met the inclusion criteria and reported on one mobile health application named MyMAFI (My Mobile Apps for Field Investigation). There was lack of detailed information on the application characteristics. However, based on minimal information available, MyMAFI demonstrated the ability to generate line lists, reports and offered functionalities for outbreak verification and epidemiological investigation. Availability of other key components such as environmental and laboratory investigations were unknown.
    Conclusions: There is limited use of mobile applications on management of foodborne disease outbreaks. Efforts should be made to set up systems and develop applications that can improve data collection and quality of foodborne disease outbreak investigations.
    MeSH term(s) Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Foodborne Diseases/epidemiology ; Foodborne Diseases/prevention & control ; Humans ; Mobile Applications ; Technology ; Telemedicine
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-12-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Systematic Review
    ZDB-ID 2041338-5
    ISSN 1471-2458 ; 1471-2458
    ISSN (online) 1471-2458
    ISSN 1471-2458
    DOI 10.1186/s12889-021-12283-6
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Identifying gaps in hand hygiene practice to support tailored target audience messaging in Soweto: A cross-sectional community survey.

    Johnstone, Siobhan L / Page, Nicola A / Groome, Michelle J / Madhi, Shabir A / Mutevedzi, Portia / Thomas, Juno

    Southern African journal of infectious diseases

    2022  Volume 37, Issue 1, Page(s) 339

    Abstract: Effective risk communication is essential for outbreak mitigation, as recently highlighted during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Hand hygiene is one of the proposed public health interventions to protect against severe acute ... ...

    Abstract Effective risk communication is essential for outbreak mitigation, as recently highlighted during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Hand hygiene is one of the proposed public health interventions to protect against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) acquisition and transmission along with social distancing, improved ventilation, environmental cleaning, and wearing of masks. Improving hand hygiene practices in the community requires an understanding of the socio-behavioural context. This cross-sectional community survey in Soweto identified gaps in hand hygiene, which can inform appropriate messaging at the community level. Only 42% of survey respondents practiced adequate hand hygiene. Tailored educational messaging should be targeted at young adults in particular, and the importance of soap for hand hygiene must be emphasised for all age groups. Risk communication should expand to focus on preventing multiple infectious diseases during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-31
    Publishing country South Africa
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 3046282-4
    ISSN 2313-1810 ; 2312-0053
    ISSN (online) 2313-1810
    ISSN 2312-0053
    DOI 10.4102/sajid.v37i1.339
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  7. Article ; Online: Diagnostic testing practices for diarrhoeal cases in South African public hospitals.

    Johnstone, Siobhan L / Page, Nicola A / Groome, Michelle J / du Plessis, Nicolette M / Thomas, Juno

    BMC infectious diseases

    2022  Volume 22, Issue 1, Page(s) 827

    Abstract: Background: Stool samples submitted for diagnostic testing represent a proportion of diarrhoeal cases seeking healthcare, and an even smaller proportion of diarrhoeal cases in the community. Despite this, surveillance relies heavily on these laboratory ... ...

    Abstract Background: Stool samples submitted for diagnostic testing represent a proportion of diarrhoeal cases seeking healthcare, and an even smaller proportion of diarrhoeal cases in the community. Despite this, surveillance relies heavily on these laboratory results. This study described diarrhoeal diagnostic practices and aetiological agents of diarrhoea in patients admitted to three South African public hospitals in order to understand biases in surveillance data, and inform guidelines, diagnostic and laboratory practices to improve clinical management.
    Methods: A doctors' survey was conducted to determine sample submission, diarrhoeal treatment and barriers to submitting samples for testing. Results for all samples submitted for routine diagnostics were obtained from the NHLS Central Data Warehouse. An enhanced surveillance study enrolled patients with acute diarrhoea at the same hospitals over the same period. Differences between routine culture results and molecular testing from the surveillance study were described.
    Results: Stool samples were seldom submitted for diagnostic testing (median of 10% of admitted cases). Current diagnostic guidelines were not useful, hence most doctors (75.1%) relied on their own clinical judgement or judgement of a senior clinician. Although most doctors (90.3%) agreed that diagnostics were helpful for clinical management, they reported patients being unwilling to provide samples and long laboratory turnaround times. Routine diagnostic data represent cases with chronic diarrhoea and dysentery since doctors are most likely to submit specimens for these cases. Pathogen yield (number of pathogens detected for samples tested for specific pathogens) was significantly higher in the surveillance study, which used molecular methods, than through routine diagnostic services (73.3% versus 8.2%, p < 0.001), including for viruses (48.9% versus 2.6%, p < 0.001), bacteria (40.1% versus 2.2%, p < 0.001) and parasites (16.2% versus 3.6%, p < 0.001). Despite viruses being commonly detected in the surveillance study, viral testing was seldom requested in routine diagnostic investigations.
    Conclusions: Comprehensive diagnostic and treatment guidelines are required for diarrhoeal diseases. These guidelines should be informed by local epidemiological data, where diagnostic testing is reserved for cases most likely to benefit from specific treatment. Optimisation of current diagnostic processes and methods are required for these cases, specifically in terms of minimising turnaround times while maximising diagnostic acumen.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Infant ; South Africa ; Diarrhea/epidemiology ; Viruses ; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques ; Hospitals, Public
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-09
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2041550-3
    ISSN 1471-2334 ; 1471-2334
    ISSN (online) 1471-2334
    ISSN 1471-2334
    DOI 10.1186/s12879-022-07834-0
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Epidemiology and aetiology of moderate to severe diarrhoea in hospitalised patients ≥5 years old living with HIV in South Africa, 2018-2021: A case-control analysis.

