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Abstract: The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has recently estimated that the world equid population exceeds 110 million. Working equids (horses, ponies, donkeys, and mules) remain essential to ensure the livelihood of poor communities ... ...

Abstract	The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has recently estimated that the world equid population exceeds 110 million. Working equids (horses, ponies, donkeys, and mules) remain essential to ensure the livelihood of poor communities around the world. In many developed countries, the equine industry has significant economical weight, with around 7 million horses in Europe alone. The close relationship between humans and equids and the fact that the athlete horse is the terrestrial mammal that travels the most worldwide after humans are important elements to consider in the transmission of pathogens and diseases, amongst equids and to other species. The potential effect of climate change on vector ecology and vector-borne diseases is also of concern for both human and animal health. In this Special Issue, we intend to explore our understanding of a panel of equine viruses, looking at their pathogenicity, their importance in terms of welfare and potential association with diseases, their economic importance and impact on performance, and how their identification can be helped by new technologies and methods
Keywords	Science (General) ; Biology (General)
Size	1 electronic resource (230 pages)
Publisher	MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Book ; Online
Note	eng ; Open Access
HBZ-ID	HT020589518
ISBN	9783039283200 ; 9783039283217 ; 3039283200 ; 3039283219
DOI	10.3390/books978-3-03928-321-7
Database	ZB MED Catalogue: Medicine, Health, Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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Article ; Online: Special Issue "Equine Viruses": Old "Friends" and New Foes?

Paillot, Romain

Viruses

2020 Volume 12, Issue 2

Abstract: The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has recently estimated that the world equid population exceeds 110 million (FAOSTAT 2017).[ ... ]. ...

Abstract	The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has recently estimated that the world equid population exceeds 110 million (FAOSTAT 2017).[...].
MeSH term(s)	Agriculture/organization & administration ; Animals ; Horse Diseases/virology ; Horses/virology ; United Nations ; Virus Diseases/veterinary ; Viruses
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-29
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Editorial ; Introductory Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v12020153
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: A Systematic Review of Recent Advances in Equine Influenza Vaccination.

Paillot, Romain

Vaccines

2014 Volume 2, Issue 4, Page(s) 797–831

Abstract: Equine influenza (EI) is a major respiratory disease of horses, which is still causing substantial outbreaks worldwide despite several decades of surveillance and prevention. Alongside quarantine procedures, vaccination is widely used to prevent or limit ...

Abstract	Equine influenza (EI) is a major respiratory disease of horses, which is still causing substantial outbreaks worldwide despite several decades of surveillance and prevention. Alongside quarantine procedures, vaccination is widely used to prevent or limit spread of the disease. The panel of EI vaccines commercially available is probably one of the most varied, including whole inactivated virus vaccines, Immuno-Stimulating Complex adjuvanted vaccines (ISCOM and ISCOM-Matrix), a live attenuated equine influenza virus (EIV) vaccine and a recombinant poxvirus-vectored vaccine. Several other strategies of vaccination are also evaluated. This systematic review reports the advances of EI vaccines during the last few years as well as some of the mechanisms behind the inefficient or sub-optimal response of horses to vaccination.
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-11-14
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2703319-3
ISSN	2076-393X
ISSN	2076-393X
DOI	10.3390/vaccines2040797
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: An inventory of adjuvants used for vaccination in horses: the past, the present and the future.

Carnet, Flora / Perrin-Cocon, Laure / Paillot, Romain / Lotteau, Vincent / Pronost, Stéphane / Vidalain, Pierre-Olivier

Veterinary research

2023 Volume 54, Issue 1, Page(s) 18

Abstract: Vaccination is one of the most widely used strategies to protect horses against pathogens. However, available equine vaccines often have limitations, as they do not always provide effective, long-term protection and booster injections are often required. ...

Abstract	Vaccination is one of the most widely used strategies to protect horses against pathogens. However, available equine vaccines often have limitations, as they do not always provide effective, long-term protection and booster injections are often required. In addition, research efforts are needed to develop effective vaccines against emerging equine pathogens. In this review, we provide an inventory of approved adjuvants for equine vaccines worldwide, and discuss their composition and mode of action when available. A wide range of adjuvants are used in marketed vaccines for horses, the main families being aluminium salts, emulsions, polymers, saponins and ISCOMs. We also present veterinary adjuvants that are already used for vaccination in other species and are currently evaluated in horses to improve equine vaccination and to meet the expected level of protection against pathogens in the equine industry. Finally, we discuss new adjuvants such as liposomes, polylactic acid polymers, inulin, poly-ε-caprolactone nanoparticles and co-polymers that are in development. Our objective is to help professionals in the horse industry understand the composition of marketed equine vaccines in a context of mistrust towards vaccines. Besides, this review provides researchers with a list of adjuvants, either approved or at least evaluated in horses, that could be used either alone or in combination to develop new vaccines.
MeSH term(s)	Horses ; Animals ; Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology ; Vaccination/veterinary ; Nanoparticles/therapeutic use ; Polymers
Chemical Substances	Adjuvants, Immunologic ; Polymers
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1146298-x
ISSN	1297-9716 ; 0928-4249
ISSN (online)	1297-9716
ISSN	0928-4249
DOI	10.1186/s13567-023-01151-3
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Article ; Online: Studying longitudinal neutralising antibody levels against Equid herpesvirus 1 in experimentally infected horses using a novel pseudotype based assay.

