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  1. Article: Network Approaches for Precision Oncology.

    Pai, Shraddha

    Advances in experimental medicine and biology

    2022  Volume 1361, Page(s) 199–213

    Abstract: The growth of multi-omic tumour profile datasets along with knowledge of genome regulatory networks has created an unprecedented opportunity to advance precision oncology. Achieving this goal requires computational methods that can make sense of and ... ...

    Abstract The growth of multi-omic tumour profile datasets along with knowledge of genome regulatory networks has created an unprecedented opportunity to advance precision oncology. Achieving this goal requires computational methods that can make sense of and combine heterogeneous data sources. Interpretability and integration of prior knowledge is of particular relevance for genomic models to minimize ungeneralizable models, promote rational treatment design, and make use of sparse genetic mutation data. While networks have long been used to capture genomic interactions at the levels of genes, proteins, and pathways, the use of networks in precision oncology is relatively new. In this chapter, I provide an introduction to network-based approaches used to integrate multi-modal data sources for patient stratification and patient classification. There is a particular emphasis on methods using patient similarity networks (PSNs) as part of the design. I separately discuss strategies for inferring driver mutations from individual patient mutation data. Finally, I discuss challenges and opportunities the field will need to overcome to achieve its full potential, with an outlook towards a clinic of the future.
    MeSH term(s) Genomics ; Humans ; Medical Oncology ; Neoplasms/genetics ; Neoplasms/therapy ; Precision Medicine ; Proteins
    Chemical Substances Proteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2214-8019 ; 0065-2598
    ISSN (online) 2214-8019
    ISSN 0065-2598
    DOI 10.1007/978-3-030-91836-1_11
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: COVID-19 cluster size and transmission rates in schools from crowdsourced case reports.

    Tupper, Paul / Pai, Shraddha / Colijn, Caroline

    eLife

    2022  Volume 11

    Abstract: The role of schools in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 is controversial, with some claiming they are an important driver of the pandemic and others arguing that transmission in schools is negligible. School cluster reports that have been collected in various ... ...

    Abstract The role of schools in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 is controversial, with some claiming they are an important driver of the pandemic and others arguing that transmission in schools is negligible. School cluster reports that have been collected in various jurisdictions are a source of data about transmission in schools. These reports consist of the name of a school, a date, and the number of students known to be infected. We provide a simple model for the frequency and size of clusters in this data, based on random arrivals of index cases at schools who then infect their classmates with a highly variable rate, fitting the overdispersion evident in the data. We fit our model to reports from four Canadian provinces, providing estimates of mean and dispersion for cluster size, as well as the distribution of the instantaneous transmission parameter
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Crowdsourcing ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Canada/epidemiology ; Schools
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-21
    Publishing country England
    Document type Case Reports ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2687154-3
    ISSN 2050-084X ; 2050-084X
    ISSN (online) 2050-084X
    ISSN 2050-084X
    DOI 10.7554/eLife.76174
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Adsorptive removal of AB113 dye using green synthesized hydroxyapatite/magnetite nanocomposite.

    Pai, Shraddha / Kini, M Srinivas / Mythili, Raja / Selvaraj, Raja

    Environmental research

    2022  Volume 210, Page(s) 112951

    Abstract: In the present study, magnetite nanoparticles ( ... ...

    Abstract In the present study, magnetite nanoparticles (Fe
    MeSH term(s) Adsorption ; Coloring Agents/chemistry ; Durapatite ; Ferrosoferric Oxide ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Kinetics ; Nanocomposites/chemistry ; Thermodynamics ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
    Chemical Substances Coloring Agents ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Durapatite (91D9GV0Z28) ; Ferrosoferric Oxide (XM0M87F357)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-17
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 205699-9
    ISSN 1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
    ISSN (online) 1096-0953
    ISSN 0013-9351
    DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112951
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  4. Article ; Online: Fourteen quick tips for crowdsourcing geographically linked data for public health advocacy.

    Atienza, Joshua / Benedict, Anjalee / Stein, Lincoln D / Pirzada, Kashif / White, Cheryl / Pai, Shraddha

    PLoS computational biology

    2023  Volume 19, Issue 9, Page(s) e1011285

    Abstract: This article presents 14 quick tips to build a team to crowdsource data for public health advocacy. It includes tips around team building and logistics, infrastructure setup, media and industry outreach, and project wrap-up and archival for posterity. ...

