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Article ; Online: T cell immune memory after covid-19 and vaccination.

Wang, Lulu / Nicols, Alex / Turtle, Lance / Richter, Alex / Duncan, Christopher Ja / Dunachie, Susanna J / Klenerman, Paul / Payne, Rebecca P

BMJ medicine

2023 Volume 2, Issue 1, Page(s) e000468

Abstract: The T cell memory response is a crucial component of adaptive immunity responsible for limiting or preventing viral reinfection. T cell memory after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or vaccination is broad, and spans multiple viral proteins and ... ...

Abstract	The T cell memory response is a crucial component of adaptive immunity responsible for limiting or preventing viral reinfection. T cell memory after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or vaccination is broad, and spans multiple viral proteins and epitopes, about 20 in each individual. So far the T cell memory response is long lasting and provides a high level of cross reactivity and hence resistance to viral escape by variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, such as the omicron variant. All current vaccine regimens tested produce robust T cell memory responses, and heterologous regimens will probably enhance protective responses through increased breadth. T cell memory could have a major role in protecting against severe covid-19 disease through rapid viral clearance and early presentation of epitopes, and the presence of cross reactive T cells might enhance this protection. T cell memory is likely to provide ongoing protection against admission to hospital and death, and the development of a pan-coronovirus vaccine might future proof against new pandemic strains.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2754-0413
ISSN (online)	2754-0413
DOI	10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000468
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Article ; Online: SARS-CoV-2-Specific T Cell Responses Are Not Associated with Protection against Reinfection in Hemodialysis Patients.

Shankar, Sushma / Beckett, Joseph / Tipton, Tom / Ogbe, Ane / Kasanyinga, Mwila / Dold, Christina / Lumley, Sheila / Dengu, Fungai / Rompianesi, Gianluca / Elgilani, Faysal / Longet, Stephanie / Deeks, Alexandra / Payne, Rebecca P / Duncan, Christopher J A / Richter, Alex / de Silva, Thushan I / Turtle, Lance / Bull, Katherine / Barnardo, Martin /

Friend, Peter J / Dunachie, Susanna J / Hester, Joanna / Issa, Fadi / Barnes, Eleanor / Carroll, Miles W / Klenerman, Paul

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN

2022 Volume 33, Issue 5, Page(s) 883–887

MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; Humans ; Reinfection ; Renal Dialysis ; SARS-CoV-2 ; T-Lymphocytes
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-31
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Letter ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1085942-1
ISSN	1533-3450 ; 1046-6673
ISSN (online)	1533-3450
ISSN	1046-6673
DOI	10.1681/ASN.2021121587
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Article ; Online: CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and antibodies are associated with protection against Delta vaccine breakthrough infection: a nested case-control study within the PITCH study.

Neale, Isabel / Ali, Mohammad / Kronsteiner, Barbara / Longet, Stephanie / Abraham, Priyanka / Deeks, Alexandra S / Brown, Anthony / Moore, Shona C / Stafford, Lizzie / Dobson, Susan L / Plowright, Megan / Newman, Thomas A H / Wu, Mary Y / Carr, Edward J / Beale, Rupert / Otter, Ashley D / Hopkins, Susan / Hall, Victoria / Tomic, Adriana /

Payne, Rebecca P / Barnes, Eleanor / Richter, Alex / Duncan, Christopher J A / Turtle, Lance / de Silva, Thushan I / Carroll, Miles / Lambe, Teresa / Klenerman, Paul / Dunachie, Susanna

mBio

2023 Volume 14, Issue 5, Page(s) e0121223

Abstract: Importance: Defining correlates of protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine breakthrough infection informs vaccine policy for booster doses and future vaccine designs. Existing studies demonstrate humoral ... ...

Abstract	Importance: Defining correlates of protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine breakthrough infection informs vaccine policy for booster doses and future vaccine designs. Existing studies demonstrate humoral correlates of protection, but the role of T cells in protection is still unclear. In this study, we explore antibody and T cell immune responses associated with protection against Delta variant vaccine breakthrough infection in a well-characterized cohort of UK Healthcare Workers (HCWs). We demonstrate evidence to support a role for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as antibodies against Delta vaccine breakthrough infection. In addition, our results suggest a potential role for cross-reactive T cells in vaccine breakthrough.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Case-Control Studies ; Breakthrough Infections ; Antibodies ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccines ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; Antibodies, Viral ; Antibodies, Neutralizing
Chemical Substances	Antibodies ; Vaccines ; Antibodies, Viral ; Antibodies, Neutralizing
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2557172-2
ISSN	2150-7511 ; 2161-2129
ISSN (online)	2150-7511
ISSN	2161-2129
DOI	10.1128/mbio.01212-23
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Book ; Online: Large-scale inference of correlation among mixed-type biological traits with phylogenetic multivariate probit models

Zhang, Zhenyu / Nishimura, Akihiko / Bastide, Paul / Ji, Xiang / Payne, Rebecca P. / Goulder, Philip / Lemey, Philippe / Suchard, Marc A.

