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Article ; Online: Letter to the editor of chemosphere regarding Yang et al. (2021) and techniques for assessing realistic phosphorus removal in the field.

Penn, Chad J

2021 Volume 286, Issue Pt 3, Page(s) 131843

MeSH term(s)	Phosphorus
Chemical Substances	Phosphorus (27YLU75U4W)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Letter ; Comment
ZDB-ID	120089-6
ISSN	1879-1298 ; 0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
ISSN (online)	1879-1298
ISSN	0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
DOI	10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131843
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Article ; Online: Effects of redox on the phosphorus removal ability of iron-rich phosphorus sorption materials.

Scott, Isis S P C / Penn, Chad J

Chemosphere

2024 Volume 352, Page(s) 141416

Abstract: Iron-rich phosphorus (P) sorption materials (PSMs) are often used in P removal structures, a best management practice able to sequester dissolved P from surface runoff, subsurface drainage, and wastewater. The use of bottom-upward flow in these ... ...

Abstract	Iron-rich phosphorus (P) sorption materials (PSMs) are often used in P removal structures, a best management practice able to sequester dissolved P from surface runoff, subsurface drainage, and wastewater. The use of bottom-upward flow in these structures is of great interest, but it creates an intrinsic complication: the presence of stagnant water between flow events may cause structures to develop anoxic conditions. It is unknown whether the redox sensitivity of iron (Fe), the predominant element in Fe-rich PSMs, will affect P binding under anoxic conditions. Understanding the potential impact of intermittent anoxic conditions on the solubility of previously adsorbed P is imperative for determining the feasibility of the bottom-up flow design. The objective of this research was to investigate the (1) development of anoxic conditions in the presence of Fe-rich PSM and tile drainage, (2) Fe-bound P mobilization and solubility, and (3) changes in P sorption capacity of Fe-rich PSMs after oxic conditions are restored. Three Fe-rich PSMs were tested in batch incubation studies: acid mine drainage residual, Fe-coated alumina, and steel metal shavings. Non-treated and P-treated PSM samples were incubated in biogeochemical reactors for as long as necessary to reach Eh = -200 mV. After incubation, dissolved P concentrations in P-treated samples and non-treated samples were similarly low, indicating stability of P retention of PSMs under anoxic conditions. The P removal ability of non-treated PSMs before and after undergoing incubation was not significantly altered, as determined in flow-through experiments. Potentially harmful trace metals were not detected in the incubated solutions. Our research shows that the development of anoxic conditions does not significantly impact PSMs Fe-bound P dissolution, and the P removal ability of PSMs persists after oxic conditions are reestablished.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Phosphorus/chemistry ; Iron/chemistry ; Adsorption ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Wastewater ; Hypoxia
Chemical Substances	Phosphorus (27YLU75U4W) ; Iron (E1UOL152H7) ; Wastewater
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	120089-6
ISSN	1879-1298 ; 0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
ISSN (online)	1879-1298
ISSN	0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
DOI	10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141416
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Article ; Online: Phosphate removal by low-cost industrial byproduct iron shavings: Efficacy and longevity.

Ai, Haiping / Zhang, Kai / Penn, Chad J / Zhang, Huichun

Water research

2023 Volume 246, Page(s) 120745

Abstract: Iron shavings (IS) are low-cost industrial byproducts that show great potential in removing phosphorus (P) from contaminated water. This work investigates the effectiveness of IS for P ( ... ...

Abstract	Iron shavings (IS) are low-cost industrial byproducts that show great potential in removing phosphorus (P) from contaminated water. This work investigates the effectiveness of IS for P (PO
MeSH term(s)	Adsorption ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Iron/chemistry ; Phosphates/chemistry ; Sodium Hydroxide ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry ; Water Purification/methods
Chemical Substances	Iron (E1UOL152H7) ; Phosphates ; Sodium Hydroxide (55X04QC32I) ; Water Pollutants, Chemical
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	202613-2
ISSN	1879-2448 ; 0043-1354
ISSN (online)	1879-2448
ISSN	0043-1354
DOI	10.1016/j.watres.2023.120745
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Article ; Online: How Much Phosphorus Uptake Is Required for Achieving Maximum Maize Grain Yield? Part 2: Impact of Phosphorus Uptake on Grain Quality and Partitioning of Nutrients

Penn, Chad J. / Camberato, James J. / Wiethorn, Matthew A.

Agronomy. 2023 Jan. 14, v. 13, no. 1

2023

Abstract: Previous studies have shown that excess phosphorus (P) uptake by maize can lead to a decreased grain yield. Part one of this study demonstrated that maize experienced luxury consumption of P in three phases of P uptake. The objective of this work was to ... ...

