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Article ; Online: Olive shrub buried on Therasia supports a mid-16th century BCE date for the Thera eruption.

Pearson, Charlotte / Sbonias, Kostas / Tzachili, Iris / Heaton, Timothy J

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 6994

Abstract: The precise date of the 2nd millennium BCE ("Minoan") eruption of Thera (Santorini) has long been a focus of controversy due to a discrepancy between archaeological and radiocarbon-based dating of materials from stratigraphic layers above and below ... ...

Abstract	The precise date of the 2nd millennium BCE ("Minoan") eruption of Thera (Santorini) has long been a focus of controversy due to a discrepancy between archaeological and radiocarbon-based dating of materials from stratigraphic layers above and below tsunami, ash and pumice deposits resulting from the eruption. A critical, though controversial, piece of evidence has been four segments of a radiocarbon-dated olive tree branch, buried on Thera during the eruption. Here we report new radiocarbon evidence from an olive shrub found carbonized by the same eruption deposits on neighboring Therasia (Santorini). The Therasia olive shrub dates slightly younger than the previous olive branch. Calibrated results and growth increment counts indicate increased probabilities for a mid-16th century BCE date for the eruption, overlapping with multiple volcanic sulfate markers from ice core records.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-33696-w
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Epistemic sabotage: The production and disqualification of evidence in disability benefit claims.

Porter, Tom / Watson, Nicholas / Pearson, Charlotte

Sociology of health & illness

2022 Volume 45, Issue 6, Page(s) 1164–1186

Abstract: Disability benefits function by demarcating categories of need (the administrative category of disability) and determine eligibility using assessments of functioning. In the UK, these assessments are the Work Capability Assessment and PIP assessment. ... ...

Abstract	Disability benefits function by demarcating categories of need (the administrative category of disability) and determine eligibility using assessments of functioning. In the UK, these assessments are the Work Capability Assessment and PIP assessment. Inherently technical and abstruse processes, these assessments have been opportune sites for welfare reform in recent years. Disability benefits have also been a central point of contention between disability studies and sociology. Sociology has traditionally favoured an 'incomes approach' and called for more adequate financial support from the state. Early figures in the disabled people's movement rejected this position, and aligned with an oppression paradigm, argued for a more radical economic and social inclusion. We contend that this divide, set out in the Fundamental Principles of Disability, remains relevant for researching welfare reform today. This article treats benefits assessments as epistemic practices-interactional processes wherein claimants, their personal health professionals and commercial assessment providers come together in the production of knowledge about disability. Data include 50 in-depth interviews with benefit claimants and a discourse analysis of official texts directed at claimants, personal health professionals and commercial assessment providers. We outline a phenomenon we term 'epistemic sabotage', whereby the knowledge claims of claimants and their health professionals are systemically disqualified.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Disabled Persons ; Mental Disorders ; Health Personnel
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	795552-2
ISSN	1467-9566 ; 0141-9889
ISSN (online)	1467-9566
ISSN	0141-9889
DOI	10.1111/1467-9566.13593
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Article ; Online: Implementing health and social care integration in Scotland: Renegotiating new partnerships in changing cultures of care.

Pearson, Charlotte / Watson, Nick

Health & social care in the community

2018 Volume 26, Issue 3, Page(s) e396–e403

Abstract: Health and social care integration has been a long-term goal for successive governments in Scotland, culminating in the implementation of the recent Public Bodies (Joint Working) Scotland Act 2014. This laid down the foundations for the delegation of ... ...

