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Book: Respiratory physiology

Schwartzstein, Richard M. / Parker, Michael J.

a clinical approach

2006

Author's details	Richard M. Schwartzstein ; Michael J. Parker
Keywords	Respiratory Physiology ; Respiration ; Respiratory organs/Physiology
Subject code	612.2
Language	English
Size	XIII, 232 S. : Ill., graph. Darst.
Publisher	Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Publishing place	Philadelphia u.a.
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Book
Note	Includes index ; Systemvoraussetzungen: Windows 2000 or later. - Macintosh OS X; minimum processor speed of 300 MHz and 128 MB of memory (500 MHz, at least 256 MB of memory recommended); minimum screen resolution of 1024 x 768
Accompanying material	1 CD-ROM (12 cm)
HBZ-ID	HT014457031
ISBN	0-7817-5748-7 ; 978-0-7817-5748-5
Database	Catalogue ZB MED Medicine, Health

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Article ; Online: Ethical preparedness in genomic medicine: how NHS clinical scientists navigate ethical issues.

Sahan, Kate / Lyle, Kate / Carley, Helena / Hallowell, Nina / Parker, Michael J / Lucassen, Anneke M

Journal of medical ethics

2024

Abstract: Much has been published about the ethical issues encountered by clinicians in genetics/genomics, but those experienced by clinical laboratory scientists are less well described. Clinical laboratory scientists now frequently face navigating ethical ... ...

Abstract	Much has been published about the ethical issues encountered by clinicians in genetics/genomics, but those experienced by clinical laboratory scientists are less well described. Clinical laboratory scientists now frequently face navigating ethical problems in their work, but how they should be best supported to do this is underexplored. This lack of attention is also reflected in the ethics tools available to clinical laboratory scientists such as guidance and deliberative ethics forums, developed primarily to manage issues arising within the clinic.We explore what ethical issues are being experienced by clinical scientists, how they think such issues could be best analysed and managed, and whether their practice might be enhanced by more situated approaches to ethics deliberation and practice such as ethical preparedness. From thematic analysis of cases presented by clinical scientists at a specially convened meeting of the UK Genethics Forum, we derived three main ethical themes: (1) the redistribution of labour and responsibilities resulting from the practice of genomic medicine; (2) the interpretation and certainty of results and (3) the proposal that better standardisation and consistency of ethical approaches (for example, more guidelines and policy) could resolve some of the challenges arising.We argue that although standardisation is important for promoting shared understandings of good (including ethical) practice, supplementary approaches to enhance and sustain ethical preparedness will be important to help clinical scientists and others in the recently expanded genetic/genomic medicine environment foster quality ethical thinking.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	194927-5
ISSN	1473-4257 ; 0306-6800
ISSN (online)	1473-4257
ISSN	0306-6800
DOI	10.1136/jme-2023-109692
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Science in the time of COVID-19: Reflections on the UK Events Research Programme.

Marteau, Theresa M / Parker, Michael J / Edmunds, W John

Nature communications

2022 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 4700

MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; Humans ; United Kingdom/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2553671-0
ISSN	2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
ISSN	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/s41467-022-32366-1
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Online Courses Provide Robust Learning Gains and Improve Learner Confidence in the Foundational Biomedical Sciences.

Pike, Andrew / Bunch, Matt / DeGennaro, Christine M / Parker, Michael J

Medical science educator

2022 , Page(s) 1–8

Abstract: The early stages of medical school involve education in a number of foundational biomedical sciences including genetics, immunology, and physiology. However, students entering medical school may have widely varying levels of background in these areas due ...

Abstract	The early stages of medical school involve education in a number of foundational biomedical sciences including genetics, immunology, and physiology. However, students entering medical school may have widely varying levels of background in these areas due to differences in the availability and quality of prior education on these topics. Even students who have recently taken formal courses in these subjects may not feel confident in their level of preparation, leading to anxiety for early-stage medical students. These differences can make it difficult for instructors to create meaningful learning experiences that are appropriate for all students. Additionally, actual or perceived differences in preparation may lead fewer students from diverse backgrounds to apply to medical school. Therefore, creating an efficient and scalable way to increase students' knowledge and confidence in these topics addresses an important need for many medical schools. We recorded pre- and post-course quiz scores for 9790 individuals who completed HMX online courses, developed in accordance with evidence-based learning practices and covering the fundamentals of biochemistry, genetics, immunology, pharmacology, and physiology. Each question was accompanied by a Likert scale question to assess the learner's confidence in their answer. Learners' median post-course quiz performance and self-assessed confidence significantly increased relative to pre-course quiz performance for each course. Improvements were consistent across US-based medical schools, non-US medical schools, and course runs open to the public. This indicates that online courses created using evidence-based learning practices can lead to significant increases in knowledge and confidence for many learners, helping prepare them for further medical education. Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40670-022-01660-4.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2156-8650
ISSN (online)	2156-8650
DOI	10.1007/s40670-022-01660-4
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Getting rights right: implementing 'Martha's Rule'.

