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  1. Article: Counties with Lower Insurance Coverage and Housing Problems Are Associated with Both Slower Vaccine Rollout and Higher COVID-19 Incidence.

    Donadio, Gregory / Choudhary, Mayank / Lindemer, Emily / Pawlowski, Colin / Soundararajan, Venky

    Vaccines

    2021  Volume 9, Issue 9

    Abstract: Equitable vaccination distribution is a priority for outcompeting the transmission of COVID-19. Here, the impact of demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental factors on county-level vaccination rates and COVID-19 incidence changes is assessed. In ... ...

    Abstract Equitable vaccination distribution is a priority for outcompeting the transmission of COVID-19. Here, the impact of demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental factors on county-level vaccination rates and COVID-19 incidence changes is assessed. In particular, using data from 3142 US counties with over 328 million individuals, correlations were computed between cumulative vaccination rate and change in COVID-19 incidence from 1 December 2020 to 6 June 2021, with 44 different demographic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. This correlation analysis was also performed using multivariate linear regression to adjust for age as a potential confounding variable. These correlation analyses demonstrated that counties with high levels of uninsured individuals have significantly lower COVID-19 vaccination rates (Spearman correlation: -0.460,
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-08-31
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2703319-3
    ISSN 2076-393X
    ISSN 2076-393X
    DOI 10.3390/vaccines9090973
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Counties with lower insurance coverage are associated with both slower vaccine rollout and higher COVID-19 incidence across the United States

    Lindemer, Emily / Choudhary, Mayank / Donadio, Gregory / Pawlowski, Colin / Soundararajan, Venky

    medRxiv

    Abstract: Efficient and equitable vaccination distribution is a priority for effectively outcompeting the transmission of COVID-19 globally. A recent study from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identified that US counties with high social ... ...

    Abstract Efficient and equitable vaccination distribution is a priority for effectively outcompeting the transmission of COVID-19 globally. A recent study from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identified that US counties with high social vulnerability according to metrics such as poverty, unemployment, low income, and no high school diploma, have significantly lower rates of vaccination compared to the national average1. Here, we build upon this analysis to consider associations between county-level vaccination rates and 68 different demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental factors for 1,510 American counties with over 228 million individuals for which vaccination data was also available. Our analysis reveals that counties with high levels of uninsured individuals have significantly lower COVID-19 vaccination rates (Spearman correlation: -0.264), despite the fact that the CDC has mandated that all COVID-19 vaccines are free and cannot be denied to anyone based upon health insurance coverage or immigration status. Furthermore, we find that the counties with high levels of uninsured individuals tend to have the highest COVID-19 incidence rates in March 2021 relative to December 2020 (Spearman correlation: 0.388). Among the 68 factors analyzed, insurance coverage is the only factor which is highly correlated with both vaccination rate and change in COVID-19 incidence during the vaccination period (|Spearman correlation| > 0.25). We also find that counties with higher percentages of Black and Hispanic individuals have significantly lower vaccination rates (Spearman correlations: -0.128, -0.136) and lesser declines of COVID-incidence rates (Spearman correlations: 0.334, 0.330) during the vaccination period. Surprisingly however, after controlling for race, we find that the association between lack of insurance coverage and vaccination rate as well as COVID-19 incidence rates is largely driven by counties with a majority white population. Among the counties with high proportions of white residents (top 10% decile), the association between insurance coverage and vaccination rate is significant (Spearman correlation: -0.210, p-value: 0.002), but among counties with low proportions of white residents (bottom 10% decile) this association is not significant (Spearman correlation: 0.072, p-value: 0.088). Taken together, this study highlights the fact that intricate socioeconomic factors are correlated not just to COVID-19 vaccination rates, but also to COVID-19 incidence fluctuations, underscoring the need to improve COVID-19 vaccination campaigns in marginalized communities. The strong positive correlation between low levels of health insurance coverage and low vaccination rates is particularly concerning, and calls for improved public health messaging to emphasize the fact that health insurance is not required to be eligible for any of the FDA-authorized COVID-19 vaccines in the United States.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-03-26
    Publisher Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.1101/2021.03.24.21254270
    Database COVID19

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  3. Article ; Online: Identifying signs and symptoms of AL amyloidosis in electronic health records using natural language processing, diagnosis codes, and manually abstracted registry data.