2019

Abstract: Inferring concerted changes among biological traits along an evolutionary history remains an important yet challenging problem. Besides adjusting for spurious correlation induced from the shared history, the task also requires sufficient flexibility and ... ...

Abstract	Inferring concerted changes among biological traits along an evolutionary history remains an important yet challenging problem. Besides adjusting for spurious correlation induced from the shared history, the task also requires sufficient flexibility and computational efficiency to incorporate multiple continuous and discrete traits as data size increases. To accomplish this, we jointly model mixed-type traits by assuming latent parameters for binary outcome dimensions at the tips of an unknown tree informed by molecular sequences. This gives rise to a phylogenetic multivariate probit model. With large sample sizes, posterior computation under this model is problematic, as it requires repeated sampling from a high-dimensional truncated normal distribution. Current best practices employ multiple-try rejection sampling that suffers from slow-mixing and a computational cost that scales quadratically in sample size. We develop a new inference approach that exploits 1) the bouncy particle sampler based on piecewise deterministic Markov processes and 2) novel dynamic programming that reduces the cost of likelihood and gradient evaluations to linear in sample size. In an application with 535 HIV viruses and 24 traits that necessitates sampling from a 12,840-dimensional truncated normal, our method makes it possible to estimate the across-trait correlation and detect factors that affect the pathogen's capacity to cause disease. This inference framework is also applicable to a broader class of covariance structures beyond comparative biology. Comment: 24 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables
Keywords	Statistics - Methodology ; Quantitative Biology - Populations and Evolution ; Statistics - Computation
Subject code	310
Publishing date	2019-12-19
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
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Article ; Online: T-replete HLA-matched grafts vs T-depleted HLA-mismatched grafts in inborn errors of immunity.

Blood advances

2021 Volume 6, Issue 4, Page(s) 1319–1328

Abstract: Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) has become standard-of-care for an increasing number of inborn errors of immunity (IEI). This report is the first to compare transplant outcomes according to T-cell-replete (ie, T-replete) HLA-matched grafts using ...

Abstract	Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) has become standard-of-care for an increasing number of inborn errors of immunity (IEI). This report is the first to compare transplant outcomes according to T-cell-replete (ie, T-replete) HLA-matched grafts using alemtuzumab (n = 117) and T-cell-depleted (ie, T-depleted) HLA-mismatched grafts using T-cell receptor-αβ (TCRαβ)/CD19 depletion (n = 47) in children with IEI who underwent first HCT between 2014 and 2019. All patients received treosulfan-based conditioning except patients with DNA repair disorders. For T-replete grafts, the stem cell source was marrow in 25 (21%) patients, peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) in 85 (73%), and cord blood in 7 (6%). TCRαβ/CD19 depletion was performed on PBSCs from 45 haploidentical parental donors and 2 mismatched unrelated donors. The 3-year overall survival (OS) and event-free survival for the entire cohort were 85% (77%-90%) and 79% (69%-86%), respectively. Analysis according to age at transplant revealed a comparable 3-year OS between T-replete grafts (88%; 76%-94%) and T-depleted grafts (87%; 64%-96%) in younger patients (aged <5 years at HCT). For older patients (aged >5 years), the OS was significantly lower in T-depleted grafts (55%; 23%-78%) compared with T-replete grafts (87%; 68%-95%) (P = .03). Grade III to IV acute graft-versus-host disease was observed in 8% of T-replete marrow, 7% of T-replete PBSC, 14% of T-replete cord blood, and 2% of T-depleted PBSC (P = .73). Higher incidence of viremia (P < .001) and delayed CD3 reconstitution (P = .003) were observed after T-depleted graft HCT. These data indicate that mismatched donor transplant after TCRαβ/CD19 depletion represents an excellent alternative for younger children with IEI in need of an allograft.
MeSH term(s)	Antigens, CD19 ; Child ; Graft vs Host Disease/etiology ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/adverse effects ; Humans ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta ; Transplantation, Homologous/adverse effects ; Unrelated Donors
Chemical Substances	Antigens, CD19 ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2915908-8
ISSN	2473-9537 ; 2473-9529
ISSN (online)	2473-9537
ISSN	2473-9529
DOI	10.1182/bloodadvances.2020004072
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Article ; Online: Omicron infection following vaccination enhances a broad spectrum of immune responses dependent on infection history.