    Abstract This article presents 14 quick tips to build a team to crowdsource data for public health advocacy. It includes tips around team building and logistics, infrastructure setup, media and industry outreach, and project wrap-up and archival for posterity.
    MeSH term(s) Crowdsourcing ; Public Health ; Semantic Web
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2193340-6
    ISSN 1553-7358 ; 1553-734X
    ISSN (online) 1553-7358
    ISSN 1553-734X
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011285
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article: Comparative Study of Clinical Severity and Biochemical Markers in Pre COVID-19 and COVID-19 Rhino-Orbito Cerebral Mucormycosis.

    Garag, Santosh S / Pai, Shraddha / Shanbag, Raghunath D / Arunkumar, J S / Kavitha, Y

    Indian journal of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery : official publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India

    2023  , Page(s) 1–6

    Abstract: In view of high surge of sinonasal mucormycosis cases after the second wave of covid 19, present study was planned to know and compare the clinical severity of the disease and also to better understand the difference in the biochemical markers during ... ...

    Abstract In view of high surge of sinonasal mucormycosis cases after the second wave of covid 19, present study was planned to know and compare the clinical severity of the disease and also to better understand the difference in the biochemical markers during precovid and post covid period. This retrospective observational study included all cases of sinonasal mucormycosis which were treated in our institute from August 2012 to August 2021. Details of these cases were collected from hospital database system. Biochemical parameters included FBS, HbA1C, urine ketone bodies, blood pH and creatinine. Clinical severity score was measured using self-structured severity scoring system. We found that out of 74 cases treated in our hospital 28 cases were in pre covid period while 46 cases belonged to covid 19 period. Higher male predominance was seen during post covid period (76% vs. 60%). Urine ketone bodies were positive in 7% patients in precovid period compared to 26% in post-covid period. FBS and HbA1C were high approximately 80 and 90% patients respectively in both groups. Clinical severity was significantly high in post covid patients. The present study showed that in spite of similar biochemical profile. The severity of mucormycosis was high in covid positive patients. This study shows that Covid-19 is an independent high risk factor in mucormycosis patients.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-17
    Publishing country India
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1471137-0
    ISSN 0973-7707 ; 2231-3796 ; 0019-5421
    ISSN (online) 0973-7707
    ISSN 2231-3796 ; 0019-5421
    DOI 10.1007/s12070-023-03645-0
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  6. Article: Green synthesized hydroxyapatite nanoadsorbent for the adsorptive removal of AB113 dye for environmental applications

    Vinayagam, Ramesh / Pai, Shraddha / Murugesan, Gokulakrishnan / Varadavenkatesan, Thivaharan / Kaviyarasu, K. / Selvaraj, Raja

    Environmental research. 2022 Apr. 07,

    2022  

    Abstract: The present work reports the synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HAp) via the green chemistry approach by using the leaf extract of copper pod tree and its adsorptive potential to remove Acid blue 113 (AB113) dye. FESEM-EDS characterization of the synthesized ... ...

    Abstract The present work reports the synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HAp) via the green chemistry approach by using the leaf extract of copper pod tree and its adsorptive potential to remove Acid blue 113 (AB113) dye. FESEM-EDS characterization of the synthesized HAp confirmed rod-shaped HAp with prominent Ca and P elements. The crystallinity of HAp was ascertained by XRD and thermal stability was analyzed by TGA. The colloidal suspension stability was determined as − 17.7 mV by Zeta potential analyzer. The mesoporous structure was affirmed via BET studies with a high magnitude of specific surface area. TEM studies substantiated the rod-shaped HAp as observed in FESEM. The signals specific to HAp were observed in XPS studies. Adsorption of AB113 on the synthesized HAp was examined by varying the process parameters. Batch experiments resulted in an optimum dye removal of 92.72% at a pH of 8, 1 g/L of CP-HAp nps dosage, 20 ppm AB113 concentration, 120 min contact time, 150 rpm agitation speed and at room temperature. The maximum adsorption capacity reached 120.48 mg/g. Multifarious isotherms characterized the adsorption with Freundlich isotherm (R² > 0.968) dominating Langmuir indicating multilayer adsorption. The experimental data reasonably matched pseudo-second-order kinetics with R² exceeding 0.99. Thermodynamic investigations underlined the spontaneity and exothermicity of the processes. Results showed the suitability of the HAp nanoadsorbent to remove AB113 from wastestreams.
    Keywords adsorption ; agitation ; ambient temperature ; colloids ; crystal structure ; dyes ; green chemistry ; hydroxyapatite ; leaf extracts ; pH ; porous media ; research ; sorption isotherms ; surface area ; thermal stability ; zeta potential
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-0407
    Publishing place Elsevier Inc.
    Document type Article
    Note Pre-press version
    ZDB-ID 205699-9
    ISSN 1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
    ISSN (online) 1096-0953
    ISSN 0013-9351
    DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113274
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  7. Article: Adsorptive removal of AB113 dye using green synthesized hydroxyapatite/magnetite nanocomposite