Di Genova, Cecilia / Sutton, Gabrielle / Paillot, Romain / Temperton, Nigel / Pronost, Stéphane / Scott, Simon D

Virus research

2023 Volume 339, Page(s) 199262

Abstract: Infection with equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), a DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family represents a significant welfare issue in horses and a great impact on the equine industry. During EHV-1 infection, entry of the virus into different cell types is ... ...

Abstract	Infection with equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), a DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family represents a significant welfare issue in horses and a great impact on the equine industry. During EHV-1 infection, entry of the virus into different cell types is complex due to the presence of twelve glycoproteins (GPs) on the viral envelope. To investigate virus entry mechanisms, specific combinations of GPs were pseudotyped onto lentiviral vectors. Pseudotyped virus (PV) particles bearing gB, gD, gH and gL were able to transduce several target cell lines (HEK293T/17, RK13, CHO-K1, FHK-Tcl3, MDCK I & II), demonstrating that these four EHV-1 glycoproteins are both essential and sufficient for cell entry. The successful generation of an EHV-1 PV permitted development of a PV neutralisation assay (PVNA). The efficacy of the PVNA was tested by measuring the level of neutralising serum antibodies from EHV-1 experimentally infected horses (n = 52) sampled in a longitudinal manner. The same sera were assessed using a conventional EHV-1 virus neutralisation (VN) assay, exhibiting a strong correlation (r = 0.82) between the two assays. Furthermore, PVs routinely require -80 °C for long term storage and a dry ice cold-chain during transport, which can impede dissemination and utilisation in other stakeholder laboratories. Consequently, lyophilisation of EHV-1 PVs was conducted to address this issue. PVs were lyophilised and pellets either reconstituted immediately or stored under various temperature conditions for different time periods. The recovery and functionality of these lyophilised PVs was compared with standard frozen aliquots in titration and neutralisation tests. Results indicated that lyophilisation could be used to stably preserve such complex herpesvirus pseudotypes, even after weeks of storage at room temperature, and that reconstituted EHV-1 PVs could be successfully employed in antibody neutralisation tests.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Animals ; Horses ; Herpesvirus 1, Equid/genetics ; HEK293 Cells ; Antibodies, Viral ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Herpesviridae Infections/veterinary ; Glycoproteins ; Horse Diseases ; Herpesvirus 4, Equid/genetics
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Glycoproteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-17
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	605780-9
ISSN	1872-7492 ; 0168-1702
ISSN (online)	1872-7492
ISSN	0168-1702
DOI	10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199262
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Zs.A 1965: Show issues

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Article: Assessment of Humoral and Long-Term Cell-Mediated Immune Responses to Recombinant Canarypox-Vectored Equine Influenza Virus Vaccination in Horses Using Conventional and Accelerated Regimens Respectively.

El-Hage, Charles / Hartley, Carol / Savage, Catherine / Watson, James / Gilkerson, James / Paillot, Romain

Vaccines

2022 Volume 10, Issue 6

Abstract: During Australia's first and only outbreak of equine influenza (EI), which was restricted to two northeastern states, horses were strategically vaccinated with a recombinant canarypox-vectored vaccine (rCP-EIV; ProteqFlu™, Merial P/L). The vaccine ... ...