Hornsby, Hailey / Nicols, Alexander R / Longet, Stephanie / Liu, Chang / Tomic, Adriana / Angyal, Adrienn / Kronsteiner, Barbara / Tyerman, Jessica K / Tipton, Tom / Zhang, Peijun / Gallis, Marta / Supasa, Piyada / Selvaraj, Muneeswaran / Abraham, Priyanka / Neale, Isabel / Ali, Mohammad / Barratt, Natalie A / Nell, Jeremy M / Gustafsson, Lotta /

Nature communications

2023 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 5065

Abstract: Pronounced immune escape by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has resulted in many individuals possessing hybrid immunity, generated through a combination of vaccination and infection. Concerns have been raised that omicron breakthrough infections in triple- ...

Abstract	Pronounced immune escape by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has resulted in many individuals possessing hybrid immunity, generated through a combination of vaccination and infection. Concerns have been raised that omicron breakthrough infections in triple-vaccinated individuals result in poor induction of omicron-specific immunity, and that prior SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with immune dampening. Taking a broad and comprehensive approach, we characterize mucosal and blood immunity to spike and non-spike antigens following BA.1/BA.2 infections in triple mRNA-vaccinated individuals, with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. We find that most individuals increase BA.1/BA.2/BA.5-specific neutralizing antibodies following infection, but confirm that the magnitude of increase and post-omicron titres are higher in the infection-naive. In contrast, significant increases in nasal responses, including neutralizing activity against BA.5 spike, are seen regardless of infection history. Spike-specific T cells increase only in infection-naive vaccinees; however, post-omicron T cell responses are significantly higher in the previously-infected, who display a maximally induced response with a highly cytotoxic CD8+ phenotype following their 3
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19/immunology ; COVID-19/virology ; SARS-CoV-2/classification ; COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Immunity ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Immunoglobulin A ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Immunity, Mucosal ; Male ; Female ; Adult
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines ; Antibodies, Viral ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Immunoglobulin A ; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2553671-0
ISSN	2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
ISSN	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/s41467-023-40592-4
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Article ; Online: CD4+ and CD8+ T cell and antibody correlates of protection against Delta vaccine breakthrough infection: A nested case-control study within the PITCH study

Neale, Isabel / Ali, Mohammad / Kronsteiner, Barbara / Longet, Stephanie / Abraham, Priyanka / Deeks, Alexandra S / Brown, Anthony / Moore, Shona C / Stafford, Lizzie / Dobson, Susan L / Plowright, Megan / Newman, Thomas A H / Wu, Mary Y / Crick COVID Immunity Pipeline / Carr, Edward J / Beale, Rupert / Otter, Ashley D / Hopkins, Susan / Hall, Victoria /

Tomic, Adriana / Payne, Rebecca P / Barnes, Eleanor / Richter, Alex / Duncan, Christopher J A / Turtle, Lance / de Silva, Thushan I / Carroll, Miles / Lambe, Teresa / Klenerman, Paul / Dunachie, Susanna / PITCH Consortium

medRxiv

Abstract: T cell correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination (9vaccine breakthrough9) are incompletely defined, especially the specific contributions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. We studied 279 volunteers in the Protective Immunity from T ... ...

Abstract	T cell correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination (9vaccine breakthrough9) are incompletely defined, especially the specific contributions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. We studied 279 volunteers in the Protective Immunity from T Cells in Healthcare Workers (PITCH) UK study, including 32 cases (with SARS-CoV-2 positive testing after two vaccine doses during the Delta-dominant era) and 247 controls (no positive test nor anti-nucleocapsid seroconversion during this period). 28 days after second vaccination, before all breakthroughs occurred, cases had lower ancestral S- and RBD-specific immunoglobulin G titres and S1- and S2-specific T cell interferon gamma (IFNγ) responses compared with controls. In a subset of matched cases and controls, cases had lower CD4+ and CD8+ IFNγ and tumour necrosis factor responses to Delta S peptides with reduced CD8+ responses to Delta versus ancestral peptides compared with controls. Our findings support a protective role for T cells against Delta breakthrough infection.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-17
Publisher	Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.1101/2023.02.16.23285748
Database	COVID19

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Article: HLA-mediated control of HIV and HIV adaptation to HLA.

