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Article ; Online: A case for testing and modifying theory in Ayurveda: Author's response.

Patwardhan, Kishor

Indian journal of medical ethics

2024 Volume VIII, Issue 4, Page(s) 326–328

Abstract: This is my response to several recent criticisms that have challenged my views expressed in the article 'Confessions of an Ayurveda Professor' in this journal [1]. Some of these criticisms, such as the one by Karthik and Shajin, are directly expressed [2] ...

Abstract	This is my response to several recent criticisms that have challenged my views expressed in the article 'Confessions of an Ayurveda Professor' in this journal [1]. Some of these criticisms, such as the one by Karthik and Shajin, are directly expressed [2], while others, such as the one by Tubaki and Prasad, are indirect [3]. The criticism by Tubaki and Prasad is particularly significant because it is the only feedback I have received from the Ayush establishment thus far; and lists the President of the Board of Ayurveda, National Commission for Indian System of Medicine (NCISM), as an author. Additionally, there have been many reactions published on IJME's website. I also address them in this response since many of them share a similar line of thinking.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Medicine, Ayurvedic
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-19
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	0975-5691
ISSN (online)	0975-5691
DOI	10.20529/IJME.2023.059
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Article ; Online: Self-correction is essential to science: Author's response.

Patwardhan, Kishor

Indian journal of medical ethics

2023 Volume VIII, Issue 1, Page(s) 68–69

Abstract: I thank R Srivatsan [1] and Shailaja Chandra [2] for commenting on my reflective article [3]. While it is true that the scientific establishment has, on many occasions, betrayed the public trust because of the power and money associated with it, the same ...

Abstract	I thank R Srivatsan [1] and Shailaja Chandra [2] for commenting on my reflective article [3]. While it is true that the scientific establishment has, on many occasions, betrayed the public trust because of the power and money associated with it, the same cannot be said of "science" as such. Science is an idea that places evidence-based thinking above everything else while understanding a phenomenon. The results of this endeavour often depend on how well people apply it in different situations. Thalidomide and Rofecoxib could be taken as two examples where the biomedical sciences have disappointed the public [4]. However, one must remember that science cannot be blamed for causing these disasters; instead, it is the "science establishment" that must take the blame. After all, was it not because of science that these mistakes were exposed? By "establishment" I mean the entire mechanism that plans and regulates drug development, safety testing, marketing approvals, post marketing pharmacovigilance, journal editing, publications, etc.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-24
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ISSN	0975-5691
ISSN (online)	0975-5691
DOI	10.20529/IJME.2023.006
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Article ; Online: Confessions of an Ayurveda professor.

Patwardhan, Kishor

Indian journal of medical ethics

2023 Volume VIII, Issue 1, Page(s) 61–64

Abstract: In this essay, I narrate my experiences of teaching Ayurveda physiology through an approach that involved laborious re-interpretation of ancient literature using the recent advances in the field of medical physiology. Though this approach made the ... ...

Abstract	In this essay, I narrate my experiences of teaching Ayurveda physiology through an approach that involved laborious re-interpretation of ancient literature using the recent advances in the field of medical physiology. Though this approach made the ancient concepts and theories appear modern and relevant, it did not contribute much except for apparently reducing cognitive dissonance among students. I cite examples describing the processes of formation of shukra (semen) and rakta (blood) to show how we often overinterpret Ayurveda concepts to make them sound rational by proposing ad hoc conjectures. I illustrate why my previous writings were faulty by applying the falsification principle proposed by Karl Popper. I further explain how this approach made these concepts only verifiable but not refutable, and hence, non-falsifiable. I argue that instead of using such re-interpretation to prove obsolete concepts, they can be dropped altogether from the curricula of Ayurveda programmes. There is a need to develop a reliable method to identify such outdated content.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Medicine, Ayurvedic ; Curriculum ; Students
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-24
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	0975-5691
ISSN (online)	0975-5691
DOI	10.20529/IJME.2022.049
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Article: Promoting evidence-base for Ayurveda.

