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  1. Article: Diabetes and Toxicant Exposure.

    Patrick, Lyn

    Integrative medicine (Encinitas, Calif.)

    2020  Volume 19, Issue 1, Page(s) 16–23

    Abstract: The worldwide prevalence of obesity has near tripled between 1975 and 2016. Diabetes was the direct cause of an estimated 1.6 million deaths in 2015. Diabetogens, otherwise known as toxicants that cause insulin resistance in animal models and humans as a ...

    Abstract The worldwide prevalence of obesity has near tripled between 1975 and 2016. Diabetes was the direct cause of an estimated 1.6 million deaths in 2015. Diabetogens, otherwise known as toxicants that cause insulin resistance in animal models and humans as a result of pancreatic β-cell damage include the persistent organochlorine pesticides
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-06-16
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2100529-1
    ISSN 1945-7081 ; 1546-993X
    ISSN (online) 1945-7081
    ISSN 1546-993X
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Environmental Medicine: Exploring the Pollutome for Solutions to Chronic Diseases.

    Fine, Anne Marie / Patrick, Lyn

    Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America

    2022  Volume 33, Issue 3, Page(s) 719–732

    Abstract: Environmental toxicant exposure, according to many researchers in the field, is the leading cause of chronic disease and premature death globally. For the purposes of this review, we will use obesity and type 2 diabetes as examples of toxicant-induced ... ...

    Abstract Environmental toxicant exposure, according to many researchers in the field, is the leading cause of chronic disease and premature death globally. For the purposes of this review, we will use obesity and type 2 diabetes as examples of toxicant-induced chronic diseases. Endocrine Disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as phthalates and bisphenols, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been linked to increased risk for obesity and type 2 diabetes in both animal and large epidemiologic studies. These two conditions are well-documented examples of evidence for mechanisms of both adipose metabolism disruption and pancreatic cell dysfunction. The implications for health care directives to both identify, prevent, and treat these exposures are reviewed.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Chronic Disease ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Endocrine Disruptors/toxicity ; Environmental Medicine ; Humans ; Obesity/chemically induced
    Chemical Substances Endocrine Disruptors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1196791-2
    ISSN 1558-1381 ; 1047-9651
    ISSN (online) 1558-1381
    ISSN 1047-9651
    DOI 10.1016/j.pmr.2022.04.010
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): a review of conventional and alternative treatments.

    Patrick, Lyn

    Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic

    2011  Volume 16, Issue 2, Page(s) 116–133

    Abstract: Gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD), a common disorder in the Western world, can lead to complications that include esophageal stricture and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Multiple challenges are associated with GERD treatment. First, lack of symptoms ... ...

    Abstract Gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD), a common disorder in the Western world, can lead to complications that include esophageal stricture and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Multiple challenges are associated with GERD treatment. First, lack of symptoms does not correlate with the absence of or the healing of esophageal lesions. Second, proton pump inhibitors, the current standard of care for GERD, are ineffective for the majority of GERD patients who have non-erosive disease. This article discusses these challenges, investigates the mechanisms of damage in GERD, and explores the existing data on unconventional forms of treatment, including melatonin, acupuncture, botanicals, and dietary interventions.
    MeSH term(s) Acupuncture Therapy/methods ; Antacids/therapeutic use ; Anti-Ulcer Agents/therapeutic use ; Artemisia ; Curcumin/therapeutic use ; Cyclohexenes/therapeutic use ; Gastroesophageal Reflux/drug therapy ; Humans ; Melatonin/therapeutic use ; Mentha piperita ; Nonprescription Drugs/therapeutic use ; Phytotherapy/methods ; Plant Extracts/therapeutic use ; Terpenes/therapeutic use
    Chemical Substances Antacids ; Anti-Ulcer Agents ; Cyclohexenes ; Nonprescription Drugs ; Plant Extracts ; Terpenes ; iberogast ; limonene (9MC3I34447) ; Curcumin (IT942ZTH98) ; Melatonin (JL5DK93RCL)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2011-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1465535-4
    ISSN 1089-5159
    ISSN 1089-5159
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: Thyroid disruption: mechanism and clinical implications in human health.

    Patrick, Lyn

    Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic

    2009  Volume 14, Issue 4, Page(s) 326–346

    Abstract: Exposure to specific environmental toxins, including polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, phthalates, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and other halogenated organochlorines, has been shown to interfere with the production, transportation, and ... ...