    Silvert, Eli / Hester, Laura / Ramudu, Eshwan / Pawlowski, Colin / Kranenburg, Britte / Buadi, Francis / Muchtar, Eli / Khaled, Samer / Tran, Namphuong / Soundararajan, Venky / Khan, Najat / Gertz, Morie / Dispenzieri, Angela

    American journal of hematology

    2023  Volume 98, Issue 9, Page(s) E255–E258

    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Electronic Health Records ; Natural Language Processing ; Immunoglobulin Light-chain Amyloidosis/diagnosis ; Routinely Collected Health Data ; Algorithms
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Letter ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 196767-8
    ISSN 1096-8652 ; 0361-8609
    ISSN (online) 1096-8652
    ISSN 0361-8609
    DOI 10.1002/ajh.27019
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Enoxaparin is associated with lower rates of mortality than unfractionated Heparin in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

    Pawlowski, Colin / Venkatakrishnan, A J / Kirkup, Christian / Berner, Gabriela / Puranik, Arjun / O'Horo, John C / Badley, Andrew D / Soundararajan, Venky

    EClinicalMedicine

    2021  Volume 33, Page(s) 100774

    Abstract: Background: Coagulopathies are a major class among COVID-19 associated complications. Although anticoagulants such as unfractionated Heparin and Enoxaparin are both being used for therapeutic mitigation of COVID associated coagulopathy (CAC), ... ...

    Abstract Background: Coagulopathies are a major class among COVID-19 associated complications. Although anticoagulants such as unfractionated Heparin and Enoxaparin are both being used for therapeutic mitigation of COVID associated coagulopathy (CAC), differences in their clinical outcomes remain to be investigated.
    Methods: We analyzed records of 1,113 patients in the Mayo Clinic Electronic Health Record (EHR) database who were admitted to the hospital for COVID-19 between April 4, 2020 and August 31, 2020, including 19 different Mayo Clinic sites in Arizona, Florida, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Among this patient population, we compared cohorts of patients who received different types of anticoagulants, including 441 patients who received unfractionated Heparin and 166 patients who received Enoxaparin. Clinical outcomes at 28 days were compared, and propensity score matching was used to control for potential confounding variables including: demographics, comorbidities, ICU status, chronic kidney disease stage, and oxygenation status. Patients with a history of acute kidney injury and patients who received multiple types of anticoagulants were excluded from the study.
    Findings: We find that COVID-19 patients administered unfractionated Heparin but not Enoxaparin have higher rates of 28-day mortality (risk ratio: 4.3; 95% Confidence Interval [C.I.].: [1.8, 10.2];
    Interpretation: This study emphasizes the need for mechanistically investigating differential modulation of the COVID-associated coagulation cascades by Enoxaparin versus unfractionated Heparin.
    Funding: This work was supported by Nference, inc.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-03-09
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2589-5370
    ISSN (online) 2589-5370
    DOI 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100774
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: COVID-associated pediatric hospitalization and ICU admission trends across a multi-state health system and the broader US population

    Pawlowski, Colin / Venkatakrishnan, AJ / OHoro, John C / Badley, Andrew D / Halamka, John / Soundararajan, Venky

    medRxiv

    Abstract: Public health concerns are emerging based on reports of new SARS-CoV-2 variant strains purportedly triggering a rise in COVID-associated hospitalizations and ICU admissions, particularly in younger patients and the pediatric population. However, ... ...

