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  1. Article ; Online: Infectious laryngotracheitis

    Vasudevan Gowthaman / Sachin Kumar / Monika Koul / Urmil Dave / T. R. Gopala Krishna Murthy / Palanivelu Munuswamy / Ruchi Tiwari / Kumaragurubaran Karthik / Kuldeep Dhama / Izabela Michalak / Sunil K. Joshi

    Veterinary Quarterly, Vol 40, Iss 1, Pp 140-

    Etiology, epidemiology, pathobiology, and advances in diagnosis and control – a comprehensive review

    2020  Volume 161

    Abstract: Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious upper respiratory tract disease of chicken caused by a Gallid herpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) belonging to the genus Iltovirus, and subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae within Herpesviridae family. The disease is ... ...

    Abstract Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious upper respiratory tract disease of chicken caused by a Gallid herpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) belonging to the genus Iltovirus, and subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae within Herpesviridae family. The disease is characterized by conjunctivitis, sinusitis, oculo-nasal discharge, respiratory distress, bloody mucus, swollen orbital sinuses, high morbidity, considerable mortality and decreased egg production. It is well established in highly dense poultry producing areas of the world due to characteristic latency and carrier status of the virus. Co-infections with other respiratory pathogens and environmental factors adversely affect the respiratory system and prolong the course of the disease. Latently infected chickens are the primary source of ILT virus (ILTV) outbreaks irrespective of vaccination. Apart from conventional diagnostic methods including isolation and identification of ILTV, serological detection, advanced biotechnological tools such as PCR, quantitative real-time PCR, next generation sequencing, and others are being used in accurate diagnosis and epidemiological studies of ILTV. Vaccination is followed with the use of conventional vaccines including modified live attenuated ILTV vaccines, and advanced recombinant vector vaccines expressing different ILTV glycoproteins, but still these candidates frequently fail to reduce challenge virus shedding. Some herbal components have proved to be beneficial in reducing the severity of the clinical disease. The present review discusses ILT with respect to its current status, virus characteristics, epidemiology, transmission, pathobiology, and advances in diagnosis, vaccination and control strategies to counter this important disease of poultry.
    Keywords poultry ; chicken ; infectious laryngotracheitis virus ; ilt ; epidemiology ; pathobiology ; diagnosis ; vaccine ; control ; review ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
    Subject code 610
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Taylor & Francis Group
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article ; Online: Etiology, epidemiology, pathology, and advances in diagnosis, vaccine development, and treatment of Gallibacterium anatis infection in poultry

    Dharanesha Narasinakuppe Krishnegowda / Kuldeep Dhama / Asok Kumar Mariappan / Palanivelu Munuswamy / Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo / Ruchi Tiwari / Kumaragurubaran Karthik / Prakash Bhatt / Maddula Ramakoti Reddy

    Veterinary Quarterly, Vol 40, Iss 1, Pp 16-

    a review

    2020  Volume 34

    Abstract: Gallibacterium anatis is a Gram-negative bacterium of the Pasteurellaceae family that resides normally in the respiratory and reproductive tracts in poultry. It is a major cause of oophoritis, salpingitis, and peritonitis, decreases egg production and ... ...

    Abstract Gallibacterium anatis is a Gram-negative bacterium of the Pasteurellaceae family that resides normally in the respiratory and reproductive tracts in poultry. It is a major cause of oophoritis, salpingitis, and peritonitis, decreases egg production and mortality in hens thereby severely affecting animal welfare and overall productivity by poultry industries across Europe, Asia, America, and Africa. In addition, it has the ability to infect wider host range including domesticated and free-ranging avian hosts as well as mammalian hosts such as cattle, pigs and human. Evaluating the common virulence factors including outer membrane vesicles, fimbriae, capsule, metalloproteases, biofilm formation, hemagglutinin, and determining novel factors such as the RTX–like toxin GtxA, elongation factor-Tu, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) has pathobiological, diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic significance. Treating this bacterial pathogen with traditional antimicrobial drugs is discouraged owing to the emergence of widespread multidrug resistance, whereas the efficacy of preventing this disease by classical vaccines is limited due to its antigenic diversity. It will be necessary to acquire in-depth knowledge on important virulence factors, pathogenesis and, concerns of rising antibiotic resistance, improvised treatment regimes, and novel vaccine candidates to effectively tackle this pathogen. This review substantially describes the etio-epidemiological aspects of G. anatis infection in poultry, and updates the recent development in understanding the pathogenesis, organism evolution and therapeutic and prophylactic approaches to counter G. anatis infection for safeguarding the welfare and health of poultry.
    Keywords gallibacterium anatis ; poultry ; virulence factors ; epidemiology ; pathogenesis ; pathology ; diagnosis ; treatment ; prevention ; control ; review ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
    Subject code 630
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Taylor & Francis Group
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article ; Online: Technological interventions and advances in the diagnosis of intramammary infections in animals with emphasis on bovine population—a review