    Abstract Exposure to specific environmental toxins, including polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, phthalates, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and other halogenated organochlorines, has been shown to interfere with the production, transportation, and metabolism of thyroid hormones by a variety of mechanisms. A broad range of chemicals, with structural similarity to thyroid hormone, have been shown to bind to thyroid receptors with both agonist and antagonist effects on thyroid hormone signaling. The incidence of thyroid disease in the United States, particularly for thyroid cancer and thyroid autoimmune disease, is increasing substantially. The evidence for the significant effects of background levels of thyroid-disrupting chemicals, the known pathways for thyroid disruptors, and the evidence and implications for neurodevelopmental damage due to thyroid-disrupting chemicals is reviewed.
    MeSH term(s) Dioxins/toxicity ; Environmental Exposure/statistics & numerical data ; Environmental Pollutants/toxicity ; Flame Retardants/toxicity ; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/toxicity ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Pesticides/toxicity ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls/toxicity ; Thyroid Diseases/chemically induced ; Thyroid Diseases/epidemiology ; Thyroid Diseases/prevention & control ; Thyroid Gland/drug effects ; Thyroid Neoplasms/chemically induced ; Thyroid Neoplasms/epidemiology ; United States/epidemiology
    Chemical Substances Dioxins ; Environmental Pollutants ; Flame Retardants ; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers ; Pesticides ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls (DFC2HB4I0K)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2009-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1465535-4
    ISSN 1089-5159
    ISSN 1089-5159
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article: Iodine: deficiency and therapeutic considerations.

    Patrick, Lyn

    Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic

    2008  Volume 13, Issue 2, Page(s) 116–127

    Abstract: Iodine deficiency is generally recognized as the most commonly preventable cause of mental retardation and the most common cause of endocrinopathy (goiter and primary hypothyroidism). Iodine deficiency becomes particularly critical in pregnancy due to ... ...

    Abstract Iodine deficiency is generally recognized as the most commonly preventable cause of mental retardation and the most common cause of endocrinopathy (goiter and primary hypothyroidism). Iodine deficiency becomes particularly critical in pregnancy due to the consequences for neurological damage during fetal development as well as during lactation. The safety of therapeutic doses of iodine above the established safe upper limit of 1 mg is evident in the lack of toxicity in the Japanese population that consumes 25 times the median intake of iodine consumption in the United States. Japan's population suffers no demonstrable increased incidence of autoimmune thyroiditis or hypothyroidism. Studies using 3.0- to 6.0-mg doses to effectively treat fibrocystic breast disease may reveal an important role for iodine in maintaining normal breast tissue architecture and function. Iodine may also have important antioxidant functions in breast tissue and other tissues that concentrate iodine via the sodium iodide symporter.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology ; Developed Countries ; Fibrocystic Breast Disease/metabolism ; Goiter, Endemic/epidemiology ; Goiter, Endemic/etiology ; Humans ; Hypothyroidism/epidemiology ; Hypothyroidism/etiology ; Iodine/administration & dosage ; Iodine/deficiency ; Iodine/physiology ; Iodine/urine ; Japan/epidemiology ; Nutrition Policy ; Perchlorates/toxicity ; Seaweed/chemistry ; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/etiology ; United States/epidemiology
    Chemical Substances Perchlorates ; Iodine (9679TC07X4) ; perchlorate (VLA4NZX2P4)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2008-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1465535-4
    ISSN 1089-5159
    ISSN 1089-5159
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article: Lead toxicity, a review of the literature. Part 1: Exposure, evaluation, and treatment.

    Patrick, Lyn

    Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic

    2006  Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 2–22

    Abstract: The phasing out of leaded gasoline for transportation vehicles between 1973 and 1995 and the removal of lead from paint by federal mandate by 1978 have resulted in substantial lowering of mean blood lead levels in all segments of the U.S. population. ... ...