Patwardhan, Kishor

Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine

2019 Volume 15, Issue 2, Page(s) 100285

Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Editorial
ISSN	0975-9476
ISSN	0975-9476
DOI	10.1016/j.jaim.2019.10.001
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Article ; Online: Effects of two Ayurvedic formulations, Dhanwantaram Kashaya and Saraswatarishta on life history parameters and toxic aggregates in Drosophila models of Huntington’s and Alzheimer's disease

Sharma, Swati / Singh, Girish / Patwardhan, Kishor

Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2023 Apr., v. 305 p.116080-

2023

Abstract: Ayurveda, the traditional healthcare system native to India, employs dosage forms containing multiple herbs in treating various clinical conditions. Dhanwantaram Kashaya (DK) and Saraswatarishta (SA) are two such formulations containing multiple herbs in ...

Abstract	Ayurveda, the traditional healthcare system native to India, employs dosage forms containing multiple herbs in treating various clinical conditions. Dhanwantaram Kashaya (DK) and Saraswatarishta (SA) are two such formulations containing multiple herbs in varied proportions. Kashaya is a liquid decoction while Arishta is fermented liquid with permissible quantity of self-generated alcohol in it. Both the formulations have been reported to have clinical efficacy in age-related memory impairment. Other mental disorders having clinical presentations similar to psychoses are the other indications for these tested formulations. The present study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of two Rasayana formulations i.e., DK and SA, used by clinicians in different neurodegenerative conditions. We tested these formulations in Alzheimer's (AD) and Huntington's disease (HD) models of Drosophila melanogaster. Initial experiments looking for life-history parameters in wild-type larvae were carried out in three sets with hundred larvae in each set. These parameters were also studied in diseased models in four sets with eighty larvae in each set. Aβ plaques and polyQ aggregates were looked at with the help of immunostaining technique and images were captured using confocal microscopy. The results revealed that 0.25% concentration of both the formulations improve longevity in wild-type flies. Larval development and adult lifespan in Eye-GAL4>Aβ42 (AD) and GMR-GAL4>127Q (HD) larvae/flies reared on 0.25% & 0.50% DK and 0.25% & 1.00% SA improved substantially. Reduced Aβ plaques and polyQ aggregates indicate disease suppression. DK and SA enhanced longevity in Drosophila melanogaster. Suppression of disease aggregates suggests their potential utility in treating AD and HD. Further clinical and pharmaceutical studies are required to confirm these results, however, this is a workable model to test multi-herbal formulations of Ayurveda in the forms they are clinically used.
Keywords	Alzheimer disease ; Ayurvedic medicine ; Drosophila melanogaster ; adults ; alcohols ; confocal microscopy ; disease control ; health services ; larval development ; life history ; liquids ; longevity ; memory disorders ; models ; toxicity ; India ; Rasayana ; Alzheimer's ; Huntington's ; Neurodegeneration ; Ayurveda ; Dementia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-04
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	134511-4
ISSN	1872-7573 ; 0378-8741
ISSN (online)	1872-7573
ISSN	0378-8741
DOI	10.1016/j.jep.2022.116080
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Article ; Online: Effects of two Ayurvedic formulations, Dhanwantaram Kashaya and Saraswatarishta on life history parameters and toxic aggregates in Drosophila models of Huntington's and Alzheimer's disease.

Sharma, Swati / Singh, Girish / Patwardhan, Kishor

Journal of ethnopharmacology

2023 Volume 305, Page(s) 116080

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Ayurveda, the traditional healthcare system native to India, employs dosage forms containing multiple herbs in treating various clinical conditions. Dhanwantaram Kashaya (DK) and Saraswatarishta (SA) are two such ... ...