    Pai, Shraddha / Kini, M. Srinivas / Mythili, Raja / Selvaraj, Raja

    Environmental research. 2022 July, v. 210

    2022  

    Abstract: In the present study, magnetite nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄NPs) synthesized using Thunbergia grandiflora leaf extract as a reducing agent were doped with hydroxyapatite sourced from waste bivalve clamshells to produce hydroxyapatite/magnetite nanocomposite (HA/ ... ...

    Abstract In the present study, magnetite nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄NPs) synthesized using Thunbergia grandiflora leaf extract as a reducing agent were doped with hydroxyapatite sourced from waste bivalve clamshells to produce hydroxyapatite/magnetite nanocomposite (HA/Fe₃O₄NPs). The magnetic nanocomposite was examined using several characterization techniques. The results of XRD and FESEM, analysis showed HA/Fe₃O₄NPs have a crystalline phase and irregular spherical particles respectively. EDAX and FTIR confirmed the presence of specific elements and functional groups of both iron oxide and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles respectively. The surface area and superparamagnetic property of the composite were determined by BET and VSM analysis. Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to optimize the adsorption process to remove of AB113 from aqueous solutions. The optimal adsorption efficiency was found out to be 94.38% at pH 8, AB113 dye concentration 54 ppm, HA/Fe₃O₄NPs dose 84 mg, and an agitation speed of 174 rpm. The monolayer Langmuir isotherm was the best model with a sorption capacity of 109.98 mg/g which was higher than the reported values. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model displayed a good fit with an R² = 0.99. Thermodynamic parameters were assessed which confirmed the exothermic adsorption process. Therefore, the synthesized magnetic nanocomposite can be employed as a novel nanoadsorbent for the removal of anionic dyes from waste effluents.
    Keywords Bivalvia ; Thunbergia ; adsorption ; agitation ; dyes ; heat production ; hydroxyapatite ; kinetics ; leaf extracts ; magnetism ; magnetite ; models ; nanocomposites ; pH ; research ; sorption isotherms ; surface area
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-07
    Publishing place Elsevier Inc.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 205699-9
    ISSN 1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
    ISSN (online) 1096-0953
    ISSN 0013-9351
    DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112951
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  8. Article: Magnetic activated charcoal/Fe2O3 nanocomposite for the adsorptive removal of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from aqueous solutions: Synthesis, characterization, optimization, kinetic and isotherm studies

    Vinayagam, Ramesh / Pai, Shraddha / Murugesan, Gokulakrishnan / Varadavenkatesan, Thivaharan / Narayanasamy, Selvaraju / Selvaraj, Raja

    Chemosphere. 2022 Jan., v. 286

    2022  

    Abstract: Magnetic activated charcoal/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite (AC/Fe₂O₃NC) was fabricated using Spondias dulcis leaf extract by a facile method and used for the adsorptive removal of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from aqueous solutions for the first time. The ...

    Abstract Magnetic activated charcoal/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite (AC/Fe₂O₃NC) was fabricated using Spondias dulcis leaf extract by a facile method and used for the adsorptive removal of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from aqueous solutions for the first time. The nanocomposite was characterized by methods such as FE-SEM, EDS, XRD, FTIR, TGA, VSM, and BET to identify and confirm the surface morphology, elemental composition, crystalline nature, functional groups, thermal stability, magnetic behavior, and surface area respectively. Box-Behnken Design (BBD) – an optimization method, which belongs to the Response surface methodology (RSM) and a modeling tool – Artificial Neural Network (ANN) were employed to design, optimize and predict the relationship between the input parameters (pH, initial concentration of 2,4-D, time and agitation speed) versus the output parameter (adsorption efficiency of 2,4-D). Adsorption efficiency of 98.12% was obtained at optimum conditions (pH: 2.05, initial concentration: 32 ppm, contact time: 100 min, agitation speed: 130 rpm, temperature: 30 °C, and dosage: 0.2 g/L). The predictive ability of the ANN was superior (R² = 0.99) than the quadratic model, given by the RSM (R² = 0.93). The equilibrium data were best-fitted to Langmuir isotherm (R² = 0.9944) and the kinetics obeyed pseudo-second-order model (R² = 0.9993) satisfactorily. Thermodynamic studies revealed the spontaneity and exothermic nature of adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity, qₘ was found to be 255.10 mg/g, substantially larger than the reported values for 2,4-D adsorption by other magnetic nanoadsorbents. Therefore, this nanoadsorbent may be utilized as an excellent alternative for the elimination of 2,4-D from the waterbodies.
    Keywords 2,4-D ; Spondias dulcis ; adsorption ; agitation ; elemental composition ; experimental design ; heat production ; leaf extracts ; magnetism ; nanocomposites ; neural networks ; pH ; response surface methodology ; sorption isotherms ; surface area ; surface water ; system optimization ; temperature ; thermal stability
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-01
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 120089-6
    ISSN 1879-1298 ; 0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
    ISSN (online) 1879-1298
    ISSN 0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
    DOI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131938
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  9. Article ; Online: Patient Similarity Networks for Precision Medicine.