    Abstract The phasing out of leaded gasoline for transportation vehicles between 1973 and 1995 and the removal of lead from paint by federal mandate by 1978 have resulted in substantial lowering of mean blood lead levels in all segments of the U.S. population. However, because lead is a persistent metal, it is still present in the environment - in water, brass plumbing fixtures, soil, dust, and imported products manufactured with lead. Diagnosis of lead toxicity has traditionally been based on significantly elevated blood lead levels. However, data now implicates low-level exposures and blood lead levels previously considered normal as causative factors in cognitive dysfunction, neurobehavioral disorders, neurological damage, hypertension, and renal impairment. Chelation is the conventional recommendation in the case of blood levels associated with acute toxicity and encephalopathic damage. Issues surrounding the assessment of body lead burden and the consequences of low-level environmental exposure are critical in the treatment of chronic disease related to lead toxicity.
    MeSH term(s) Cardiovascular Diseases/chemically induced ; Chelation Therapy/methods ; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects ; Humans ; Kidney Diseases/chemically induced ; Lead/metabolism ; Lead Poisoning/diagnosis ; Lead Poisoning/etiology ; Lead Poisoning/therapy ; Liver/metabolism ; Tissue Distribution
    Chemical Substances Lead (2P299V784P)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2006-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1465535-4
    ISSN 1089-5159
    ISSN 1089-5159
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article: Lead toxicity part II: the role of free radical damage and the use of antioxidants in the pathology and treatment of lead toxicity.

    Patrick, Lyn

    Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic

    2006  Volume 11, Issue 2, Page(s) 114–127

    Abstract: Lead is an environmentally persistent toxin that causes neurological, hematological, gastrointestinal, reproductive, circulatory, and immunological pathologies. The propensity for lead to catalyze oxidative reactions and generate reactive oxygen species ... ...

    Abstract Lead is an environmentally persistent toxin that causes neurological, hematological, gastrointestinal, reproductive, circulatory, and immunological pathologies. The propensity for lead to catalyze oxidative reactions and generate reactive oxygen species has been demonstrated in multiple studies. These reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibit the production of sulfhydryl antioxidants, inhibit enzyme reactions impairing heme production, cause inflammation in vascular endothelial cells, damage nucleic acids and inhibit DNA repair, and initiate lipid peroxidation in cellular membranes. These wide-ranging effects of ROS generation have been postulated to be major contributors to lead-exposure related disease. Antioxidants - vitamins B6, C and E, zinc, taurine, N-acetylcysteine, and alpha-lipoic acid, either alone or in conjunction with standard pharmaceutical chelating agents - have been studied in lead-exposed animals. The evidence for their use in lead exposure, alone and in conjunction with chelating agents, is reviewed in this article.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Antioxidants/therapeutic use ; Glutathione/metabolism ; Humans ; Hypertension/etiology ; Lead/metabolism ; Lead Poisoning/complications ; Lead Poisoning/metabolism ; Lead Poisoning/therapy ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Oxidative Stress ; Rats ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Sulfhydryl Compounds/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Antioxidants ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Sulfhydryl Compounds ; Lead (2P299V784P) ; Nitric Oxide (31C4KY9ESH) ; Glutathione (GAN16C9B8O)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2006-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1465535-4
    ISSN 1089-5159
    ISSN 1089-5159
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article: Selenium biochemistry and cancer: a review of the literature.

    Patrick, Lyn

    Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic

    2004  Volume 9, Issue 3, Page(s) 239–258

    Abstract: In recent years, the role of selenium in the prevention of a number of degenerative conditions including cancer, inflammatory diseases, thyroid function, cardiovascular disease, neurological diseases, aging, infertility, and infections, has been ... ...

    Abstract In recent years, the role of selenium in the prevention of a number of degenerative conditions including cancer, inflammatory diseases, thyroid function, cardiovascular disease, neurological diseases, aging, infertility, and infections, has been established by laboratory experiments, clinical trials, and epidemiological data. Most of the effects in these conditions are related to the function of selenium in antioxidant enzyme systems. Replenishing selenium in deficiency conditions appears to have immune-stimulating effects, particularly in patients undergoing chemotherapy. However, increasing the levels of selenoprotein antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin reductase, etc.) appears to be only one of many ways in which selenium-based metabolites contribute to normal cellular growth and function. Animal data, epidemiological data, and intervention trials have shown a clear role for selenium compounds in both prevention of specific cancers and antitumorigenic effects in post-initiation phases of cancer.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Biological Availability ; Humans ; Neoplasms/prevention & control ; Proteins/metabolism ; Proteins/physiology ; Selenium/metabolism ; Selenium/physiology ; Selenoproteins ; Thyroid Gland/physiology
    Chemical Substances Proteins ; Selenoproteins ; Selenium (H6241UJ22B)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2004-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1465535-4
    ISSN 1089-5159
    ISSN 1089-5159
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  9. Article: Restless legs syndrome: pathophysiology and the role of iron and folate.