Abstract	Ethnopharmacological relevance: Ayurveda, the traditional healthcare system native to India, employs dosage forms containing multiple herbs in treating various clinical conditions. Dhanwantaram Kashaya (DK) and Saraswatarishta (SA) are two such formulations containing multiple herbs in varied proportions. Kashaya is a liquid decoction while Arishta is fermented liquid with permissible quantity of self-generated alcohol in it. Both the formulations have been reported to have clinical efficacy in age-related memory impairment. Other mental disorders having clinical presentations similar to psychoses are the other indications for these tested formulations. Aim of the study: The present study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of two Rasayana formulations i.e., DK and SA, used by clinicians in different neurodegenerative conditions. We tested these formulations in Alzheimer's (AD) and Huntington's disease (HD) models of Drosophila melanogaster. Materials and method: Initial experiments looking for life-history parameters in wild-type larvae were carried out in three sets with hundred larvae in each set. These parameters were also studied in diseased models in four sets with eighty larvae in each set. Aβ plaques and polyQ aggregates were looked at with the help of immunostaining technique and images were captured using confocal microscopy. Results: The results revealed that 0.25% concentration of both the formulations improve longevity in wild-type flies. Larval development and adult lifespan in Eye-GAL4>Aβ42 (AD) and GMR-GAL4>127Q (HD) larvae/flies reared on 0.25% & 0.50% DK and 0.25% & 1.00% SA improved substantially. Reduced Aβ plaques and polyQ aggregates indicate disease suppression. Conclusion: DK and SA enhanced longevity in Drosophila melanogaster. Suppression of disease aggregates suggests their potential utility in treating AD and HD. Further clinical and pharmaceutical studies are required to confirm these results, however, this is a workable model to test multi-herbal formulations of Ayurveda in the forms they are clinically used.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Drosophila ; Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Drosophila Proteins ; Plaque, Amyloid ; Disease Models, Animal
Chemical Substances	Drosophila Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-02
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	134511-4
ISSN	1872-7573 ; 0378-8741
ISSN (online)	1872-7573
ISSN	0378-8741
DOI	10.1016/j.jep.2022.116080
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Article ; Online: Overlooked contributions of Ayurveda literature to the history of physiology of digestion and metabolism.

Singh, Aparna / Agrawal, Sonam / Patwardhan, Kishor / Gehlot, Sangeeta

History and philosophy of the life sciences

2023 Volume 45, Issue 2, Page(s) 13

Abstract: Ayurveda is a traditional system of healthcare that is native to India and has a rich documented literature of its own. Most of the historians agree that the documentation of core Ayurveda literature took place approximately in between 400 BCE and 200 CE, ...

Abstract	Ayurveda is a traditional system of healthcare that is native to India and has a rich documented literature of its own. Most of the historians agree that the documentation of core Ayurveda literature took place approximately in between 400 BCE and 200 CE, while acknowledging that the roots of its theoretical framework can be traced back to a much earlier period. For multiple reasons many significant contributions of Ayurveda literature to various streams of biological and medical sciences have remained under-recognized while recounting the historical milestones of development. This is true in the context of the physiology of digestion and metabolism too. In this communication we try to reconstruct a picture of the processes of digestion and metabolism as had been understood by ancient Ayurveda scholars. Though this understanding was primitive and insufficient in many ways, we argue that this deserves to be documented and acknowledged. To help with grasping the importance of these contributions, we juxtapose them with the corresponding insights pertaining to this subject reported by prominent western scientists. The major contributions of Ayurveda that have been recounted in this paper are those related to the description of three distinct phases of digestion (Avasthapaka), multiple sets of transformative entities acting at different levels of metabolism (Agni), and the roles ascribed to various internal and external factors in executing these physiological functions.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Medicine, Ayurvedic ; India ; Physicians ; Digestion
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-22
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2094240-0
ISSN	1742-6316 ; 0391-9714
ISSN (online)	1742-6316
ISSN	0391-9714
DOI	10.1007/s40656-023-00559-6
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Article: Surgical practice and Ayurveda: A realistic analysis of the current debate.

Patwardhan, Kishor / Kumar, Manoj

Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine

2021 Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 195–197

Abstract: The recent notification issued by the Central Council of Indian Medicine making it compulsory for the postgraduate students of two streams of Ayurveda (Shalya Tantra and Shalakya Tantra) to be trained in different kinds of modern surgical procedures as a ...

