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Article ; Online: Varying relative degradation rates of oil in different forms and environments revealed by ramped pyrolysis.

Pendergraft, Matthew A / Rosenheim, Brad E

Environmental science & technology

2014 Volume 48, Issue 18, Page(s) 10966–10974

Abstract: Degradation of oil contamination yields stabilized products by removing and transforming reactive and volatile compounds. In contaminated coastal environments, the processes of degradation are influenced by shoreline energy, which increases the surface ... ...

Abstract	Degradation of oil contamination yields stabilized products by removing and transforming reactive and volatile compounds. In contaminated coastal environments, the processes of degradation are influenced by shoreline energy, which increases the surface area of the oil as well as exchange between oil, water, sediments, microbes, oxygen, and nutrients. Here, a ramped pyrolysis carbon isotope technique is employed to investigate thermochemical and isotopic changes in organic material from coastal environments contaminated with oil from the 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Oiled beach sediment, tar ball, and marsh samples were collected from a barrier island and a brackish marsh in southeast Louisiana over a period of 881 days. Stable carbon ((13)C) and radiocarbon ((14)C) isotopic data demonstrate a predominance of oil-derived carbon in the organic material. Ramped pyrolysis profiles indicate that the organic material was transformed into more stable forms. Our data indicate relative rates of stabilization in the following order, from fastest to slowest: high energy beach sediments > low energy beach sediments > marsh > tar balls. Oil was transformed most rapidly where shoreline energy and the rates of oil dispersion and exchange with water, sediments, microbes, oxygen, and nutrients were greatest. Still, isotope data reveal persistence of oil.
MeSH term(s)	Biodegradation, Environmental ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; Carbon Radioisotopes/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Environmental Monitoring/statistics & numerical data ; Hot Temperature ; Louisiana ; Petroleum/analysis ; Petroleum/metabolism ; Petroleum Pollution/analysis ; Water Movements ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry ; Wetlands
Chemical Substances	Carbon Isotopes ; Carbon Radioisotopes ; Petroleum ; Water Pollutants, Chemical
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-09-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/es501354c
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Airborne transmission pathway for coastal water pollution.

Pendergraft, Matthew A / Grimes, Derek J / Giddings, Sarah N / Feddersen, Falk / Beall, Charlotte M / Lee, Christopher / Santander, Mitchell V / Prather, Kimberly A

PeerJ

2021 Volume 9, Page(s) e11358

Abstract: Each year, over one hundred million people become ill and tens of thousands die from exposure to viruses and bacteria from sewage transported to the ocean by rivers, estuaries, stormwater, and other coastal discharges. Water activities and seafood ... ...

Abstract	Each year, over one hundred million people become ill and tens of thousands die from exposure to viruses and bacteria from sewage transported to the ocean by rivers, estuaries, stormwater, and other coastal discharges. Water activities and seafood consumption have been emphasized as the major exposure pathways to coastal water pollution. In contrast, relatively little is known about the potential for airborne exposure to pollutants and pathogens from contaminated seawater. The Cross Surfzone/Inner-shelf Dye Exchange (CSIDE) study was a large-scale experiment designed to investigate the transport pathways of water pollution along the coast by releasing dye into the surfzone in Imperial Beach, CA. Additionally, we leveraged this ocean-focused study to investigate potential airborne transmission of coastal water pollution by collecting complementary air samples along the coast and inland. Aerial measurements tracked sea surface dye concentrations along 5+ km of coast at 2 m × 2 m resolution. Dye was detected in the air over land for the first 2 days during two of the three dye releases, as far as 668 m inland and 720 m downwind of the ocean. These coordinated water/air measurements, comparing dye concentrations in the air and upwind source waters, provide insights into the factors that lead to the water-to-air transfer of pollutants. These findings show that coastal water pollution can reach people through an airborne pathway and this needs to be taken into account when assessing the full impact of coastal ocean pollution on public health. This study sets the stage for further studies to determine the details and importance of airborne exposure to sewage-based pathogens and toxins in order to fully assess the impact of coastal pollution on public health.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2703241-3
ISSN	2167-8359
ISSN	2167-8359
DOI	10.7717/peerj.11358
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Article ; Online: Bacterial and Chemical Evidence of Coastal Water Pollution from the Tijuana River in Sea Spray Aerosol.