    Sandip Chakraborty / Kuldeep Dhama / Ruchi Tiwari / Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo / Sandip Kumar Khurana / Rekha Khandia / Ashok Munjal / Palanivelu Munuswamy / M. Asok Kumar / Mithilesh Singh / Rajendra Singh / Vivek Kumar Gupta / Wanpen Chaicumpa

    Veterinary Quarterly, Vol 39, Iss 1, Pp 76-

    2019  Volume 94

    Abstract: Mastitis, an inflammation of the udder, is a challenging problem in dairy animals accounting for high economic losses. Disease complexity, degree of economic losses and increasing importance of the dairy industries along with public health concerns ... ...

    Abstract Mastitis, an inflammation of the udder, is a challenging problem in dairy animals accounting for high economic losses. Disease complexity, degree of economic losses and increasing importance of the dairy industries along with public health concerns envisages devising appropriate diagnostics of mastitis, which can offer rapid, accurate and confirmatory diagnosis. The various diagnostic tests of mastitis have been divided into general or phenotypic and specific or genotypic tests. General or phenotypic tests are those that identify general alterations, which are not specific to any pathogen. Genotypic tests are specific, hence confirmatory for diagnosis of mastitis and include specific culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its various versions (e.g. qRT-PCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification, lateral flow assays, nucleotide sequencing, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and other molecular diagnostic methods. However, for highly specific and confirmatory diagnosis, pure cultures still provide raw materials for more sophisticated diagnostic technological interventions like PCR and nucleotide sequencing. Diagnostic ability of like infra-red thermography (IRT) has been shown to be similar to California mastitis test and also differentiates clinical mastitis from subclinical mastitis cases. As such, IRT can become a convenient and portable diagnostic tool. Of note, magnetic nanoparticles-based colorimetric biosensor assay was developed by using for instance proteolytic activity of plasmin or anti-S. aureus antibody. Last but not least, microRNAs have been suggested to be potential biomarkers for diagnosing bovine mastitis. This review summarizes the various diagnostic tests available for detection of mastitis including diagnosis through general and specific technological interventions and advances.
    Keywords Bovine ; cow ; mastitis ; diagnosis ; review ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
    Subject code 610
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Taylor & Francis Group
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article ; Online: Immunomodulatory Potential of Tinospora cordifolia and CpG ODN (TLR21 Agonist) against the Very Virulent, Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in SPF Chicks

    Swati Sachan / Kuldeep Dhama / Shyma K. Latheef / Hari Abdul Samad / Asok Kumar Mariappan / Palanivelu Munuswamy / Rajendra Singh / Karam Pal Singh / Yashpal Singh Malik / Raj Kumar Singh

    Vaccines, Vol 7, Iss 3, p

    2019  Volume 106

    Abstract: Infectious bursal disease (IBD), caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), is characterized by severe immunosuppression in young chicks of 3 to 6 week age group. Although vaccines are available to prevent IBD, outbreaks of disease are still ... ...