    Abstract Public health concerns are emerging based on reports of new SARS-CoV-2 variant strains purportedly triggering a rise in COVID-associated hospitalizations and ICU admissions, particularly in younger patients and the pediatric population. However, analyzing health records of COVID patients from the electronic health records (EHRs) of a multi-state US healthcare system, we find that there is actually a significant drop in COVID-associated hospitalization rates and ICU admission rates in March 2021 compared to February 2021. We further triangulate these EHR-derived insights with the official US government epidemiological data sets to show that during this same time period, there is no apparent nation-wide spike in pediatric hospitalizations. Our study motivates the need to develop a real-time system that integrates various COVID hospitalization and ICU monitoring efforts from the EHR databases of various health systems together with national epidemiological data sets. By infusing SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequencing data to flag potentially new or emergent viral strains, as well as county-level COVID vaccine rollout rates and shifts in SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity rates into such a real-time monitoring system, public health policies and media reporting can be more effectively informed through the rigor of holistic biomedical data sciences.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-05
    Publisher Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.1101/2021.04.02.21254593
    Database COVID19

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  6. Article ; Online: Expanding repertoire of SARS-CoV-2 deletion mutations contributes to evolution of highly transmissible variants.

    Venkatakrishnan, A J / Anand, Praveen / Lenehan, Patrick J / Ghosh, Pritha / Suratekar, Rohit / Silvert, Eli / Pawlowski, Colin / Siroha, Abhishek / Chowdhury, Dibyendu Roy / O'Horo, John C / Yao, Joseph D / Pritt, Bobbi S / Norgan, Andrew P / Hurt, Ryan T / Badley, Andrew D / Halamka, John / Soundararajan, Venky

    Scientific reports

    2023  Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 257

    Abstract: The emergence of highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants and vaccine breakthrough infections globally mandated the characterization of the immuno-evasive features of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we systematically analyzed 2.13 million SARS-CoV-2 genomes from 188 ... ...

    Abstract The emergence of highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants and vaccine breakthrough infections globally mandated the characterization of the immuno-evasive features of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we systematically analyzed 2.13 million SARS-CoV-2 genomes from 188 countries/territories (up to June 2021) and performed whole-genome viral sequencing from 102 COVID-19 patients, including 43 vaccine breakthrough infections. We identified 92 Spike protein mutations that increased in prevalence during at least one surge in SARS-CoV-2 test positivity in any country over a 3-month window. Deletions in the Spike protein N-terminal domain were highly enriched for these 'surge-associated mutations' (Odds Ratio = 14.19, 95% CI 6.15-32.75, p value = 3.41 × 10
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/genetics ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics ; Breakthrough Infections ; Mutation ; Sequence Deletion ; Vaccines
    Chemical Substances Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; Vaccines ; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-05
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-022-26646-5
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: SARS-CoV-2 and influenza coinfection throughout the COVID-19 pandemic: an assessment of coinfection rates, cohort characteristics, and clinical outcomes.

    Pawlowski, Colin / Silvert, Eli / O'Horo, John C / Lenehan, Patrick J / Challener, Doug / Gnass, Esteban / Murugadoss, Karthik / Ross, Jason / Speicher, Leigh / Geyer, Holly / Venkatakrishnan, A J / Badley, Andrew D / Soundararajan, Venky

    PNAS nexus

    2022  Volume 1, Issue 3, Page(s) pgac071

    Abstract: Case reports of patients infected with COVID-19 and influenza virus ("flurona") have raised questions around the prevalence and severity of coinfection. Using data ... ...

    Abstract Case reports of patients infected with COVID-19 and influenza virus ("flurona") have raised questions around the prevalence and severity of coinfection. Using data from
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-07-04
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2752-6542
    ISSN (online) 2752-6542
    DOI 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac071
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Durability analysis of the highly effective BNT162b2 vaccine against COVID-19.

    Puranik, Arjun / Lenehan, Patrick J / O'Horo, John C / Pawlowski, Colin / Niesen, Michiel J M / Virk, Abinash / Swift, Melanie D / Kremers, Walter / Venkatakrishnan, A J / Gordon, Joel E / Geyer, Holly L / Speicher, Leigh Lewis / Soundararajan, Venky / Badley, Andrew D

    PNAS nexus

    2022  Volume 1, Issue 3, Page(s) pgac082

    Abstract: COVID-19 vaccines are effective, but breakthrough infections have been increasingly reported. We conducted a test-negative case-control study to assess the durability of protection after full vaccination with BNT162b2 against polymerase chain reaction ( ... ...