Pendergraft, Matthew A / Belda-Ferre, Pedro / Petras, Daniel / Morris, Clare K / Mitts, Brock A / Aron, Allegra T / Bryant, MacKenzie / Schwartz, Tara / Ackermann, Gail / Humphrey, Greg / Kaandorp, Ethan / Dorrestein, Pieter C / Knight, Rob / Prather, Kimberly A

Environmental science & technology

2023 Volume 57, Issue 10, Page(s) 4071–4081

Abstract: Roughly half of the human population lives near the coast, and coastal water pollution (CWP) is widespread. Coastal waters along Tijuana, Mexico, and Imperial Beach (IB), USA, are frequently polluted by millions of gallons of untreated sewage and ... ...

Abstract	Roughly half of the human population lives near the coast, and coastal water pollution (CWP) is widespread. Coastal waters along Tijuana, Mexico, and Imperial Beach (IB), USA, are frequently polluted by millions of gallons of untreated sewage and stormwater runoff. Entering coastal waters causes over 100 million global annual illnesses, but CWP has the potential to reach many more people on land
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Aerosolized Particles and Droplets ; Seawater/microbiology ; Rivers ; Sewage/analysis ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Water Pollution ; Bacteria ; Aerosols/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring/methods
Chemical Substances	Aerosolized Particles and Droplets ; Sewage ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Aerosols
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.2c02312
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Article: Varying Relative Degradation Rates of Oil in Different Forms and Environments Revealed by Ramped Pyrolysis

Pendergraft, Matthew A / Rosenheim Brad E

Environmental Science & Technology. 2014 Sept. 16, v. 48, no. 18

2014

Abstract	Degradation of oil contamination yields stabilized products by removing and transforming reactive and volatile compounds. In contaminated coastal environments, the processes of degradation are influenced by shoreline energy, which increases the surface area of the oil as well as exchange between oil, water, sediments, microbes, oxygen, and nutrients. Here, a ramped pyrolysis carbon isotope technique is employed to investigate thermochemical and isotopic changes in organic material from coastal environments contaminated with oil from the 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Oiled beach sediment, tar ball, and marsh samples were collected from a barrier island and a brackish marsh in southeast Louisiana over a period of 881 days. Stable carbon (Â¹Â³C) and radiocarbon (Â¹â´C) isotopic data demonstrate a predominance of oil-derived carbon in the organic material. Ramped pyrolysis profiles indicate that the organic material was transformed into more stable forms. Our data indicate relative rates of stabilization in the following order, from fastest to slowest: high energy beach sediments > low energy beach sediments > marsh > tar balls. Oil was transformed most rapidly where shoreline energy and the rates of oil dispersion and exchange with water, sediments, microbes, oxygen, and nutrients were greatest. Still, isotope data reveal persistence of oil.
Keywords	carbon ; energy ; marshes ; microorganisms ; nutrients ; oil spills ; oils ; oxygen ; pyrolysis ; radionuclides ; sediments ; shorelines ; stable isotopes ; surface area ; volatile compounds ; Louisiana
Language	English
Dates of publication	2014-0916
Size	p. 10966-10974.
Publishing place	American Chemical Society
Document type	Article
ISSN	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021%2Fes501354c
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Article ; Online: Tandem Fluorescence Measurements of Organic Matter and Bacteria Released in Sea Spray Aerosols.

Santander, Mitchell V / Mitts, Brock A / Pendergraft, Matthew A / Dinasquet, Julie / Lee, Christopher / Moore, Alexia N / Cancelada, Lucia B / Kimble, Ke'La A / Malfatti, Francesca / Prather, Kimberly A

Environmental science & technology

2021 Volume 55, Issue 8, Page(s) 5171–5179

Abstract: Biological aerosols, typically identified through their fluorescence properties, strongly influence clouds and climate. Sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles are a major source of biological aerosols, but detection in the atmosphere is challenging due to ... ...

Abstract	Biological aerosols, typically identified through their fluorescence properties, strongly influence clouds and climate. Sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles are a major source of biological aerosols, but detection in the atmosphere is challenging due to potential interference from other sources. Here, the fluorescence signature of isolated SSA, produced using laboratory-based aerosol generation methods, was analyzed and compared with two commonly used fluorescence techniques: excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMS) and the wideband integrated bioaerosol sensor (WIBS). A range of dynamic biological ocean scenarios were tested to compare EEMS and WIBS analyses of SSA. Both techniques revealed similar trends in SSA fluorescence intensity in response to changes in ocean microbiology, demonstrating the potential to use the WIBS to measure fluorescent aerosols alongside EEMS bulk solution measurements. Together, these instruments revealed a unique fluorescence signature of isolated, nascent SSA and, for the first time, a size-segregated emission of fluorescent species in SSA. Additionally, the fluorescence signature of aerosolized marine bacterial isolates was characterized and showed similar fluorescence peaks to those of SSA, suggesting that bacteria are a contributor to SSA fluorescence. Through investigation of isolated SSA, this study provides a reference for future identification of marine biological aerosols in a complex atmosphere.
MeSH term(s)	Aerosols ; Atmosphere ; Bacteria ; Seawater ; Spectrum Analysis
Chemical Substances	Aerosols
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.0c05493
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Article ; Online: Blank corrections for ramped pyrolysis radiocarbon dating of sedimentary and soil organic carbon.

