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Article ; Online: Impact of seasonal malaria chemoprevention on prevalence of malaria infection in malaria indicator surveys in Burkina Faso and Nigeria

Lucy C Okell / Patrick Walker / Olusola Oresanya / Sol Richardson / Monica Anna de Cola / Benoît Sawadogo / Taiwo Ibinaiye / Adama Traoré / Cheick Saïd Compaoré / Chibuzo Oguoma / Gauthier Tougri / Christian Rassi / Arantxa Roca-Feltrer

BMJ Global Health, Vol 7, Iss

2022 Volume 5

Keywords	Medicine (General) ; R5-920 ; Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMJ Publishing Group
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Venomous bites and stings.

Patrick Walker, J / Morrison, Ray / Stewart, Ronald / Gore, Dennis

Current problems in surgery

2013 Volume 50, Issue 1, Page(s) 9–44

MeSH term(s)	Antivenins/therapeutic use ; Bites and Stings/diagnosis ; Bites and Stings/etiology ; Bites and Stings/therapy ; Debridement ; Fasciotomy ; First Aid ; Humans ; Insect Bites and Stings/diagnosis ; Insect Bites and Stings/etiology ; Insect Bites and Stings/therapy ; Snake Bites/diagnosis ; Snake Bites/etiology ; Snake Bites/therapy ; Spider Bites/diagnosis ; Spider Bites/etiology ; Spider Bites/therapy
Chemical Substances	Antivenins
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	753169-2
ISSN	1535-6337 ; 0011-3840
ISSN (online)	1535-6337
ISSN	0011-3840
DOI	10.1067/j.cpsurg.2012.09.003
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Cost-effectiveness of district-wide seasonal malaria chemoprevention when implemented through routine malaria control programme in Kita, Mali using fixed point distribution

Halimatou Diawara / Patrick Walker / Matt Cairns / Laura C. Steinhardt / Fatou Diawara / Beh Kamate / Laeticia Duval / Elisa Sicuri / Issaka Sagara / Aboubacar Sadou / Jules Mihigo / Erin Eckert / Alassane Dicko / Lesong Conteh

Malaria Journal, Vol 20, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2021 Volume 14

Abstract: Abstract Background Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) is a strategy for malaria control recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) since 2012 for Sahelian countries. The Mali National Malaria Control Programme adopted a plan for pilot ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) is a strategy for malaria control recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) since 2012 for Sahelian countries. The Mali National Malaria Control Programme adopted a plan for pilot implementation and nationwide scale-up by 2016. Given that SMC is a relatively new approach, there is an urgent need to assess the costs and cost effectiveness of SMC when implemented through the routine health system to inform decisions on resource allocation. Methods Cost data were collected from pilot implementation of SMC in Kita district, which targeted 77,497 children aged 3–59 months. Starting in August 2014, SMC was delivered by fixed point distribution in villages with the first dose observed each month. Treatment consisted of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and amodiaquine once a month for four consecutive months, or rounds. Economic and financial costs were collected from the provider perspective using an ingredients approach. Effectiveness estimates were based upon a published mathematical transmission model calibrated to local epidemiology, rainfall patterns and scale-up of interventions. Incremental cost effectiveness ratios were calculated for the cost per malaria episode averted, cost per disability adjusted life years (DALYs) averted, and cost per death averted. Results The total economic cost of the intervention in the district of Kita was US $357,494. Drug costs and personnel costs accounted for 34% and 31%, respectively. Incentives (payment other than salary for efforts beyond routine activities) accounted for 25% of total implementation costs. Average financial and economic unit costs per child per round were US $0.73 and US $0.86, respectively; total annual financial and economic costs per child receiving SMC were US $2.92 and US $3.43, respectively. Accounting for coverage, the economic cost per child fully adherent (receiving all four rounds) was US $6.38 and US $4.69, if weighted highly adherent, (receiving 3 or 4 rounds of SMC). When costs were ...
Keywords	Malaria ; Mali ; Seasonal malaria chemoprevention ; Cost ; Cost-effectiveness ; Economic ; Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ; RC955-962 ; Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Potential impact of intervention strategies on COVID-19 transmission in Malawi

Paul Revill / Oliver Watson / Andrew Phillips / Azra Ghani / Patrick Walker / Timothy Hallett / Dominic Nkhoma / Tara Mangal / Charlie Whittaker / Wingston Ng'ambi / Timothy Colbourn / Joseph Mfutso-Bengo

BMJ Open, Vol 11, Iss

a mathematical modelling study

2021 Volume 7

Abstract: Background COVID-19 mitigation strategies have been challenging to implement in resource-limited settings due to the potential for widespread disruption to social and economic well-being. Here we predict the clinical severity of COVID-19 in Malawi, ... ...