    Abstract COVID-19 vaccines are effective, but breakthrough infections have been increasingly reported. We conducted a test-negative case-control study to assess the durability of protection after full vaccination with BNT162b2 against polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, in a national medical practice from January 2021 through January 2022. We fit conditional logistic regression (CLR) models stratified on residential county and calendar time of testing to assess the association between time elapsed since vaccination and the odds of symptomatic infection or non-COVID-19 hospitalization (negative control), adjusted for several covariates. There were 5,985 symptomatic individuals with a positive test after full vaccination with BNT162b2 (cases) and 32,728 negative tests contributed by 27,753 symptomatic individuals after full vaccination (controls). The adjusted odds of symptomatic infection were higher 250 days after full vaccination versus at the date of full vaccination (Odds Ratio [OR]: 3.62, 95% CI: 2.52 to 5.20). The odds of infection were still lower 285 days after the first BNT162b2 dose as compared to 4 days after the first dose (OR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.67), when immune protection approximates the unvaccinated status. Low rates of COVID-19 associated hospitalization or death in this cohort precluded analyses of these severe outcomes. The odds of non-COVID-19 associated hospitalization (negative control) decreased with time since vaccination, suggesting a possible underestimation of waning protection by this approach due to confounding factors. In summary, BNT162b2 strongly protected against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection for at least 8 months after full vaccination, but the degree of protection waned significantly over this period.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2752-6542
    ISSN (online) 2752-6542
    DOI 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac082
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Surveillance of Safety of 3 Doses of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination Using Electronic Health Records.

    Niesen, Michiel J M / Pawlowski, Colin / O'Horo, John C / Challener, Doug W / Silvert, Eli / Donadio, Greg / Lenehan, Patrick J / Virk, Abinash / Swift, Melanie D / Speicher, Leigh L / Gordon, Joel E / Geyer, Holly L / Halamka, John D / Venkatakrishnan, A J / Soundararajan, Venky / Badley, Andrew D

    JAMA network open

    2022  Volume 5, Issue 4, Page(s) e227038

    Abstract: Importance: Recent reports on waning of COVID-19 vaccine-induced immunity have led to the approval and rollout of additional doses and booster vaccinations. Individuals at increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection are receiving additional vaccine doses in ... ...