Fernandez, Alvaro / Santos, Guaciara M / Williams, Elizabeth K / Pendergraft, Matthew A / Vetter, Lael / Rosenheim, Brad E

Analytical chemistry

2014 Volume 86, Issue 24, Page(s) 12085–12092

Abstract: Ramped pyrolysis (RP) targets distinct components of soil and sedimentary organic carbon based on their thermochemical stabilities and allows the determination of the full spectrum of radiocarbon ((14)C) ages present in a soil or sediment sample. ... ...

Abstract	Ramped pyrolysis (RP) targets distinct components of soil and sedimentary organic carbon based on their thermochemical stabilities and allows the determination of the full spectrum of radiocarbon ((14)C) ages present in a soil or sediment sample. Extending the method into realms where more precise ages are needed or where smaller samples need to be measured involves better understanding of the blank contamination associated with the method. Here, we use a compiled data set of RP measurements of samples of known age to evaluate the mass of the carbon blank and its associated (14)C signature, and to assess the performance of the RP system. We estimate blank contamination during RP using two methods, the modern-dead and the isotope dilution method. Our results indicate that during one complete RP run samples are contaminated by 8.8 ± 4.4 μg (time-dependent) of modern carbon (MC, fM ∼ 1) and 4.1 ± 5.5 μg (time-independent) of dead carbon (DC, fM ∼ 0). We find that the modern-dead method provides more accurate estimates of uncertainties in blank contamination; therefore, the isotope dilution method should be used with caution when the variability of the blank is high. Additionally, we show that RP can routinely produce accurate (14)C dates with precisions ∼100 (14)C years for materials deposited in the last 10,000 years and ∼300 (14)C years for carbon with (14)C ages of up to 20,000 years.
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-12-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1508-8
ISSN	1520-6882 ; 0003-2700
ISSN (online)	1520-6882
ISSN	0003-2700
DOI	10.1021/ac502874j
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Article: Blank Corrections for Ramped Pyrolysis Radiocarbon Dating of Sedimentary and Soil Organic Carbon

Fernandez, Alvaro / Pendergraft Matthew A / Rosenheim Brad E / Santos Guaciara M / Vetter Lael / Williams Elizabeth K

Analytical chemistry. 2014 Dec. 16, v. 86, no. 24

2014

Abstract: Ramped pyrolysis (RP) targets distinct components of soil and sedimentary organic carbon based on their thermochemical stabilities and allows the determination of the full spectrum of radiocarbon (Â¹â´C) ages present in a soil or sediment sample. ... ...

Abstract	Ramped pyrolysis (RP) targets distinct components of soil and sedimentary organic carbon based on their thermochemical stabilities and allows the determination of the full spectrum of radiocarbon (Â¹â´C) ages present in a soil or sediment sample. Extending the method into realms where more precise ages are needed or where smaller samples need to be measured involves better understanding of the blank contamination associated with the method. Here, we use a compiled data set of RP measurements of samples of known age to evaluate the mass of the carbon blank and its associated Â¹â´C signature, and to assess the performance of the RP system. We estimate blank contamination during RP using two methods, the modern-dead and the isotope dilution method. Our results indicate that during one complete RP run samples are contaminated by 8.8 Â± 4.4 Î¼g (time-dependent) of modern carbon (MC, fM â¼ 1) and 4.1 Â± 5.5 Î¼g (time-independent) of dead carbon (DC, fM â¼ 0). We find that the modern-dead method provides more accurate estimates of uncertainties in blank contamination; therefore, the isotope dilution method should be used with caution when the variability of the blank is high. Additionally, we show that RP can routinely produce accurate Â¹â´C dates with precisions â¼100 Â¹â´C years for materials deposited in the last 10â000 years and â¼300 Â¹â´C years for carbon with Â¹â´C ages of up to 20â000 years.
Keywords	carbon ; data collection ; isotope dilution technique ; pyrolysis ; radiocarbon dating ; radionuclides ; sedimentary soils ; sediments ; soil organic carbon ; uncertainty
Language	English
Dates of publication	2014-1216
Size	p. 12085-12092.
Publishing place	American Chemical Society
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1508-8
ISSN	1520-6882 ; 0003-2700
ISSN (online)	1520-6882
ISSN	0003-2700
DOI	10.1021%2Fac502874j
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: The Sea Spray Chemistry and Particle Evolution study (SeaSCAPE): overview and experimental methods