Abstract	During Australia's first and only outbreak of equine influenza (EI), which was restricted to two northeastern states, horses were strategically vaccinated with a recombinant canarypox-vectored vaccine (rCP-EIV; ProteqFlu™, Merial P/L). The vaccine encoded for haemagglutinin (HA) belonging to two equine influenza viruses (EIVs), including an American and Eurasian lineage subtype that predated the EIV responsible for the outbreak (A/equine/Sydney/07). Racehorses in Victoria (a southern state that remained free of EI) were vaccinated prophylactically. Although the vaccine encoded for (HA) belonged to two EIVs of distinct strains of the field virus, clinical protection was reported in vaccinated horses. Our aim is to assess the extent of humoral immunity in one group of vaccinated horses and interferon-gamma ((EIV)-IFN-γ)) production in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of a second population of vaccinated horses. Twelve racehorses at work were monitored for haemagglutination inhibition antibodies to three antigenically distinct equine influenza viruses (EIVs) The EIV antigens included two H3N8 subtypes: A/equine/Sydney/07) A/equine/Newmarket/95 (a European lineage strain) and an H7N7 subtype (A/equine/Prague1956). Cell-mediated immune responses of: seven racehorses following an accelerated vaccination schedule, two horses vaccinated using a conventional regimen, and six unvaccinated horses were evaluated by determining (EIV)-IFN-γ levels. Antibody responses following vaccination with ProteqFlu™ were cross-reactive in nature, with responses to both H3N8 EIV strains. Although (EIV)IFN-γ was clearly detected following the in vitro re-stimulation of PBMC, there was no significant difference between the different groups of horses. Results of this study support reports of clinical protection of Australian horses following vaccination with Proteq-Flu™ with objective evidence of humoral cross-reactivity to the outbreak viral strain A/equine/Sydney/07.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-26
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2703319-3
ISSN	2076-393X
ISSN	2076-393X
DOI	10.3390/vaccines10060855
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Clinical impact, diagnosis and control of Equine Herpesvirus-1 infection in Europe.

Carvelli, Andrea / Nielsen, Søren Saxmose / Paillot, Romain / Broglia, Alessandro / Kohnle, Lisa

EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority

2022 Volume 20, Issue 4, Page(s) e07230

Abstract: Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) can affect the entire equine sector in EU, and the large outbreak reported in 2021 in Spain drew attention to the needs of the European Commission for scientific advice for the assessment of EHV-1 infection within the ... ...

Abstract	Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) can affect the entire equine sector in EU, and the large outbreak reported in 2021 in Spain drew attention to the needs of the European Commission for scientific advice for the assessment of EHV-1 infection within the framework of Animal Health Law. EHV-1 is considered endemic in the EU; its main risk is linked to the characteristic of producing latent life-long infections. These can reactivate producing clinical disease, which can include respiratory, abortive and possibly fatal neurological forms. From the epidemiological and genomic viewpoint, there are no specific neuropathogenic EHV-1 strains; the respiratory, reproductive and neurological signs are not found to be strain-specific. This was also the case of the virus that caused the outbreak in Valencia (Spain) in 2021, which was genetically closely related to other viruses circulating before in Europe, and did not present the so-called neuropathogenic genotype. The outbreak reported in Valencia was followed by wide geographic spread of the virus possibly due to a delay in diagnosis and late application of biosecurity measures. The recommended and most sensitive diagnostic test for detecting EHV-1 is PCR performed on swabs collected according to the type of clinical signs. Serological assays on paired blood samples can help to detect a recent infection, while no diagnostic methods are available to detect EHV-1 latent infections. Safe movements of horses can be ensured at premovement phase by testing and issuing health certificates, and by isolating animals upon arrival at new premises with regular health monitoring. In case of suspicion, movements should be forbidden and EHV-1 infection early detected/confirmed by validated diagnostic tools. During outbreaks, no movements should be allowed until 21 days after the detection of the last case. In general, vaccination against EHV-1 should be promoted, although this offers limited protection against the neurological form of the disease.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2540248-1
ISSN	1831-4732 ; 1831-4732
ISSN (online)	1831-4732
ISSN	1831-4732
DOI	10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7230
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: European College of Equine Internal Medicine consensus statement on equine flaviviridae infections in Europe

Cavalleri, Jessika‐M. V. / Korbacska‐Kutasi, Orsolya / Leblond, Agnès / Paillot, Romain / Pusterla, Nicola / Steinmann, Eike / Tomlinson, Joy

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2022 Nov., v. 36, no. 6 p.1858-1871

2022

Abstract: Horses and other equids can be infected with several viruses of the family Flaviviridae, belonging to the genus Flavivirus and Hepacivirus. This consensus statement focuses on viruses with known occurrence in Europe, with the objective to summarize the ... ...