Abstract	Background COVID-19 mitigation strategies have been challenging to implement in resource-limited settings due to the potential for widespread disruption to social and economic well-being. Here we predict the clinical severity of COVID-19 in Malawi, quantifying the potential impact of intervention strategies and increases in health system capacity.Methods The infection fatality ratios (IFR) were predicted by adjusting reported IFR for China, accounting for demography, the current prevalence of comorbidities and health system capacity. These estimates were input into an age-structured deterministic model, which simulated the epidemic trajectory with non-pharmaceutical interventions and increases in health system capacity.Findings The predicted population-level IFR in Malawi, adjusted for age and comorbidity prevalence, is lower than that estimated for China (0.26%, 95% uncertainty interval (UI) 0.12%–0.69%, compared with 0.60%, 95% CI 0.4% to 1.3% in China); however, the health system constraints increase the predicted IFR to 0.83%, 95% UI 0.49%–1.39%. The interventions implemented in January 2021 could potentially avert 54 400 deaths (95% UI 26 900–97 300) over the course of the epidemic compared with an unmitigated outbreak. Enhanced shielding of people aged ≥60 years could avert 40 200 further deaths (95% UI 25 300–69 700) and halve intensive care unit admissions at the peak of the outbreak. A novel therapeutic agent which reduces mortality by 0.65 and 0.8 for severe and critical cases, respectively, in combination with increasing hospital capacity, could reduce projected mortality to 2.5 deaths per 1000 population (95% UI 1.9–3.6).Conclusion We find the interventions currently used in Malawi are unlikely to effectively prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission but will have a significant impact on mortality. Increases in health system capacity and the introduction of novel therapeutics are likely to further reduce the projected numbers of deaths.
Keywords	Medicine ; R
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMJ Publishing Group
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Evaluation of a single screen and treat strategy to detect asymptomatic malaria among pregnant women from selected health facilities in Lindi region, Tanzania

Chonge Kitojo / Frank Chacky / Emmanuel S. Kigadye / Joseph P. Mugasa / Abdallah Lusasi / Ally Mohamed / Patrick Walker / Erik J. Reaves / Julie R. Gutman / Deus S. Ishengoma

Malaria Journal, Vol 19, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2020 Volume 8

Abstract: Abstract Background In areas of high transmission, malaria in pregnancy (MiP) primarily causes asymptomatic infections; these infections nonetheless increase the risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. In 2014, Tanzania initiated a single screening ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background In areas of high transmission, malaria in pregnancy (MiP) primarily causes asymptomatic infections; these infections nonetheless increase the risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. In 2014, Tanzania initiated a single screening and treatment (SST) strategy for all pregnant women at their first antenatal care (ANC) visit using malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) for surveillance purposes. However, there is paucity of data on the effectiveness of SST in the prevention of MiP. The objective of this study was to estimate the number of asymptomatic infections among pregnant women detected by SST, which would have been missed in the absence of the policy. Methods Data from pregnant women attending their first ANC visits between October 2017 and June 2018, including gestational age, history of fever, and RDT results, were abstracted from ANC registers in eight health centres in two randomly selected districts, Kilwa and Lindi, in Lindi Region. The proportion of symptomatic (with history of fever in the past 48 h) and asymptomatic pregnant women with positive RDTs were calculated and stratified by trimester (first, second and third). The study areas were categorized as low transmission with prevalence < 10% or moderate/high with ≥ 10%. Results Over the study period, 1,845 women attended their first ANC visits; 22.1% were in the first trimester (< 12 weeks gestation age). Overall 15.0% of the women had positive RDTs, and there was a trend towards higher malaria prevalence in the first (15.9%) and second (15.2%) trimesters, compared to the third (7.1%), although the differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.07). In total, 6.9% of women reported fever within the past 48 h and, of these, 96.1% were RDT positive. For every 100 pregnant women in the moderate/high and low transmission areas, SST identified 60 and 26 pregnant women, respectively, with asymptomatic infections that would have otherwise been missed. Among the 15.9% of women detected in the first trimester, 50.7% were ...
Keywords	Malaria in pregnancy ; Single screening and treatment for malaria ; Antenatal care ; Rapid diagnostic teast ; Falciparum ; Tanzania ; Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ; RC955-962 ; Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Mathematical modelling of the impact of expanding levels of malaria control interventions on Plasmodium vivax