Abstract	Previous studies have shown that excess phosphorus (P) uptake by maize can lead to a decreased grain yield. Part one of this study demonstrated that maize experienced luxury consumption of P in three phases of P uptake. The objective of this work was to further explore how P uptake indirectly impacts the uptake of other nutrients and their translocation within the plant to explain the yield penalty associated with luxury P consumption. Three maize hybrids were grown under optimal conditions using sand-culture hydroponics for precise control of the root environment. Plants were grown to maturity with six different P concentrations followed by biomass and nutrient partitioning analysis of various maize parts. All non-P nutrients achieved maximum grain content at P uptake levels that coincided with the maximum grain yield, while the partitioning of K, Mg, Mn, B, N, S, and Fe into other non-grain tissue continued with further P uptake. With luxury P consumption beyond the point corresponding with maximum grain yield, the N, S, Fe, Cu, and Zn grain content significantly decreased along with the grain yield. With luxury P consumption, Cu, Zn, and Fe accumulated in the roots. Grain production with luxury P uptake may have been limited by P-inhibited translocation of Cu, Zn, and Fe from roots to grain. This decrease in translocation did not prevent further non-grain tissue growth since those nutrients were not as limiting as they were for grain. Data suggest that these micronutrients limited protein production, which was evident from the decrease in grain N and S content and concentration that coincided with the decrease in grain yield concomitant with luxury P uptake.
Keywords	agronomy ; biomass ; corn ; grain quality ; grain yield ; hydroponics ; phosphorus ; protein synthesis
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0114
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2607043-1
ISSN	2073-4395
ISSN	2073-4395
DOI	10.3390/agronomy13010258
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Surface‐to‐tile drain connectivity and phosphorus transport: Effect of antecedent soil moisture

Williams, Mark R. / Penn, Chad J. / King, Kevin W. / McAfee, Scott J.

Hydrological Processes. 2023 Mar., v. 37, no. 3 p.e14831-

2023

Abstract: Macropores connecting surface soils to tile drains can alter water and nutrient transport through the subsurface. In this study, laboratory rainfall simulations with artificial macropores combined with edge‐of‐field monitoring were used to evaluate ... ...

Abstract	Macropores connecting surface soils to tile drains can alter water and nutrient transport through the subsurface. In this study, laboratory rainfall simulations with artificial macropores combined with edge‐of‐field monitoring were used to evaluate surface‐to‐tile drain connectivity and phosphorus (P) transport as a function of antecedent moisture conditions. Laboratory rainfall simulations using repacked soil boxes with different macropore layouts (i.e., no macropore, surface‐connected macropores, and disconnected macropores) were used to examine changes in water sources and flow pathways to tile drains with varying degrees of connectivity and antecedent wetness. Water, tracer, and P fluxes from a tile‐drained field were also monitored to quantify linkages among water flow pathways, antecedent wetness, and P delivery to tile drains. Both laboratory and field results showed that surface‐to‐tile drain connectivity was important for water transport through the subsurface under both dry and wet antecedent conditions. When soil conditions were dry, discharge was minimal and primarily comprised of event water that bypassed the soil matrix. Increasing wetness resulted in similar event water transport, but greater mobilization of stored pre‐event water and greater discharge; thus, the dominant source of tile water and the magnitude of tile discharge were substantially altered with changing antecedent moisture. Field data revealed that changes in drainage water source and discharge with increasing wetness impacted dissolved P transport. Dissolved P concentration decreased and loading increased with increasing wetness. Findings indicate that greater mobilization of pre‐event water under wet antecedent conditions acted as both a hydrologic and chemical buffer for subsurface dissolved P transport. Comparison of study results to water quality data from a larger edge‐of‐field network suggest that relationships between antecedent moisture conditions, water flow pathways, and P transport from the current study are broadly applicable across tile‐drained fields. Understanding processes controlling P delivery to tile drains has direct applicability for conservation practice implementation and improving process representation in models.
Keywords	antecedent moisture ; conservation practices ; drainage water ; macropores ; nutrient transport ; phosphorus ; rain ; soil water ; tile drainage ; water flow ; water quality
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-03
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1479953-4
ISSN	1099-1085 ; 0885-6087
ISSN (online)	1099-1085
ISSN	0885-6087
DOI	10.1002/hyp.14831
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Techno-Economic Analysis of Phosphorus Removal Structures.

Scott, Isis S P C / Scott, Francisco / McCarty, Tanner / Penn, Chad J

Environmental science & technology

2023 Volume 57, Issue 34, Page(s) 12858–12868

Abstract: Excess phosphorus (P) is a major pollutant in aquatic systems. Phosphorus removal structures, landscape-scale filters designed to capture dissolved P from runoff, drainage, and wastewater offer promise in curbing P pollution. While the environmental ... ...