Graham, Mackenzie / Hanson, Isabel / Hart, James / Young, Peter / Lignou, Sapfo / Parker, Michael J / Sheehan, Mark

Journal of medical ethics

2024

Abstract: The UK government has recently committed to adopting a new policy-dubbed 'Martha's Rule'-which has been characterised as providing patients the right to rapidly access a second clinical opinion in urgent or contested cases. Support for the rule emerged ... ...

Abstract	The UK government has recently committed to adopting a new policy-dubbed 'Martha's Rule'-which has been characterised as providing patients the right to rapidly access a second clinical opinion in urgent or contested cases. Support for the rule emerged following the death of Martha Mills in 2021, after doctors failed to admit her to intensive care despite concerns raised by her parents. We argue that framing this issue in terms of patient rights is not productive, and should be avoided. Insofar as the ultimate goal of Martha's Rule is the provision of a clinical service that protects patient safety, an approach that focuses on the obligations of the health system-rather than the individual rights of patients-will better serve this goal. We outline an alternative approach that situates rapid clinical review as part of a suite of services aimed at enhancing and protecting patient care. This approach would make greater progress towards addressing the difficult systemic issues that Martha's Rule does not, while also better engaging with the constraints of clinical practice.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	194927-5
ISSN	1473-4257 ; 0306-6800
ISSN (online)	1473-4257
ISSN	0306-6800
DOI	10.1136/jme-2023-109650
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Article ; Online: Ethical issues in Nipah virus control and research: addressing a neglected disease.

Johnson, Tess / Jamrozik, Euzebiusz / Hurst, Tara / Cheah, Phaik Yeong / Parker, Michael J

Journal of medical ethics

2023

Abstract: Nipah virus is a priority pathogen that is receiving increasing attention among scientists and in work on epidemic preparedness. Despite this trend, there has been almost no bioethical work examining ethical considerations surrounding the epidemiology, ... ...

Abstract	Nipah virus is a priority pathogen that is receiving increasing attention among scientists and in work on epidemic preparedness. Despite this trend, there has been almost no bioethical work examining ethical considerations surrounding the epidemiology, prevention, and treatment of Nipah virus or research that has already begun into animal and human vaccines. In this paper, we advance the case for further work on Nipah virus disease in public health ethics due to the distinct issues it raises concerning communication about the modes of transmission, the burdens of public health surveillance, the recent use of stringent public health measures during epidemics, and social or religious norms intersecting with preventive measures. We also advance the case for further work on Nipah virus disease in research ethics, given ethical issues surrounding potential vaccine trials for a high-fatality disease with sporadic spillover events, the different local contexts where trials may occur, and the potential use of unproven therapeutics during outbreaks. Further bioethics work may help to ensure that research and public health interventions for Nipah virus disease are ethically acceptable and more likely to be effective.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	194927-5
ISSN	1473-4257 ; 0306-6800
ISSN (online)	1473-4257
ISSN	0306-6800
DOI	10.1136/jme-2023-109469
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Article ; Online: Interpreting spirometry: the basics.

Parker, Michael J

Otolaryngologic clinics of North America

2014 Volume 47, Issue 1, Page(s) 39–53

Abstract: The ability to accurately obtain and interpret spirometry is essential for physicians caring for patients with asthma and inflammatory disease of the airway. This article reviews the basic equipment, setting, and personnel needed to obtain quality ... ...

Abstract	The ability to accurately obtain and interpret spirometry is essential for physicians caring for patients with asthma and inflammatory disease of the airway. This article reviews the basic equipment, setting, and personnel needed to obtain quality spirometric data. The fundamental measurements obtained in routine office spirometry and recommendations that are critical to obtaining high-quality reproducible test results are reviewed. The evaluation of flow-volume loops and normative data is discusses as well as criteria that define a quality measurement. Examples of normal spirometric data as well as data from different disease states are reviewed.
MeSH term(s)	Anti-Asthmatic Agents/therapeutic use ; Asthma/diagnosis ; Asthma/drug therapy ; Female ; Forced Expiratory Volume ; Humans ; Inspiratory Capacity ; Male ; Monitoring, Physiologic/methods ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Severity of Illness Index ; Spirometry/methods ; Vital Capacity
Chemical Substances	Anti-Asthmatic Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	417489-6
ISSN	1557-8259 ; 0030-6665
ISSN (online)	1557-8259
ISSN	0030-6665
DOI	10.1016/j.otc.2013.10.002
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Book ; Online: A Large Language Model Approach to Educational Survey Feedback Analysis

Parker, Michael J. / Anderson, Caitlin / Stone, Claire / Oh, YeaRim

2023

Abstract: This paper assesses the potential for the large language models (LLMs) GPT-4 and GPT-3.5 to aid in deriving insight from education feedback surveys. Exploration of LLM use cases in education has focused on teaching and learning, with less exploration of ... ...