    Abstract Infectious bursal disease (IBD), caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), is characterized by severe immunosuppression in young chicks of 3 to 6 week age group. Although vaccines are available to prevent IBD, outbreaks of disease are still noticed in the field among vaccinated flocks. Further, the birds surviving IBD become susceptible to secondary infections caused by various viral and bacterial agents. This study assessed the immunoprophylactic potential of Cytosine-guanosinedeoxynucleotide (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) and Tinospora cordifolia stem aqueous extract in the specific pathogen free (SPF) chicks, experimentally infected with very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV). Both of these agents (CpG ODN and herbal extract) showed significant increase in the IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-1 levels in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) ( p < 0.05) of chickens in the treatment groups following IBD infection. Further we found significant reduction in mortality rate in vvIBDV infected chicks treated with either, or in combination, compared with the birds of control group. Additionally, the adjuvant or immune enhancing potential of these two immunomodulatory agents with the commercially available IBDV vaccine was determined in chicks. The augmentation of vaccine response in terms of an enhanced antibody titer after vaccination, along with either or a combination of the two agents was noticed. The findings provide a way forward to counter the menace of IBDV in the poultry sector through use of these herbal or synthetic immunomodulatory supplements.
    Keywords IBDV ; Tinospora cordifolia ; TLR agonist ; CpG ODN ; immunomodulator ; adjuvant ; Medicine ; R
    Subject code 630
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-09-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
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  5. Article ; Online: Pathological and molecular studies of the renal trematode Paratanaisia bragai in Indian peafowls (Pavo cristatus).

    Asok Kumar, M / Kumar, Deepak / Palanivelu, Munuswamy / Annamalai, Latchumikanthan / Mathesh, Karikalan / Singh, Rajendra / Sharma, Anil Kumar / Dhama, Kuldeep

    Acta parasitologica

    2018  Volume 63, Issue 1, Page(s) 214–219

    Abstract: Endoparasitic diseases are commonly encountered in free-ranging birds. Although not all endoparasites cause disease, persistent infection with large numbers of parasites almost always affects normal physiological functions, leading to deleterious effects ...

    Abstract Endoparasitic diseases are commonly encountered in free-ranging birds. Although not all endoparasites cause disease, persistent infection with large numbers of parasites almost always affects normal physiological functions, leading to deleterious effects on the host. This paper describes the anatomopathological alterations caused by the renal trematode Paratanaisia bragai in Indian peafowl (n = 3) and examines the phylogeny of these and related parasites. Peafowl from forests in and around the Bareilly region, Uttar Pradesh, India, were necropsied, and microscopic and molecular investigations were performed. The peafowl were confirmed to be infected with P. bragai. Significant gross pathological lesions suggested nephrosis, and microscopic findings indicated a mild-to-moderate degree of nephrosis caused by the parasites in the tissue. The parasites were identified as P. bragai by histomorphological analysis of adult and eggs in the ureters, and the identification was confirmed by PCR and phylogenetic analysis. Nucleotide sequencing of the PCR products from the renal trematodes recovered from Indian peafowl revealed a close association with P. bragai from Columbiformes in the United Kingdom and Spain. The pathology and molecular epidemiology of parasitic diseases affecting peafowl is not well understood in India. This is the first report from India and the second report worldwide to document P. bragai infection in peafowl.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Bird Diseases/epidemiology ; Bird Diseases/parasitology ; Bird Diseases/pathology ; Galliformes/parasitology ; Histocytochemistry ; India ; Kidney/parasitology ; Kidney/pathology ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Nephrosis/epidemiology ; Nephrosis/parasitology ; Nephrosis/pathology ; Nephrosis/veterinary ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Trematoda/classification ; Trematoda/genetics ; Trematoda/isolation & purification ; Trematode Infections/epidemiology ; Trematode Infections/parasitology ; Trematode Infections/pathology ; Trematode Infections/veterinary
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-01-19
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1132735-2
    ISSN 1896-1851 ; 0065-1478 ; 1230-2821
    ISSN (online) 1896-1851
    ISSN 0065-1478 ; 1230-2821
    DOI 10.1515/ap-2018-0025
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Baruscapillaria obsignata: a serious cause of enteropathy and high mortality in turkeys (meleagris gallopavo).