Michael T. White / Patrick Walker / Stephan Karl / Manuel W. Hetzel / Tim Freeman / Andreea Waltmann / Moses Laman / Leanne J. Robinson / Azra Ghani / Ivo Mueller

Nature Communications, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2018 Volume 10

Abstract: Plasmodium vivax poses a unique challenge for malaria elimination worldwide. Here, White et al. develop an individual-based mathematical model of P. vivax transmission and evaluate intervention strategies in Papua New Guinea. ...

Abstract	Plasmodium vivax poses a unique challenge for malaria elimination worldwide. Here, White et al. develop an individual-based mathematical model of P. vivax transmission and evaluate intervention strategies in Papua New Guinea.
Keywords	Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Publishing Group
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Mathematical modelling of the impact of expanding levels of malaria control interventions on Plasmodium vivax

Michael T. White / Patrick Walker / Stephan Karl / Manuel W. Hetzel / Tim Freeman / Andreea Waltmann / Moses Laman / Leanne J. Robinson / Azra Ghani / Ivo Mueller

Nature Communications, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2018 Volume 10

Abstract	Plasmodium vivax poses a unique challenge for malaria elimination worldwide. Here, White et al. develop an individual-based mathematical model of P. vivax transmission and evaluate intervention strategies in Papua New Guinea.
Keywords	Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Estimating malaria burden among pregnant women using data from antenatal care centres in Tanzania

Chonge Kitojo, MBA / Julie R Gutman, MD / Frank Chacky, MSc / Emmanuel Kigadye, PhD / Sigsbert Mkude, MD / Renata Mandike, DDS / Ally Mohamed, MD / Erik J Reaves, DO / Patrick Walker, PhD / Deus S Ishengoma, PhD

The Lancet Global Health, Vol 7, Iss 12, Pp e1695-e

a population-based study

2019 Volume 1705

Abstract: Summary: Background: More timely estimates of malaria prevalence are needed to inform optimal control strategies and measure progress. Since 2014, Tanzania has implemented nationwide malaria screening for all pregnant women within the antenatal care ... ...

Abstract	Summary: Background: More timely estimates of malaria prevalence are needed to inform optimal control strategies and measure progress. Since 2014, Tanzania has implemented nationwide malaria screening for all pregnant women within the antenatal care system. We aimed to compare malaria test results during antenatal care to two population-based prevalence surveys in Tanzanian children aged 6–59 months to examine their potential in measuring malaria trends and progress towards elimination. Methods: Malaria test results from pregnant women screened at their first antenatal care visits at health-care facilities (private and public) in all 184 districts of Tanzania between Jan 1, 2014, and Dec 31, 2017, were collected from the Health Management Information Systems and District Health Information System 2. We excluded facilities with no recorded antenatal care attendees during the time period. We standardised results to account for testing uptake and weighted them by the timing of two population-based surveys of childhood malaria prevalence done in 2015–16 (Demographic and Health Survey) and 2017 (Malaria Indicator Survey). We assessed regional-level correlation using Spearman's coefficient and assessed the consistency of monthly district-level prevalence ranking using Kendall's correlation coefficient. Findings: Correlation between malaria prevalence at antenatal care and among children younger than 5 years was high (r≥0·83 for both surveys), although declines in prevalence at antenatal care were generally smaller than among children. Consistent heterogeneity (p<0·05) in antenatal care prevalence at the district level was evident in all but one region (Kilimanjaro). Data from antenatal care showed declining prevalence in three regions (Arusha, Kilimanjaro, and Manyara) where surveys estimated zero prevalence. Interpretation: Routine antenatal care-based screening can be used to assess heterogeneity in transmission at finer resolution than population-based surveys, and provides sample sizes powered to detect ...
Keywords	Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	360 ; 310
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Leveraging community mortality indicators to infer COVID-19 mortality and transmission dynamics in Damascus, Syria