    Johnstone, Siobhan L / Erasmus, Linda / Thomas, Juno / Groome, Michelle J / du Plessis, Nicolette M / Avenant, Theunis / de Villiers, Maryke / Page, Nicola A

    PLOS global public health

    2023  Volume 3, Issue 9, Page(s) e0001718

    Abstract: Diarrhoea is a recognised complication of HIV-infection, yet there are limited local aetiological data in this high-risk group. These data are important for informing public health interventions and updating diagnostic and treatment guidelines. This ... ...

    Abstract Diarrhoea is a recognised complication of HIV-infection, yet there are limited local aetiological data in this high-risk group. These data are important for informing public health interventions and updating diagnostic and treatment guidelines. This study aimed to determine the pathogenic causes of diarrhoeal admissions in people living with HIV (PLHIV) compared to hospital controls between July 2018 and November 2021. Admitted diarrhoeal cases (n = 243) and non-diarrhoeal hospital controls (n = 101) ≥5 years of age were enrolled at Kalafong, Mapulaneng and Matikwana hospitals. Stool specimens/rectal swabs were collected and pathogen screening was performed on multiple platforms. Differences in pathogen detections between cases and controls, stratified by HIV status, were investigated. The majority (n = 164, 67.5%) of enrolled diarrhoeal cases with known HIV status were HIV-infected. Pathogens could be detected in 66.3% (n = 228) of specimens, with significantly higher detection in cases compared to controls (72.8% versus 50.5%, p<0.001). Amongst PLHIV, prevalence of Cystoisospora spp. was significantly higher in cases than controls (17.7% versus 0.0%, p = 0.028), while Schistosoma was detected more often in controls than cases (17.4% versus 2.4%, p = 0.009). Amongst the HIV-uninfected participants, prevalence of Shigella spp., Salmonella spp. and Helicobacter pylori was significantly higher in cases compared to controls (36.7% versus 12.0%, p = 0.002; 11.4% versus 0.0%, p = 0.012; 10.1% versus 0.0%, p = 0.023). Diarrhoeal aetiology differed by HIV status, with Shigella spp. (36.7%) and Salmonella spp. (11.4%) having the highest prevalence amongst HIV-uninfected cases and Shigella spp. (18.3%), Cystoisospora (17.7%), and Cryptosporidium spp. (15.9%) having the highest prevalence in cases amongst PLHIV. These differences should be considered for the development of diagnostic and treatment guidelines.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2767-3375
    ISSN (online) 2767-3375
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001718
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  9. Article: Microorganisms Detected in Intussusception Cases and Controls in Children <3 Years in South Africa From 2013 to 2017.

    Page, Nicola Anne / Netshikweta, Rembuluwani / Tate, Jacqueline E / Madhi, Shabir A / Parashar, Umesh D / Groome, Michelle J

    Open forum infectious diseases

    2023  Volume 10, Issue 9, Page(s) ofad458

    Abstract: A matched case-control evaluated infectious etiologies in children <3 years in post-rotavirus vaccine intussusception surveillance. Adenovirus and adenovirus types C, A, and B were detected more frequently in cases versus controls at statistically ... ...

    Abstract A matched case-control evaluated infectious etiologies in children <3 years in post-rotavirus vaccine intussusception surveillance. Adenovirus and adenovirus types C, A, and B were detected more frequently in cases versus controls at statistically significant values. Wild-type rotavirus, rotavirus vaccine strains, and human herpesvirus were not associated with intussusception.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2757767-3
    ISSN 2328-8957
    ISSN 2328-8957
    DOI 10.1093/ofid/ofad458
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  10. Article ; Online: Association between Immunogenicity of a Monovalent Parenteral P2-VP8 Subunit Rotavirus Vaccine and Fecal Shedding of Rotavirus following Rotarix Challenge during a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

    Fellows, Tamika / Page, Nicola / Fix, Alan / Flores, Jorge / Cryz, Stanley / McNeal, Monica / Iturriza-Gomara, Miren / Groome, Michelle J

    Viruses

    2023  Volume 15, Issue 9

    Abstract: A correlate of protection for rotavirus (RV) has not been consistently identified. Shedding of RV following an oral rotavirus vaccine (ORV) challenge has been investigated as a potential model to assess protection of parenteral RV vaccines. We previously ...

    Abstract A correlate of protection for rotavirus (RV) has not been consistently identified. Shedding of RV following an oral rotavirus vaccine (ORV) challenge has been investigated as a potential model to assess protection of parenteral RV vaccines. We previously showed that shedding of a challenge ORV dose was significantly reduced among recipients of a parenteral monovalent RV subunit vaccine (P2-VP8-P[8]) compared to placebo recipients. This secondary data analysis assessed the association between fecal shedding of RV, as determined by ELISA one week after receipt of a Rotarix challenge dose at 18 weeks of age, and serum RV-specific antibody responses, one and six months after vaccination with the third dose of the P2-VP8-P[8] vaccine or placebo. We did not find any association between serum RV-specific immune responses measured one month post-P2-VP8-P[8] vaccination and fecal shedding of RV post-challenge. At nine months of age, six months after the third P2-VP8-P[8] or placebo injection and having received three doses of Rotarix, infants shedding RV demonstrated higher immune responses than non-shedders, showing that RV shedding is reflective of vaccine response following ORV. Further evaluation is needed in a larger sample before fecal shedding of an ORV challenge can be used as a measure of field efficacy in RV vaccine trials.
    MeSH term(s) Infant ; Humans ; Rotavirus Vaccines ; Rotavirus ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; Vaccination
    Chemical Substances RIX4414 vaccine ; Rotavirus Vaccines ; Vaccines, Attenuated
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-25
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2516098-9
    ISSN 1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
    ISSN (online) 1999-4915
    ISSN 1999-4915
    DOI 10.3390/v15091809
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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