    Pai, Shraddha / Bader, Gary D

    Journal of molecular biology

    2018  Volume 430, Issue 18 Pt A, Page(s) 2924–2938

    Abstract: Clinical research and practice in the 21st century is poised to be transformed by analysis of computable electronic medical records and population-level genome-scale patient profiles. Genomic data capture genetic and environmental state, providing ... ...

    Abstract Clinical research and practice in the 21st century is poised to be transformed by analysis of computable electronic medical records and population-level genome-scale patient profiles. Genomic data capture genetic and environmental state, providing information on heterogeneity in disease and treatment outcome, but genomic-based clinical risk scores are limited. Achieving the goal of routine precision medicine that takes advantage of these rich genomics data will require computational methods that support heterogeneous data, have excellent predictive performance, and ideally, provide biologically interpretable results. Traditional machine-learning approaches excel at performance, but often have limited interpretability. Patient similarity networks are an emerging paradigm for precision medicine, in which patients are clustered or classified based on their similarities in various features, including genomic profiles. This strategy is analogous to standard medical diagnosis, has excellent performance, is interpretable, and can preserve patient privacy. We review new methods based on patient similarity networks, including Similarity Network Fusion for patient clustering and netDx for patient classification. While these methods are already useful, much work is required to improve their scalability for contemporary genetic cohorts, optimize parameters, and incorporate a wide range of genomics and clinical data. The coming 5 years will provide an opportunity to assess the utility of network-based algorithms for precision medicine.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Disease Susceptibility ; Genomics/methods ; Humans ; Machine Learning ; Models, Biological ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Precision Medicine/methods
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-06-01
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Review
    ZDB-ID 80229-3
    ISSN 1089-8638 ; 0022-2836
    ISSN (online) 1089-8638
    ISSN 0022-2836
    DOI 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.05.037
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  10. Article: Patient Similarity Networks for Precision Medicine

    Pai, Shraddha / Bader, Gary D

    Journal of molecular biology. 2018 Sept. 14, v. 430, no. 18

    2018  

    Abstract: Clinical research and practice in the 21st century is poised to be transformed by analysis of computable electronic medical records and population-level genome-scale patient profiles. Genomic data capture genetic and environmental state, providing ... ...

    Abstract Clinical research and practice in the 21st century is poised to be transformed by analysis of computable electronic medical records and population-level genome-scale patient profiles. Genomic data capture genetic and environmental state, providing information on heterogeneity in disease and treatment outcome, but genomic-based clinical risk scores are limited. Achieving the goal of routine precision medicine that takes advantage of these rich genomics data will require computational methods that support heterogeneous data, have excellent predictive performance, and ideally, provide biologically interpretable results. Traditional machine-learning approaches excel at performance, but often have limited interpretability. Patient similarity networks are an emerging paradigm for precision medicine, in which patients are clustered or classified based on their similarities in various features, including genomic profiles. This strategy is analogous to standard medical diagnosis, has excellent performance, is interpretable, and can preserve patient privacy. We review new methods based on patient similarity networks, including Similarity Network Fusion for patient clustering and netDx for patient classification. While these methods are already useful, much work is required to improve their scalability for contemporary genetic cohorts, optimize parameters, and incorporate a wide range of genomics and clinical data. The coming 5 years will provide an opportunity to assess the utility of network-based algorithms for precision medicine.
    Keywords algorithms ; artificial intelligence ; biomedical research ; computational methodology ; genomics ; medical records ; patients ; precision medicine ; risk
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2018-0914
    Size p. 2924-2938.
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 80229-3
    ISSN 1089-8638 ; 0022-2836
    ISSN (online) 1089-8638
    ISSN 0022-2836
    DOI 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.05.037
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