    Patrick, Lyn R

    Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic

    2007  Volume 12, Issue 2, Page(s) 101–112

    Abstract: Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is a common movement disorder characterized by a circadian variation in symptoms involving an urge to move the limbs, usually the legs. Pregnant women, patients with end-stage renal disease or iron-deficiency anemia, and ... ...

    Abstract Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is a common movement disorder characterized by a circadian variation in symptoms involving an urge to move the limbs, usually the legs. Pregnant women, patients with end-stage renal disease or iron-deficiency anemia, and children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) have a significantly higher prevalence of RLS. The classic presentation includes the onset or worsening of symptoms when at rest and the circadian pattern of exacerbation of symptoms at night. These symptoms reflect a circadian fluctuation of dopamine in the substantia nigra. Patients with RLS have lower levels of dopamine in the substantia nigra and respond to iron administration. Iron, as a cofactor in dopamine production, plays a central role in the etiology of RLS. Folic acid administration has also been shown to alleviate the symptoms of RLS and may play a role in the treatment of primary (familial) RLS.
    MeSH term(s) Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/complications ; Child ; Circadian Rhythm ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Female ; Folic Acid/metabolism ; Folic Acid/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Iron/deficiency ; Iron/metabolism ; Iron/therapeutic use ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/complications ; Life Style ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications/etiology ; Pregnancy Complications/physiopathology ; Restless Legs Syndrome/diagnosis ; Restless Legs Syndrome/drug therapy ; Restless Legs Syndrome/etiology ; Restless Legs Syndrome/physiopathology
    Chemical Substances Folic Acid (935E97BOY8) ; Iron (E1UOL152H7) ; Dopamine (VTD58H1Z2X)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2007-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1465535-4
    ISSN 1089-5159
    ISSN 1089-5159
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article: Toxic metals and antioxidants: Part II. The role of antioxidants in arsenic and cadmium toxicity.

    Patrick, Lyn

    Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic

    2003  Volume 8, Issue 2, Page(s) 106–128

    Abstract: Exposure to toxic metals has become an increasingly recognized source of illness worldwide. Both cadmium and arsenic are ubiquitous in the environment, and exposure through food and water as well as occupational sources can contribute to a well-defined ... ...

    Abstract Exposure to toxic metals has become an increasingly recognized source of illness worldwide. Both cadmium and arsenic are ubiquitous in the environment, and exposure through food and water as well as occupational sources can contribute to a well-defined spectrum of disease. The symptom picture of arsenic toxicity is characterized by dermal lesions, anemia, and an increased risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and liver damage. Cadmium has a significant effect on renal function, and as a result alters bone metabolism, leading to osteoporosis and osteomalacia. Cadmium-induced genotoxicity also increases risk for several cancers. The mechanisms of arsenic- and cadmium-induced damage include the production of free radicals that alter mitochondrial activity and genetic information. The metabolism and excretion of these heavy metals depend on the presence of antioxidants and thiols that aid arsenic methylation and both arsenic and cadmium metallothionein-binding. S-adenosylmethionine, lipoic acid, glutathione, selenium, zinc, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), methionine, cysteine, alpha-tocopherol, and ascorbic acid have specific roles in the mitigation of heavy metal toxicity. Several antioxidants including NAC, zinc, methionine, and cysteine, when used in conjunction with standard chelating agents, can improve the mobilization and excretion of arsenic and cadmium.
    MeSH term(s) Antioxidants/therapeutic use ; Arsenic/metabolism ; Arsenic Poisoning/complications ; Arsenic Poisoning/drug therapy ; Cadmium/metabolism ; Cadmium Poisoning/complications ; Cadmium Poisoning/drug therapy ; Chelating Agents/therapeutic use ; Heavy Metal Poisoning ; Humans ; Metals, Heavy/metabolism ; Methylation ; Risk Factors
    Chemical Substances Antioxidants ; Chelating Agents ; Metals, Heavy ; Cadmium (00BH33GNGH) ; Arsenic (N712M78A8G)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2003-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1465535-4
    ISSN 1089-5159
    ISSN 1089-5159
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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