Abstract	The recent notification issued by the Central Council of Indian Medicine making it compulsory for the postgraduate students of two streams of Ayurveda (Shalya Tantra and Shalakya Tantra) to be trained in different kinds of modern surgical procedures as a part of their curricula has led to a nation-wide debate. While practitioners from biomedical sciences are voicing their concerns against the decision, Ayurveda professionals are seen defending the same. In this article we try to look at this issue from a dispassionate and realistic point of view. We recount the historical milestones that paved way for the incorporation of the modern surgical practices in to Ayurveda curricula. Currently though there are many skilful Ayurveda surgeons who practice surgery in India, the standard of education in many Ayurveda colleges is very poor because of a low patient turn-out which is a matter of serious concern. We argue that, however, by citing these varying standards in education, imposing deliberate restrictions on Shalya-Shalakya students and not giving them access to treat patients too is unwarranted. Such a move can affect the research potential in these fields. We cite the history of the evolution of Kshara-Sutra therapy to justify our argument. Further, we delve into the issue of prospective and retrospective applicability of the said notification and suggest a few options that the Ministry of AYUSH may consider to resolve this issue. We conclude by saying that well-trained Ayurveda surgeons must be allowed to practice surgery, but at the same time, a blanket license to all Shalya-Shalakya postgraduate degree holders to practice surgery without ensuring their actual clinical training would be unreasonable.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	0975-9476
ISSN	0975-9476
DOI	10.1016/j.jaim.2020.12.008
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Article ; Online: Patterns of Physical Activity Among University Students and Their Perceptions About the Curricular Content Concerned With Health: Cross-sectional Study.

Verma, Arun Kumar / Singh, Girish / Patwardhan, Kishor

JMIRx med

2022 Volume 3, Issue 2, Page(s) e31521

Abstract: Background: University students are at risk of losing their focus on maintaining healthy levels of physical activity because of their engagements with curricular and cocurricular activities. In India, the physical activity levels of the adult population ...

Abstract	Background: University students are at risk of losing their focus on maintaining healthy levels of physical activity because of their engagements with curricular and cocurricular activities. In India, the physical activity levels of the adult population have been reported to be declining in the recent years. However, studies focusing on university students pertaining to their physical activity are lacking in the Indian context. Moreover, a question that has not been properly addressed is the following: "do the curricula in higher education promote physical activity?" Objective: Our paper aims at describing the physical activity levels of the students in a large public-funded central university located in northern India. The study also aims at capturing the student perceptions about the emphasis they receive on leading a physically active lifestyle during their routine curricular activities. Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study and uses International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Long Form to record physical activity among 4586 students. Stratified sampling method was used to enroll the students from each stream (faculty). Out of 30,667 students, about 15% were included from each faculty. The study was conducted between 2016 and 2019. To capture the student perceptions, we used a newly developed 5-item scale. Results: From a total of 4586 participants in the study, 2828 (61.7%) were male and 1758 (38.3%) were female students. The mean age of our sample was 22.34 (SD 3.12) years. Our results indicate that about 14.5% (n=666) of all students in the study fall under the "Inactive" category. Furthermore, the perception about the curricular content pertaining to physical activity varied widely between the students of different streams. Conclusions: Our sample reported a better physical activity pattern in comparison to the reported overall physical activity levels of the adult population of India. Our results also suggest that health-related topics are inadequately represented in many of the streams of higher education in the university.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-29
Publishing country	Canada
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2563-6316
ISSN (online)	2563-6316
DOI	10.2196/31521
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Article: Role of AYUSH doctors in rural healthcare: Authors' responses to critical comments.

Chandra, Shailaja / Patwardhan, Kishor

Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine

2019 Volume 10, Issue 2, Page(s) 154–155

Language	English
Publishing date	2019-05-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Letter
ISSN	0975-9476
ISSN	0975-9476
DOI	10.1016/j.jaim.2019.04.001
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