Sauer, Jon S. / Mayer, Kathryn J. / Lee, Christopher / Alves, Michael R. / Amiri, Sarah / Bahaveolos, Cristina J. / Franklin, Emily B. / Crocker, Daniel R. / Dang, Duyen / Dinasquet, Julie / Garofalo, Lauren A. / Kaluarachchi, Chathuri P. / Kilgour, Delaney B. / Mael, Liora E. / Mitts, Brock A. / Moon, Daniel R. / Moore, Alexia N. / Morris, Clare K. / Mullenmeister, Catherine A. /

Ni, Chi-Min / Pendergraft, Matthew A. / Petras, Daniel / Simpson, Rebecca M. C. / Smith, Stephanie / Tumminello, Paul R. / Walker, Joseph L. / DeMott, Paul J. / Farmer, Delphine K. / Goldstein, Allen H. / Grassian, Vicki H. / Jaffe, Jules S. / Malfatti, Francesca / Martz, Todd R. / Slade, Jonathan H. / Tivanski, Alexei V. / Bertram, Timothy H. / Cappa, Christopher D. / Prather, Kimberly A.

Environmental science. 2022 Feb. 23, v. 24, no. 2

2022

Abstract: Marine aerosols strongly influence climate through their interactions with solar radiation and clouds. However, significant questions remain regarding the influences of biological activity and seawater chemistry on the flux, chemical composition, and ... ...

Abstract	Marine aerosols strongly influence climate through their interactions with solar radiation and clouds. However, significant questions remain regarding the influences of biological activity and seawater chemistry on the flux, chemical composition, and climate-relevant properties of marine aerosols and gases. Wave channels, a traditional tool of physical oceanography, have been adapted for large-scale ocean-atmosphere mesocosm experiments in the laboratory. These experiments enable the study of aerosols under controlled conditions which isolate the marine system from atmospheric anthropogenic and terrestrial influences. Here, we present an overview of the 2019 Sea Spray Chemistry and Particle Evolution (SeaSCAPE) study, which was conducted in an 11 800 L wave channel which was modified to facilitate atmospheric measurements. The SeaSCAPE campaign sought to determine the influence of biological activity in seawater on the production of primary sea spray aerosols, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and secondary marine aerosols. Notably, the SeaSCAPE experiment also focused on understanding how photooxidative aging processes transform the composition of marine aerosols. In addition to a broad range of aerosol, gas, and seawater measurements, we present key results which highlight the experimental capabilities during the campaign, including the phytoplankton bloom dynamics, VOC production, and the effects of photochemical aging on aerosol production, morphology, and chemical composition. Additionally, we discuss the modifications made to the wave channel to improve aerosol production and reduce background contamination, as well as subsequent characterization experiments. The SeaSCAPE experiment provides unique insight into the connections between marine biology, atmospheric chemistry, and climate-relevant aerosol properties, and demonstrates how an ocean-atmosphere-interaction facility can be used to isolate and study reactions in the marine atmosphere in the laboratory under more controlled conditions.
Keywords	aerosols ; algal blooms ; atmospheric chemistry ; bioactive properties ; chemical composition ; climate ; oceanography ; photooxidation ; seawater ; solar radiation
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0223
Size	p. 290-315.
Publishing place	The Royal Society of Chemistry
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2703814-2
ISSN	2050-7895 ; 2050-7887
ISSN (online)	2050-7895
ISSN	2050-7887
DOI	10.1039/d1em00260k
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Enrichment of Saccharides and Divalent Cations in Sea Spray Aerosol During Two Phytoplankton Blooms

Jayarathne, Thilina / Azam Farooq / Bertram Timothy H / Cappa Christopher D / Cox Joshua L / Grassian Vicki H / Lee Christopher / Malfatti Francesca / Moore Kathryn A / Pendergraft Matthew A / Prather Kimberly A / Stone Elizabeth A / Sultana Camille M / Tivanski Alexei V

Environmental Science & Technology. 2016 Nov. 01, v. 50, no. 21

2016

Abstract: Sea spray aerosol (SSA) is a globally important source of particulate matter. A mesocosm study was performed to determine the relative enrichment of saccharides and inorganic ions in nascent fine (PMâ.â) and coarse (PMââââ.â) SSA and the ... ...