Payne, Rebecca P / Matthews, Philippa C / Prado, Julia G / Goulder, Philip J R

Advances in parasitology

2009 Volume 68, Page(s) 1–20

Abstract: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic provides a rare opportunity to examine in detail the initial stages of a host-pathogen co-evolutionary struggle in humans. The genes encoding the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules have a ... ...

Abstract	The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic provides a rare opportunity to examine in detail the initial stages of a host-pathogen co-evolutionary struggle in humans. The genes encoding the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules have a critical influence in the success or failure of the immune response against HIV. The particular HLA class I molecules expressed by each individual defines the type of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response that is made against the virus. This chapter describes the role of HLA class I and the CTL response in controlling HIV replication, and discusses the extent to which HIV has already adapted to those HLA class I molecules and CTL responses that are most effective in viral suppression. It is evident that viral mutations that enable HIV to evade the CTL response are indeed already accumulating in populations where the selecting HLA molecules are highly prevalent, indicating the dynamic and shifting nature of the evolutionary interplay between HIV and human populations.
MeSH term(s)	Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Biological Evolution ; HIV Infections/immunology ; HIV Infections/virology ; HIV-1/genetics ; HIV-1/physiology ; HLA Antigens/genetics ; HLA Antigens/immunology ; Humans ; Protein Footprinting ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/physiology ; Viremia ; gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/metabolism
Chemical Substances	HLA Antigens ; gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-03-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	165-x
ISSN	0065-308X
ISSN	0065-308X
DOI	10.1016/S0065-308X(08)00601-5
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Article ; Online: Evolution of long-term vaccine-induced and hybrid immunity in healthcare workers after different COVID-19 vaccine regimens.

Moore, Shona C / Kronsteiner, Barbara / Longet, Stephanie / Adele, Sandra / Deeks, Alexandra S / Liu, Chang / Dejnirattisai, Wanwisa / Reyes, Laura Silva / Meardon, Naomi / Faustini, Sian / Al-Taei, Saly / Tipton, Tom / Hering, Luisa M / Angyal, Adrienn / Brown, Rebecca / Nicols, Alexander R / Dobson, Susan L / Supasa, Piyada / Tuekprakhon, Aekkachai /

Cross, Andrew / Tyerman, Jessica K / Hornsby, Hailey / Grouneva, Irina / Plowright, Megan / Zhang, Peijun / Newman, Thomas A H / Nell, Jeremy M / Abraham, Priyanka / Ali, Mohammad / Malone, Tom / Neale, Isabel / Phillips, Eloise / Wilson, Joseph D / Murray, Sam M / Zewdie, Martha / Shields, Adrian / Horner, Emily C / Booth, Lucy H / Stafford, Lizzie / Bibi, Sagida / Wootton, Daniel G / Mentzer, Alexander J / Conlon, Christopher P / Jeffery, Katie / Matthews, Philippa C / Pollard, Andrew J / Brown, Anthony / Rowland-Jones, Sarah L / Mongkolsapaya, Juthathip / Payne, Rebecca P / Dold, Christina / Lambe, Teresa / Thaventhiran, James E D / Screaton, Gavin / Barnes, Eleanor / Hopkins, Susan / Hall, Victoria / Duncan, Christopher J A / Richter, Alex / Carroll, Miles / de Silva, Thushan I / Klenerman, Paul / Dunachie, Susanna / Turtle, Lance

Med (New York, N.Y.)

2023 Volume 4, Issue 3, Page(s) 191–215.e9

Abstract: Background: Both infection and vaccination, alone or in combination, generate antibody and T cell responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, the maintenance of such responses-and hence protection from ... ...