Abstract	Health and social care integration has been a long-term goal for successive governments in Scotland, culminating in the implementation of the recent Public Bodies (Joint Working) Scotland Act 2014. This laid down the foundations for the delegation of health and social care functions and resources to newly formed Integrated Joint Boards. It put in place demands for new ways of working and partnership planning. In this article, we explore the early implementation of this Act and how health and social care professionals and the third sector have begun to renegotiate their roles. The paper draws on new empirical data collated through focus groups and interviews with over 70 professionals from across Scotland. The data are explored through the following key themes: changing cultures, structural imbalance, governance and partnership and the role of individuals or "boundary spanners" in implementing change. We also draw on evidence from other international systems of care, which have implemented integration policies, documenting what works and what does not. We argue that under the current framework much of the potential for integration is not being fulfilled and that the evidence suggests that at this early stage of roll-out, the structural and cultural policy changes that are required to enable this policy shift have not yet emerged. Rather, integration has been left to individual innovators or "boundary spanners" and these are acting as key drivers of change. Where change is occurring, this is happening despite the system. As it is currently structured, we argue that too much power is in the hands of health and despite the rhetoric of partnership working, there are real structural imbalances that need to be reconciled.
MeSH term(s)	Cooperative Behavior ; Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration ; Humans ; Organizational Culture ; Scotland ; Social Work/organization & administration ; Systems Integration
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-01-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1155902-0
ISSN	1365-2524 ; 0966-0410
ISSN (online)	1365-2524
ISSN	0966-0410
DOI	10.1111/hsc.12537
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Book ; Online: Research data supporting "Comparing the Fit of N95, KN95, Surgical, and Cloth Face Masks; Assessing the Accuracy of Fit Checking"

O'Kelly, Eugenia / Pearson, Charlotte

2020

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has made well-fitting face masks a critical piece of protective equipment for healthcare workers and civilians. While the importance of wearing face masks has been acknowledged, there remains a lack of understanding about the role ... ...

Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic has made well-fitting face masks a critical piece of protective equipment for healthcare workers and civilians. While the importance of wearing face masks has been acknowledged, there remains a lack of understanding about the role of good fit in rendering protective equipment useful. In addition, supply chain constraints have caused some organizations to abandon traditional quantitative or qualitative fit testing, and instead, have implemented subjective fit checking. Our study seeks to quantitatively evaluate the level of fit offered by various types of masks, and most importantly, assess the accuracy of implementing fit checks by comparing fit check results to quantitative fit testing results. To do so, seven participants first evaluated N95 and KN95 masks by performing a fit check. Participants then underwent quantitative fit testing wearing five N95 masks, a KN95 mask, a surgical mask, and fabric masks. Data collected in June and July 2020.
Keywords	COVID-19 ; Face Mask ; Protective equipment ; covid19
Publishing date	2020-08-19T08:19:18Z
Publishing country	uk
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Data in support of "Improving Fabric Face Masks

O'Kelly, Eugenia / Pearson, Charlotte

Design Elements and their Impact on the Protection offered by Fabric Masks"

2020

Abstract: With much of the public around the world depending on fabric face masks to protect themselves and others, it is essential to understand how the protective ability of fabric masks can be enhanced. This study evaluated the protection offered by eighteen ... ...

Abstract	With much of the public around the world depending on fabric face masks to protect themselves and others, it is essential to understand how the protective ability of fabric masks can be enhanced. This study evaluated the protection offered by eighteen fabric masks designs. In addition, it assessed the benefit of including three design features: insert filters, surgical mask underlayers, and nose wires. Measurements of protective ability were taken by measuring the percentage of sodium (NaCl) particles blocked by fabric face masks. As expected, the fabric masks offered low degrees of protection; however, alterations in design showed significant increase in their protective ability. The most effective designs were multi-layered masks that fit tightly to the face and lacked dead space between the user and mask. Also, low air-resistance insert filters and surgical mask underlays provided the greatest increase in protection. The data set file 'Fabric Mask Design Data Set.xlsx' contains the fit factor scores obtained by testing a selection of fabric masks. Fit factor scores were generated by a quantitative fit tester, the Portacount 8038+ manufactured by TSI. Activities listed, such as "Normal Breathing" and "Talking", represent the activities undertaken during fit testing as prescribed by OSHA protocol 29CFR1910.134. INDIVIDUAL SHEETS: "Range of Face Mask & Performance" displays the fit factor scores achieved by the fabric masks tested. Photos of these masks can be found in the dataset. "Surgical Underlay" shows fit factors achieved by wearing a fabric mask over a surgical mask. "Filter Size & Type" compares the benefit to fit factor achieved by inserting various filter sizes and types. "Nose Wire" shows the impact of a flexible wire to help mold the top of the mask to the bridge of the nose.
Keywords	COVID-19 ; Face mask ; infection control ; Fabric face mask ; covid19
Publishing date	2020-11-02T10:31:11Z
Publishing country	uk
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Face mask fit hacks: Improving the fit of KN95 masks and surgical masks with fit alteration techniques.