Abstract	Sea spray aerosol (SSA) is a globally important source of particulate matter. A mesocosm study was performed to determine the relative enrichment of saccharides and inorganic ions in nascent fine (PMâ.â) and coarse (PMââââ.â) SSA and the sea surface microlayer (SSML) relative to bulk seawater. Saccharides comprise a significant fraction of organic matter in fine and coarse SSA (11 and 27%, respectively). Relative to sodium, individual saccharides were enriched 14â1314-fold in fine SSA, 3â138-fold in coarse SSA, but only up to 1.0â16.2-fold in SSML. Enrichments in SSML were attributed to rising bubbles that scavenge surface-active species from seawater, while further enrichment in fine SSA likely derives from bubble films. Mean enrichment factors for major ions demonstrated significant enrichment in fine SSA for potassium (1.3), magnesium (1.4), and calcium (1.7), likely because of their interactions with organic matter. Consequently, fine SSA develops a salt profile significantly different from that of seawater. Maximal enrichments of saccharides and ions coincided with the second of two phytoplankton blooms, signifying the influence of ocean biology on selective mass transfer across the oceanâair interface.
Keywords	aerosols ; algal blooms ; bubbles ; calcium ; carbohydrates ; cations ; inorganic ions ; magnesium ; mass transfer ; organic matter ; particulates ; potassium ; seawater ; sodium
Language	English
Dates of publication	2016-1101
Size	p. 11511-11520.
Publishing place	American Chemical Society
Document type	Article
ISSN	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021%2Facs.est.6b02988
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Article ; Online: The Sea Spray Chemistry and Particle Evolution study (SeaSCAPE): overview and experimental methods.

Sauer, Jon S / Mayer, Kathryn J / Lee, Christopher / Alves, Michael R / Amiri, Sarah / Bahaveolos, Cristina J / Franklin, Emily B / Crocker, Daniel R / Dang, Duyen / Dinasquet, Julie / Garofalo, Lauren A / Kaluarachchi, Chathuri P / Kilgour, Delaney B / Mael, Liora E / Mitts, Brock A / Moon, Daniel R / Moore, Alexia N / Morris, Clare K / Mullenmeister, Catherine A /

Ni, Chi-Min / Pendergraft, Matthew A / Petras, Daniel / Simpson, Rebecca M C / Smith, Stephanie / Tumminello, Paul R / Walker, Joseph L / DeMott, Paul J / Farmer, Delphine K / Goldstein, Allen H / Grassian, Vicki H / Jaffe, Jules S / Malfatti, Francesca / Martz, Todd R / Slade, Jonathan H / Tivanski, Alexei V / Bertram, Timothy H / Cappa, Christopher D / Prather, Kimberly A

Environmental science. Processes & impacts

2022 Volume 24, Issue 2, Page(s) 290–315

Abstract	Marine aerosols strongly influence climate through their interactions with solar radiation and clouds. However, significant questions remain regarding the influences of biological activity and seawater chemistry on the flux, chemical composition, and climate-relevant properties of marine aerosols and gases. Wave channels, a traditional tool of physical oceanography, have been adapted for large-scale ocean-atmosphere mesocosm experiments in the laboratory. These experiments enable the study of aerosols under controlled conditions which isolate the marine system from atmospheric anthropogenic and terrestrial influences. Here, we present an overview of the 2019 Sea Spray Chemistry and Particle Evolution (SeaSCAPE) study, which was conducted in an 11 800 L wave channel which was modified to facilitate atmospheric measurements. The SeaSCAPE campaign sought to determine the influence of biological activity in seawater on the production of primary sea spray aerosols, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and secondary marine aerosols. Notably, the SeaSCAPE experiment also focused on understanding how photooxidative aging processes transform the composition of marine aerosols. In addition to a broad range of aerosol, gas, and seawater measurements, we present key results which highlight the experimental capabilities during the campaign, including the phytoplankton bloom dynamics, VOC production, and the effects of photochemical aging on aerosol production, morphology, and chemical composition. Additionally, we discuss the modifications made to the wave channel to improve aerosol production and reduce background contamination, as well as subsequent characterization experiments. The SeaSCAPE experiment provides unique insight into the connections between marine biology, atmospheric chemistry, and climate-relevant aerosol properties, and demonstrates how an ocean-atmosphere-interaction facility can be used to isolate and study reactions in the marine atmosphere in the laboratory under more controlled conditions.
MeSH term(s)	Aerosols/chemistry ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Oceans and Seas ; Phytoplankton ; Seawater/chemistry
Chemical Substances	Aerosols
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2703814-2
ISSN	2050-7895 ; 2050-7887
ISSN (online)	2050-7895
ISSN	2050-7887
DOI	10.1039/d1em00260k
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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