    Palanivelu, Munuswamy / Kumar, Mariappan Asok / Singh, Shambhu Dayal / Latchumikanthan, Annamalai / Badami, Sharanabasav / Kolluri, Gautham / Singh, Rajendra / Dhama, Kuldeep / Singh, Raj Kumar

    The veterinary quarterly

    2016  Volume 36, Issue 3, Page(s) 145–149

    Abstract: Background: Capillariasis, an important parasitic disease of birds is caused at least by seven different genera of trichurid nematodes with clinical outcome ranging from mild enteritis to high mortality.: Objective: This study was aimed to ... ...

    Abstract Background: Capillariasis, an important parasitic disease of birds is caused at least by seven different genera of trichurid nematodes with clinical outcome ranging from mild enteritis to high mortality.
    Objective: This study was aimed to investigate the causative agent involved in high mortality associated with severe enteric illness among turkey flocks in an organized commercial poultry farm at Bareilly, India.
    Materials and methods: Turkey carcasses (n = 119) and fecal samples from the affected deep litter pen constituted as the study materials. The disease was investigated by systematic necropsy, direct microscopy and histopathology. Representative samples were screened for other enteric pathogens.
    Results: Microscopic examination of mucosal scraping revealed capillarid worms and their eggs in all the samples. The morphological features of adult worms were typically consistent to Baruscapillaria obsignata. Histopathology exhibited thickened muscular and mucosal layers, mononuclear and heterophilic infiltration in the lamina propria, blunting and clubbing of villi, epithelial denudation and sections of capillarid worms. Administration of levamisole at 80 ppm in drinking water reduced the mortality, clinical illness and worm load after three days of therapy.
    Conclusions: The capillarid worms in different avian hosts can cause different clinical manifestations and outcomes. From India, this is the first report describing intestinal pathology caused by B. obsignata in turkeys. We conclude that the B. obsignata infection is capable of causing life threatening enteropathy in turkeys and, hence, routine screening, scheduled deworming and good litter management are crucial to control the infection and its associated loss.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Enoplida Infections/parasitology ; Enoplida Infections/pathology ; Enoplida Infections/veterinary ; Enteritis/parasitology ; Enteritis/pathology ; Enteritis/veterinary ; Female ; India ; Male ; Poultry Diseases/parasitology ; Poultry Diseases/pathology ; Trichuroidea/anatomy & histology ; Trichuroidea/isolation & purification ; Turkeys
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-05-09
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 754161-2
    ISSN 1875-5941 ; 0165-2176
    ISSN (online) 1875-5941
    ISSN 0165-2176
    DOI 10.1080/01652176.2016.1182232
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article: Baruscapillaria obsignata: a serious cause of enteropathy and high mortality in turkeys (meleagris gallopavo)

    Palanivelu, Munuswamy / Annamalai Latchumikanthan / Gautham Kolluri / Kuldeep Dhama / Mariappan Asok Kumar / Raj Kumar Singh / Rajendra Singh / Shambhu Dayal Singh / Sharanabasav Badami

    Veterinary quarterly. 2016 July 2, v. 36, no. 3

    2016  

    Abstract: Background: Capillariasis, an important parasitic disease of birds is caused at least by seven different genera of trichurid nematodes with clinical outcome ranging from mild enteritis to high mortality. Objective: This study was aimed to investigate the ...