Abstract	Background: Both infection and vaccination, alone or in combination, generate antibody and T cell responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, the maintenance of such responses-and hence protection from disease-requires careful characterization. In a large prospective study of UK healthcare workers (HCWs) (Protective Immunity from T Cells in Healthcare Workers [PITCH], within the larger SARS-CoV-2 Immunity and Reinfection Evaluation [SIREN] study), we previously observed that prior infection strongly affected subsequent cellular and humoral immunity induced after long and short dosing intervals of BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) vaccination. Methods: Here, we report longer follow-up of 684 HCWs in this cohort over 6-9 months following two doses of BNT162b2 or AZD1222 (Oxford/AstraZeneca) vaccination and up to 6 months following a subsequent mRNA booster vaccination. Findings: We make three observations: first, the dynamics of humoral and cellular responses differ; binding and neutralizing antibodies declined, whereas T and memory B cell responses were maintained after the second vaccine dose. Second, vaccine boosting restored immunoglobulin (Ig) G levels; broadened neutralizing activity against variants of concern, including Omicron BA.1, BA.2, and BA.5; and boosted T cell responses above the 6-month level after dose 2. Third, prior infection maintained its impact driving larger and broader T cell responses compared with never-infected people, a feature maintained until 6 months after the third dose. Conclusions: Broadly cross-reactive T cell responses are well maintained over time-especially in those with combined vaccine and infection-induced immunity ("hybrid" immunity)-and may contribute to continued protection against severe disease. Funding: Department for Health and Social Care, Medical Research Council.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; BNT162 Vaccine ; ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 ; Prospective Studies ; COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccines ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Health Personnel ; Immunity, Humoral
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines ; BNT162 Vaccine ; ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (B5S3K2V0G8) ; Vaccines ; Antibodies, Neutralizing
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ISSN	2666-6340
ISSN (online)	2666-6340
DOI	10.1016/j.medj.2023.02.004
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Article ; Online: Omicron BA.1/BA.2 infections in triple-vaccinated individuals enhance a diverse repertoire of mucosal and blood immune responses

Hornsby, Hailey / Nicols, Alexander R / Longet, Stephanie / Liu, Chang / Tomic, Adriana / Angyal, Adrienn / Kronsteiner, Barbara / Tyerman, Jessica K / Tipton, Tom / Zhang, Peijun / Gallis Ramalho, Marta / Supasa, Piyada / Selvaraj, Muneeswaran / Abraham, Priyanka / Neale, Isabel / Ali, Mohammad / Barratt, Natalie A / Nell, Jeremy M / Gustafsson, Lotta /

Strickland, Scarlett / Grouneva, Irina / Rostron, Timothy / Moore, Shona C / Hering, Luisa M / Dobson, Susan L / Bibi, Sagida / Mongkolsapaya, Juthathip / Lambe, Teresa / Wootton, Daniel / Hall, Victoria / Hopkins, Susan / Dong, Tao / Barnes, Eleanor / Screaton, Gavin / Richter, Alex / Turtle, Lance / Rowland-Jones, Sarah L / Carroll, Miles / Duncan, Christopher J A / Klenerman, Paul / Dunachie, Susanna J / Payne, Rebecca P / de Silva, Thushan I / The PITCH consortium

medRxiv

Abstract: Pronounced immune escape by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has resulted in large numbers of individuals with hybrid immunity, generated through a combination of vaccination and infection. Based primarily on circulating neutralizing antibody (NAb) data, ... ...

Abstract	Pronounced immune escape by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has resulted in large numbers of individuals with hybrid immunity, generated through a combination of vaccination and infection. Based primarily on circulating neutralizing antibody (NAb) data, concerns have been raised that omicron breakthrough infections in triple-vaccinated individuals result in poor induction of omicron-specific immunity, and that a history of prior SARS-CoV-2 in particular is associated with profound immune dampening. Taking a broader and comprehensive approach, we characterized mucosal and blood immunity to both spike and non-spike antigens following BA.1/BA.2 infections in triple mRNA-vaccinated individuals, with and without a history of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. We find that the majority of individuals increase BA.1/BA.2/BA.5-specific NAb following infection, but confirm that the magnitude of increase and post-omicron titres are indeed higher in those who were infection-naive. In contrast, significant increases in nasal antibody responses are seen regardless of prior infection history, including neutralizing activity against BA.5 spike. Spike-specific T cells increase only in infection-naive vaccinees; however, post-omicron T cell responses are still significantly higher in previously-infected individuals, who appear to have maximally induced responses with a CD8+ phenotype of high cytotoxic potential after their 3rd mRNA vaccine dose. Antibody and T cell responses to non-spike antigens also increase significantly regardless of prior infection status, with a boost seen in previously-infected individuals to immunity primed by their first infection. These findings suggest that hybrid immunity induced by omicron breakthrough infections is highly dynamic, complex, and compartmentalised, with significant immune enhancement that can help protect against COVID-19 caused by future omicron variants.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-29
Publisher	Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.1101/2023.01.28.23285084
Database	COVID19

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