O'Kelly, Eugenia / Arora, Anmol / Pirog, Sophia / Pearson, Charlotte / Ward, James / Clarkson, P John

PloS one

2022 Volume 17, Issue 2, Page(s) e0262830

Abstract: Introduction: During the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been suggestions that various techniques could be employed to improve the fit and, therefore, the effectiveness of face masks. It is well recognized that improving fit tends to improve ...

Abstract	Introduction: During the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been suggestions that various techniques could be employed to improve the fit and, therefore, the effectiveness of face masks. It is well recognized that improving fit tends to improve mask effectiveness, but whether these fit modifiers are reliable remains unexplored. In this study, we assess a range of common "fit hacks" to determine their ability to improve mask performance. Methods: Between July and September 2020, qualitative fit testing was performed in an indoor living space. We used quantitative fit testing to assess the fit of both surgical masks and KN95 masks, with and without 'fit hacks', on four participants. Seven fit hacks were evaluated to assess impact on fit. Additionally, one participant applied each fit hack multiple times to assess how reliable hacks were when reapplied. A convenience of four participants took part in the study, three females and one male with a head circumference range of 54 to 60 centimetres. Results and discussion: The use of pantyhose, tape, and rubber bands were effective for most participants. A pantyhose overlayer was observed to be the most effective hack. High degrees of variation were noted between participants. However, little variation was noted within participants, with hacks generally showing similar benefit each time they were applied on a single participant. An inspection of the fit hacks once applied showed that individual facial features may have a significant impact on fit, especially the nose bridge. Conclusions: Fit hacks can be used to effectively improve the fit of surgical and KN95 masks, enhancing the protection provided to the wearer. However, many of the most effective hacks are very uncomfortable and unlikely to be tolerated for extended periods of time. The development of effective fit-improvement solutions remains a critical issue in need of further development.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19/transmission ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Masks/trends ; N95 Respirators/trends ; Occupational Exposure/prevention & control ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Personal Protective Equipment/trends ; Physical Functional Performance ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0262830
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Article ; Online: Radiocarbon chronology of Iron Age Jerusalem reveals calibration offsets and architectural developments.

Regev, Johanna / Gadot, Yuval / Uziel, Joe / Chalaf, Ortal / Shalev, Yiftah / Roth, Helena / Shalom, Nitsan / Szanton, Nahshon / Bocher, Efrat / Pearson, Charlotte L / Brown, David M / Mintz, Eugenia / Regev, Lior / Boaretto, Elisabetta

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2024 Volume 121, Issue 19, Page(s) e2321024121

Abstract: Reconstructing the absolute chronology of Jerusalem during the time it served as the Judahite Kingdom's capital is challenging due to its dense, still inhabited urban nature and the plateau shape of the radiocarbon calibration curve during part of this ... ...

Abstract	Reconstructing the absolute chronology of Jerusalem during the time it served as the Judahite Kingdom's capital is challenging due to its dense, still inhabited urban nature and the plateau shape of the radiocarbon calibration curve during part of this period. We present 103 radiocarbon dates from reliable archaeological contexts in five excavation areas of Iron Age Jerusalem, which tie between archaeology and biblical history. We exploit Jerusalem's rich past, including textual evidence and vast archaeological remains, to overcome difficult problems in radiocarbon dating, including establishing a detailed chronology within the long-calibrated ranges of the Hallstatt Plateau and recognizing short-lived regional offsets in atmospheric
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.2321024121
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Article: 'Do they ever think about people like us?': The experiences of people with learning disabilities in England and Scotland during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Scherer, Nathaniel / Wiseman, Phillippa / Watson, Nicholas / Brunner, Richard / Cullingworth, Jane / Hameed, Shaffa / Pearson, Charlotte / Shakespeare, Tom

Critical social policy

2022 Volume 43, Issue 3, Page(s) 423–447

Abstract: People with learning disabilities in England and Scotland have experienced an increased risk of illness and death during the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on data of a longitudinal qualitative study with 71 disabled people and 31 disability organisations, ... ...