    Abstract Background: Capillariasis, an important parasitic disease of birds is caused at least by seven different genera of trichurid nematodes with clinical outcome ranging from mild enteritis to high mortality. Objective: This study was aimed to investigate the causative agent involved in high mortality associated with severe enteric illness among turkey flocks in an organized commercial poultry farm at Bareilly, India. Materials and Methods: Turkey carcasses (n = 119) and fecal samples from the affected deep litter pen constituted as the study materials. The disease was investigated by systematic necropsy, direct microscopy and histopathology. Representative samples were screened for other enteric pathogens. Results: Microscopic examination of mucosal scraping revealed capillarid worms and their eggs in all the samples. The morphological features of adult worms were typically consistent to Baruscapillaria obsignata . Histopathology exhibited thickened muscular and mucosal layers, mononuclear and heterophilic infiltration in the lamina propria, blunting and clubbing of villi, epithelial denudation and sections of capillarid worms. Administration of levamisole at 80 ppm in drinking water reduced the mortality, clinical illness and worm load after three days of therapy. Conclusions: The capillarid worms in different avian hosts can cause different clinical manifestations and outcomes. From India, this is the first report describing intestinal pathology caused by B. obsignata in turkeys. We conclude that the B. obsignata infection is capable of causing life threatening enteropathy in turkeys and, hence, routine screening, scheduled deworming and good litter management are crucial to control the infection and its associated loss.
    Keywords adults ; capillariasis ; deworming ; drinking water ; eggs ; enteritis ; enteropathogens ; farms ; feces ; flocks ; histopathology ; hosts ; levamisole ; Meleagris gallopavo ; microscopy ; mortality ; necropsy ; Nematoda ; poultry carcasses ; screening ; therapeutics ; turkeys ; villi ; India
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2016-0702
    Size p. 145-149.
    Publishing place Taylor & Francis
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 754161-2
    ISSN 1875-5941 ; 0165-2176
    ISSN (online) 1875-5941
    ISSN 0165-2176
    DOI 10.1080/01652176.2016.1182232
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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    Zs.A 4127: Show issues Location:
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  8. Article ; Online: Prophylactic potential of resiquimod against very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) challenge in the chicken.

    Annamalai, Arunsaravanakumar / Ramakrishnan, Saravanan / Sachan, Swati / Kumar, B S Anand / Sharma, Bal Krishan / Kumar, Vimal / Palanivelu, Munuswamy / Varghese, Berin P / Kumar, Ajay / Saravanan, B C / Krishnaswamy, Narayanan

    Veterinary microbiology

    2016  Volume 187, Page(s) 21–30

    Abstract: The study evaluated the prophylactic potential of resiquimod (R-848), a synthetic TLR7 agonist, against very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) infection in chicken. Specific pathogen free White Leghorn chicks of three week age were ... ...

    Abstract The study evaluated the prophylactic potential of resiquimod (R-848), a synthetic TLR7 agonist, against very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) infection in chicken. Specific pathogen free White Leghorn chicks of three week age were treated with R-848 (50μg/bird, intramuscular) or PBS (n=26/group). Twenty four hour later, half of the birds from each group were challenged with 10(5) ELD50 of vvIBDV and observed for 10days. To understand the effect of R-848, immune response genes such as interferon (IFN)-β, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, iNOS and TLR7 were analyzed at 24 and 48h post-challenge in PBMCs ex vivo by real-time PCR (n=6/group). On day 4 post-challenge, representative birds (n=3/group) were sacrificed to study the bursal damage and IBDV antigen clearance. Immunosuppression was assessed by antibody response against live Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine, which was administered on day 10 post-challenge. R-848 pre-treatment significantly upregulated the transcripts of each immune response gene studied (P<0.05). There was 50% mortality on vvIBDV challenge in control birds, while it was only 20% with R-848 group. R-848 pre-treatment reduced the bursal damage as indicated by lower bursal lesion score in histopathology, reduced IBDV antigen signal in immunohistochemistry and improved antigen clearance in agar gel immunodiffusion test. Further, it protected significantly against vvIBDV induced immunosuppression as indicated by HI antibody titre. It is concluded that pre-treatment of R-848 conferred partial protection from mortality and bursal damage while complete protection against immunosuppression in chicken when challenged with vvIBDV, which could be due to the upregulation of immune response genes.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Birnaviridae Infections/immunology ; Birnaviridae Infections/mortality ; Birnaviridae Infections/prevention & control ; Birnaviridae Infections/veterinary ; Chickens ; Cytokines/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Imidazoles/pharmacology ; Infectious bursal disease virus/immunology ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/genetics ; Poultry Diseases/immunology ; Poultry Diseases/mortality ; Poultry Diseases/prevention & control ; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms ; Toll-Like Receptor 7/genetics
    Chemical Substances Cytokines ; Imidazoles ; Toll-Like Receptor 7 ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II (EC 1.14.13.39) ; resiquimod (V3DMU7PVXF)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-05-01
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 753154-0
    ISSN 1873-2542 ; 0378-1135
    ISSN (online) 1873-2542
    ISSN 0378-1135
    DOI 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.03.005
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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