Abstract	This paper assesses the potential for the large language models (LLMs) GPT-4 and GPT-3.5 to aid in deriving insight from education feedback surveys. Exploration of LLM use cases in education has focused on teaching and learning, with less exploration of capabilities in education feedback analysis. Survey analysis in education involves goals such as finding gaps in curricula or evaluating teachers, often requiring time-consuming manual processing of textual responses. LLMs have the potential to provide a flexible means of achieving these goals without specialized machine learning models or fine-tuning. We demonstrate a versatile approach to such goals by treating them as sequences of natural language processing (NLP) tasks including classification (multi-label, multi-class, and binary), extraction, thematic analysis, and sentiment analysis, each performed by LLM. We apply these workflows to a real-world dataset of 2500 end-of-course survey comments from biomedical science courses, and evaluate a zero-shot approach (i.e., requiring no examples or labeled training data) across all tasks, reflecting education settings, where labeled data is often scarce. By applying effective prompting practices, we achieve human-level performance on multiple tasks with GPT-4, enabling workflows necessary to achieve typical goals. We also show the potential of inspecting LLMs' chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning for providing insight that may foster confidence in practice. Moreover, this study features development of a versatile set of classification categories, suitable for various course types (online, hybrid, or in-person) and amenable to customization. Our results suggest that LLMs can be used to derive a range of insights from survey text.
Keywords	Computer Science - Computation and Language
Subject code	006
Publishing date	2023-09-29
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The genetic assessment of looked after children: common reasons for referral and recent advances.

Parker, Michael J / Teasdale, Katherine / Parker, Michael J

Archives of disease in childhood

2016 Volume 101, Issue 6, Page(s) 581–584

Abstract: Looked after children are recognised as generally having greater health needs than their peers. There are numerous potential causes, environmental and genetic, and the aetiology is often multifactorial. Assessments, especially clinical genetic ones, may ... ...

Abstract	Looked after children are recognised as generally having greater health needs than their peers. There are numerous potential causes, environmental and genetic, and the aetiology is often multifactorial. Assessments, especially clinical genetic ones, may be limited if the information available is incomplete or not shared. There have been some exciting recent advances in diagnostic genetic testing and more are on the horizon. However, we are currently only able to make a genetic diagnosis in less than half of patients, even when both parents are available for comparative testing. There may, therefore, remain an inevitable degree of residual uncertainty about the genetic contribution to a particular child's problems. There are increasing societal pressures for genetic information to be made available to individuals in general. However, there are significant considerations in carrier/predictive testing in children and we would maintain that looked after children should not be treated differently to other children in this regard, unless there is a compelling 'best interest' justification for so doing. Diagnostic criteria exist for fetal alcohol syndrome and other embryopathies and should be applied. Such should be considered as diagnoses of exclusion, so a child should not be prematurely labelled with these conditions, without fully assessing for the contribution of other factors, genetic or otherwise.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Child Protective Services/statistics & numerical data ; Child Welfare/statistics & numerical data ; Child Welfare/trends ; Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders/diagnosis ; Fetal Diseases/diagnosis ; Foster Home Care/statistics & numerical data ; Foster Home Care/trends ; Genetic Carrier Screening/methods ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn/diagnosis ; Genetic Testing/statistics & numerical data ; Genetic Testing/trends ; Humans ; Needs Assessment ; Referral and Consultation ; United Kingdom
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-02-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	524-1
ISSN	1468-2044 ; 0003-9888 ; 1359-2998
ISSN (online)	1468-2044
ISSN	0003-9888 ; 1359-2998
DOI	10.1136/archdischild-2014-307215
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Article ; Online: Moral and scientific boundaries: research ethics on the Thai-Burma border.

Parker, Michael J

Journal of medical ethics

2012 Volume 38, Issue 9, Page(s) 559–560

MeSH term(s)	Antimalarials/therapeutic use ; Asians ; Biomedical Research/ethics ; Clinical Trials as Topic/ethics ; Ethics, Medical ; Ethics, Research ; Humans ; Malaria/drug therapy ; Morals ; Myanmar ; Patient Selection ; Refugees/psychology ; Transients and Migrants/psychology
Chemical Substances	Antimalarials
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-05-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	194927-5
ISSN	1473-4257 ; 0306-6800
ISSN (online)	1473-4257
ISSN	0306-6800
DOI	10.1136/medethics-2012-100582
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