Abstract	People with learning disabilities in England and Scotland have experienced an increased risk of illness and death during the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on data of a longitudinal qualitative study with 71 disabled people and 31 disability organisations, this article examines the experiences of 24 people with learning disabilities in England and Scotland during the pandemic, reflecting on what rendered them vulnerable and placed them at risk. Qualitative interviews were conducted with participants and key informants at two timepoints; June-August 2020 and February-April 2021. Findings emerged across four key themes: failure to plan for the needs of people with learning disabilities; the suspension and removal of social care; the impact of the pandemic on people's everyday routines; and lack of vaccine prioritisation. The inequalities experienced by people with learning disabilities in this study are not particular to the pandemic. We explore the findings in the context of theoretical frameworks of vulnerability, including Fineman's conceptualisation of a 'vulnerability paradigm'. We conclude that the structured marginalisation of people with disabilities, entrenched by government action and inaction, have created and exacerbated their vulnerability. Structures, policies and action must change.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2057734-5
ISSN	1461-703X ; 0261-0183
ISSN (online)	1461-703X
ISSN	0261-0183
DOI	10.1177/02610183221109147
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Article ; Online: Personalisation and the promise of independent living

Pearson, Charlotte / Brunner, Richard / Porter, Tom / Watson, Nick

where now for cash, care and control for disability organisations across the UK?

2020

Abstract: Personalisation has dominated social care across OECD countries over the past 20 years. UK policy evolved from the efforts of disabled peoples’ organisations (DPOs) to secure the availability of cash payments as part of a wider drive to enable ... ...

Abstract	Personalisation has dominated social care across OECD countries over the past 20 years. UK policy evolved from the efforts of disabled peoples’ organisations (DPOs) to secure the availability of cash payments as part of a wider drive to enable independent living. Implementation of personalisation across the UK has seen significant divergence in how governments have developed their own responses, but in each country the DPOs’ role and impact has shifted from campaigning and promoting the voices of disabled people to a more muted focus on service provision and limited policy engagement. This article draws on a series of interviews with DPOs and leading disabled activists. It highlights concerns raised related to themes around austerity, changing relationships with local government and the role of co-production in developing policy. We conclude the article by discussing the future directions for personalisation and developments in light of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publisher	Stockholm University Press
Publishing country	uk
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Personalisation and the Promise of Independent Living

Pearson, Charlotte / Brunner, Richard / Porter, Tom / Watson, Nick

Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research; Vol 22, No; 285–295 ; 1745-3011

Where Now for Cash, Care and Control for Disability Organisations Across the UK?

2020 Volume 1

Abstract	Personalisation has dominated social care across OECD countries over the past 20 years. UK policy evolved from the efforts of disabled peoples’ organisations (DPOs) to secure the availability of cash payments as part of a wider drive to enable independent living. Implementation of personalisation across the UK has seen significant divergence in how governments have developed their own responses, but in each country the DPOs’ role and impact has shifted from campaigning and promoting the voices of disabled people to a more muted focus on service provision and limited policy engagement. This article draws on a series of interviews with DPOs and leading disabled activists. It highlights concerns raised related to themes around austerity, changing relationships with local government and the role of co-production in developing policy. We conclude the article by discussing the future directions for personalisation and developments in light of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Keywords	Social Policy ; Disability Studies ; Sociology ; personalisation ; social care ; direct payments ; disability ; covid19
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-03
Publisher	Stockholm University Press
Publishing country	se
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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