Oliver J. Watson / Mervat Alhaffar / Zaki Mehchy / Charles Whittaker / Zack Akil / Nicholas F. Brazeau / Gina Cuomo-Dannenburg / Arran Hamlet / Hayley A. Thompson / Marc Baguelin / Richard G. FitzJohn / Edward Knock / John A. Lees / Lilith K. Whittles / Thomas Mellan / Peter Winskill / Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team / Natasha Howard / Hannah Clapham /

Francesco Checchi / Neil Ferguson / Azra Ghani / Emma Beals / Patrick Walker

Nature Communications, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2021 Volume 10

Abstract: Reported COVID-19 mortality rates have been relatively low in Syria, but there has been concern about overwhelmed health systems. Here, the authors use community mortality indicators and estimate that <3% of COVID-19 deaths in Damascus were reported as ... ...

Abstract	Reported COVID-19 mortality rates have been relatively low in Syria, but there has been concern about overwhelmed health systems. Here, the authors use community mortality indicators and estimate that <3% of COVID-19 deaths in Damascus were reported as of 2 September 2020.
Keywords	Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Social contact patterns and implications for infectious disease transmission – a systematic review and meta-analysis of contact surveys

Andria Mousa / Peter Winskill / Oliver John Watson / Oliver Ratmann / Mélodie Monod / Marco Ajelli / Aldiouma Diallo / Peter J Dodd / Carlos G Grijalva / Moses Chapa Kiti / Anand Krishnan / Rakesh Kumar / Supriya Kumar / Kin O Kwok / Claudio F Lanata / Olivier Le Polain de Waroux / Kathy Leung / Wiriya Mahikul / Alessia Melegaro /

Carl D Morrow / Joël Mossong / Eleanor FG Neal / D James Nokes / Wirichada Pan-ngum / Gail E Potter / Fiona M Russell / Siddhartha Saha / Jonathan D Sugimoto / Wan In Wei / Robin R Wood / Joseph Wu / Juanjuan Zhang / Patrick Walker / Charles Whittaker

eLife, Vol

2021 Volume 10

Abstract: Background: Transmission of respiratory pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 depends on patterns of contact and mixing across populations. Understanding this is crucial to predict pathogen spread and the effectiveness of control efforts. Most analyses of contact ...

Abstract	Background: Transmission of respiratory pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 depends on patterns of contact and mixing across populations. Understanding this is crucial to predict pathogen spread and the effectiveness of control efforts. Most analyses of contact patterns to date have focused on high-income settings. Methods: Here, we conduct a systematic review and individual-participant meta-analysis of surveys carried out in low- and middle-income countries and compare patterns of contact in these settings to surveys previously carried out in high-income countries. Using individual-level data from 28,503 participants and 413,069 contacts across 27 surveys, we explored how contact characteristics (number, location, duration, and whether physical) vary across income settings. Results: Contact rates declined with age in high- and upper-middle-income settings, but not in low-income settings, where adults aged 65+ made similar numbers of contacts as younger individuals and mixed with all age groups. Across all settings, increasing household size was a key determinant of contact frequency and characteristics, with low-income settings characterised by the largest, most intergenerational households. A higher proportion of contacts were made at home in low-income settings, and work/school contacts were more frequent in high-income strata. We also observed contrasting effects of gender across income strata on the frequency, duration, and type of contacts individuals made. Conclusions: These differences in contact patterns between settings have material consequences for both spread of respiratory pathogens and the effectiveness of different non-pharmaceutical interventions. Funding: This work is primarily being funded by joint Centre funding from the UK Medical Research Council and DFID (MR/R015600/1).
Keywords	social contact patterns ; pathogen transmission ; contact surveys ; Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	eLife Sciences Publications Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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