    Abstract Importance: Recent reports on waning of COVID-19 vaccine-induced immunity have led to the approval and rollout of additional doses and booster vaccinations. Individuals at increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection are receiving additional vaccine doses in addition to the regimen that was tested in clinical trials. Risks and adverse event profiles associated with additional vaccine doses are currently not well understood.
    Objective: To evaluate the safety of third-dose vaccination with US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved COVID-19 mRNA vaccines.
    Design, setting, and participants: This cohort study was conducted using electronic health record (EHR) data from December 2020 to October 2021 from the multistate Mayo Clinic Enterprise. Participants included all 47 999 individuals receiving 3-dose COVID-19 mRNA vaccines within the study setting who met study inclusion criteria. Participants were divided into 2 cohorts by vaccine brand administered and served as their own control groups, with no comparison made between cohorts. Data were analyzed from September through November 2021.
    Exposures: Three doses of an FDA-authorized COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273.
    Main outcomes and measures: Vaccine-associated adverse events were assessed via EHR report. Adverse event risk was quantified using the percentage of study participants who reported the adverse event within 14 days after each vaccine dose and during a 14-day control period, immediately preceding the first vaccine dose.
    Results: Among 47 999 individuals who received 3-dose COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, 38 094 individuals (21 835 [57.3%] women; median [IQR] age, 67.4 [52.5-76.5] years) received BNT162b2 (79.4%) and 9905 individuals (5099 [51.5%] women; median [IQR] age, 67.7 [59.5-73.9] years) received mRNA-1273 (20.6%). Reporting of severe adverse events remained low after the third vaccine dose, with rates of pericarditis (0.01%; 95% CI, 0%-0.02%), anaphylaxis (0%; 95% CI, 0%-0.01%), myocarditis (0%; 95% CI, 0%-0.01%), and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (no individuals) consistent with results from earlier studies. Significantly more individuals reported low-severity adverse events after the third dose compared with after the second dose, including fatigue (2360 individuals [4.92%] vs 1665 individuals [3.47%]; P < .001), lymphadenopathy (1387 individuals [2.89%] vs 995 individuals [2.07%]; P < .001), nausea (1259 individuals [2.62%] vs 979 individuals [2.04%]; P < .001), headache (1185 individuals [2.47%] vs 992 individuals [2.07%]; P < .001), arthralgia (1019 individuals [2.12%] vs 816 individuals [1.70%]; P < .001), myalgia (956 individuals [1.99%] vs 784 individuals [1.63%]; P < .001), diarrhea (817 individuals [1.70%] vs 595 individuals [1.24%]; P < .001), fever (533 individuals [1.11%] vs 391 individuals [0.81%]; P < .001), vomiting (528 individuals [1.10%] vs 385 individuals [0.80%]; P < .001), and chills (224 individuals [0.47%] vs 175 individuals [0.36%]; P = .01).
    Conclusions and relevance: This study found that although third-dose vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with increased reporting of low-severity adverse events, risk of severe adverse events remained comparable with risk associated with the standard 2-dose regime. These findings suggest the safety of third vaccination doses in individuals who were eligible for booster vaccination at the time of this study.
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; BNT162 Vaccine ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects ; Cohort Studies ; Electronic Health Records ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; RNA, Messenger ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccination/adverse effects ; Vaccines, Synthetic ; mRNA Vaccines
    Chemical Substances COVID-19 Vaccines ; RNA, Messenger ; Vaccines, Synthetic ; mRNA Vaccines ; BNT162 Vaccine (N38TVC63NU)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2574-3805
    ISSN (online) 2574-3805
    DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.7038
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Durability analysis of the highly effective mRNA-1273 vaccine against COVID-19.

    Puranik, Arjun / Lenehan, Patrick J / O'Horo, John C / Pawlowski, Colin / Virk, Abinash / Swift, Melanie D / Kremers, Walter / Venkatakrishnan, A J / Challener, Doug W / Breeher, Laura / Gordon, Joel E / Geyer, Holly L / Speicher, Leigh Lewis / Soundararajan, Venky / Badley, Andrew D

    PNAS nexus

    2022  Volume 1, Issue 2, Page(s) pgac058

    Abstract: COVID-19 vaccines are effective, but breakthrough infections have been increasingly reported. We conducted a test-negative case-control study to assess the durability of protection against symptomatic infection after vaccination with mRNA-1273. We fit ... ...

    Abstract COVID-19 vaccines are effective, but breakthrough infections have been increasingly reported. We conducted a test-negative case-control study to assess the durability of protection against symptomatic infection after vaccination with mRNA-1273. We fit conditional logistic regression (CLR) models stratified on residential county and calendar date of SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing to assess the association between the time elapsed since vaccination and the odds of symptomatic infection, adjusted for several covariates. There were 2,364 symptomatic individuals who had a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test after full vaccination with mRNA-1273 ("cases") and 12,949 symptomatic individuals who contributed 15,087 negative tests after full vaccination ("controls"). The odds of symptomatic infection were significantly higher 250 days after full vaccination compared to the date of full vaccination (Odds Ratio [OR]: 2.47, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19-5.13). The odds of non-COVID-19 associated hospitalization and non-COVID-19 pneumonia (negative control outcomes) remained relatively stable over the same time interval (Day 250 OR
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-20
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2752-6542
    ISSN (online) 2752-6542
    DOI 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac058
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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