Abstract	Horses and other equids can be infected with several viruses of the family Flaviviridae, belonging to the genus Flavivirus and Hepacivirus. This consensus statement focuses on viruses with known occurrence in Europe, with the objective to summarize the current literature and formulate clinically relevant evidence‐based recommendations regarding clinical disease, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. The viruses circulating in Europe include West Nile virus, tick‐borne encephalitis virus, Usutu virus, Louping ill virus and the equine hepacivirus. West Nile virus and Usutu virus are mosquito‐borne, while tick‐borne encephalitis virus and Louping ill virus are tick‐borne. The natural route of transmission for equine hepacivirus remains speculative. West Nile virus and tick‐borne encephalitis virus can induce encephalitis in infected horses. In the British Isle, rare equine cases of encephalitis associated with Louping ill virus are reported. In contrast, equine hepacivirus infections are associated with mild acute hepatitis and possibly chronic hepatitis. Diagnosis of flavivirus infections is made primarily by serology, although cross‐reactivity occurs. Virus neutralization testing is considered the gold standard to differentiate between flavivirus infections in horses. Hepacivirus infection is detected by serum or liver RT‐PCR. No direct antiviral treatment against flavi‐ or hepacivirus infections in horses is currently available and thus, treatment is supportive. Three vaccines against West Nile virus are licensed in the European Union. Geographic expansion of flaviviruses pathogenic for equids should always be considered a realistic threat, and it would be beneficial if their detection was included in surveillance programs.
Keywords	Equidae ; European Union ; Hepacivirus ; Louping ill virus ; Tick-borne encephalitis virus ; Usutu virus ; West Nile virus ; blood serum ; chronic hepatitis ; cross reaction ; encephalitis ; horses ; liver ; medicine ; monitoring ; neutralization tests ; serology ; veterinary medicine ; Europe
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-11
Size	p. 1858-1871.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	92798-3
ISSN	1939-1676 ; 0891-6640
ISSN (online)	1939-1676
ISSN	0891-6640
DOI	10.1111/jvim.16581
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: A comprehensive analysis of e-CAS cell line reveals they are mouse macrophages.

Evans, Elizabeth / Paillot, Romain / López-Álvarez, María Rocío

Scientific reports

2018 Volume 8, Issue 1, Page(s) 8237

Abstract: The 3Rs principles (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) are focused on finding alternatives to the use of animals in research. In this regard, cell lines are popular and useful tools for the replacement of primary cells in in vitro studies. However, ... ...

Abstract	The 3Rs principles (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) are focused on finding alternatives to the use of animals in research. In this regard, cell lines are popular and useful tools for the replacement of primary cells in in vitro studies. However, around 15-30% of cell lines used in research have been misidentified or cross-contaminated generating concerns about the results obtained from experiments that use them. Here we described how old aliquots of an equine macrophage cell line (e-CAS) stored at the Animal Health Trust did not contain equine cells but macrophages of murine origin (m-CAS).
MeSH term(s)	Animal Welfare ; Animals ; Cell Line/pathology ; Horses ; Macrophages/pathology ; Mice ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Product Labeling ; Research Design ; Species Specificity ; Toll-Like Receptor 6/genetics
Chemical Substances	Toll-Like Receptor 6
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-05-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-018-26512-3
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Evolution of In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Equine Clinical Isolates in France between 2016 and 2019

Léon, Albertine / Castagnet, Sophie / Maillard, Karine / Paillot, Romain / Giard, Jean-Christophe

Animals. 2020 May 07, v. 10, no. 5

2020

Abstract: The present study described the evolution of antimicrobial resistance in equine pathogens isolated from 2016 to 2019. A collection of 7806 bacterial isolates were analysed for their in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility using the disk diffusion method. ... ...

Abstract	The present study described the evolution of antimicrobial resistance in equine pathogens isolated from 2016 to 2019. A collection of 7806 bacterial isolates were analysed for their in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility using the disk diffusion method. The most frequently isolated pathogens were group C Streptococci (27.0%), Escherichia coli (18.0%), Staphylococcus aureus (6.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (2.3%) and Enterobacter spp. (2.1%). The majority of these pathogens were isolated from the genital tract (45.1%, n = 3522). With the implementation of two French national plans (named ECOANTIBIO 1 and 2) in 2012–2016 and 2017–2021, respectively, and a reduction in animal exposure to veterinary antibiotics, our study showed decreases in the resistance of group C Streptococci, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli against five classes, four classes and one class of antimicrobials tested, respectively. However, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter spp. presented an increased resistance against all the tested classes, excepted for two fifths of E. coli. Moreover, the percentages of multi-drug resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter spp. also increased from 24.5% to 37.4% and from 26.3% to 51.7%, respectively. The data reported here are relevant to equine practitioners and will help to improve knowledge related to antimicrobial resistance in common equine pathogens.
Keywords	Enterobacter ; Escherichia coli ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Staphylococcus aureus ; antibiotic resistance ; disk diffusion antimicrobial test ; evolution ; horses ; multiple drug resistance ; France
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-0507
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-light
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani10050812
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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