Abstract	Excess phosphorus (P) is a major pollutant in aquatic systems. Phosphorus removal structures, landscape-scale filters designed to capture dissolved P from runoff, drainage, and wastewater offer promise in curbing P pollution. While the environmental benefits of various P removal structures are well documented, the cost-effectiveness of each structure's ability to sequester P is lacking. In this study, we compare the cost-effectiveness of P removal of the most prominent P removal structures. Specifically, we calculate the average cost per kilogram (kg) of P removed by eight different P removal structures across a range of parameter assumptions. Absent constraints, we found that (1) larger structures that use (2) regionally available phosphorus sorption materials that are (3) byproducts of industrial production (e.g., metal shavings and steel slag) rather than manufactured are more cost-effective. The average cost of P removal for most structures varies from $100 to 1300 per kg in our baseline estimations, which is comparable to the average cost for wastewater treatment. This work provides further information to guide the optimal implementation of P removal structures for conservationists.
MeSH term(s)	Phosphorus/chemistry ; Wastewater ; Environmental Pollutants ; Water Purification ; Steel
Chemical Substances	Phosphorus (27YLU75U4W) ; Wastewater ; Environmental Pollutants ; Steel (12597-69-2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.3c02696
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Article ; Online: Estimating the variability of steel slag properties and their influence in phosphorus removal ability.

Scott, Isis S P C / Penn, Chad J

Chemosphere

2021 Volume 276, Page(s) 130205

Abstract: Steel slag has been proven to be an effective phosphorus (P) removal media, and a potential aid to mitigate point and nonpoint P pollution in freshwater systems. However, the behavior of steel slag as a P sorption material (PSM) is often oversimplified ... ...

Abstract	Steel slag has been proven to be an effective phosphorus (P) removal media, and a potential aid to mitigate point and nonpoint P pollution in freshwater systems. However, the behavior of steel slag as a P sorption material (PSM) is often oversimplified through the generalization of its chemical and physical properties, preventing proper design of P removal structures. In this work, we tested eighteen steel slag samples from different batches, production processes, and steel-making plants, for the purpose of relating slag origin and chemical and physical properties to P removal ability, under two different flow regimes. Slag samples were also coated with aluminum (Al) and tested for P removal. Characterization included elemental composition, particle density, buffer capacity, and P removal ability. There was great variability in the evaluated properties across slag sources and origin, compelling the individual characterization of steel slag samples, since their intrinsic characteristics were key variables in determining their potential P removal capacity. Specifically, electrical conductivity (EC), bulk density, particle density and magnesium (Mg) content could explain around 70% of the variability of P removal by uncoated steel slags. Increasing residence time (RT) always increased P removal for uncoated slags. Steel slags showed a high variability in their P removal ability, but such variability was considerably decreased by coating the slags with Al. Additionally, the Al-coating process significantly improved P removal performance under more rapid flows (lower RT).
MeSH term(s)	Aluminum ; Phosphorus ; Steel
Chemical Substances	Steel (12597-69-2) ; Phosphorus (27YLU75U4W) ; Aluminum (CPD4NFA903)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	120089-6
ISSN	1879-1298 ; 0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
ISSN (online)	1879-1298
ISSN	0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
DOI	10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130205
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Article: Introduction to P‐TRAP software for designing phosphorus removal structures

Penn, Chad J. / Frankenberger, James / Livingston, Stanley

Agricultural & environmental letters. 2021, v. 6, no. 1

2021

Abstract: Phosphorus (P) removal structures are a new best management practice for filtering dissolved P in non‐point drainage from legacy P soils through use of P sorption materials (PSMs). Structures must be designed according to characteristics of the site ( ... ...

Abstract	Phosphorus (P) removal structures are a new best management practice for filtering dissolved P in non‐point drainage from legacy P soils through use of P sorption materials (PSMs). Structures must be designed according to characteristics of the site (hydrology and constraints) and PSMs to be utilized, as well as user‐defined goals (P removal, lifetime, and flow rate), making it a cumbersome process. A freely available P Transport Reduction App (P‐TRAP) allows users to quickly produce a custom design or evaluate a hypothetical or existing structure. The software includes a library of P removal flow‐through curves for many different PSMs conducted under various conditions of inflow P concentration and retention time. Design output includes the necessary PSM mass and orientation, pipe requirement, and a table of annual P removal. The software enables conservationists and engineers to quickly compare cost and efficiency among possible designs. Phosphorus Transport Reduction App (P‐Trap) software is used to evaluate and design site‐specific P removal structures based on (a) user inputs regarding site and P sorption material (PSM) characteristics and (b) P removal performance goals.
Keywords	computer software ; drainage ; phosphorus ; sorption
Language	English
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ISSN	2471-9625
DOI	10.1002/ael2.20043
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Desorption Kinetics of Legacy Soil Phosphorus: Implications for Non-Point Transport and Plant Uptake

Penn, Chad J. / Williams, Mark R. / Camberato, James / Wenos, Nicholas / Wason, Hope

Soil systems. 2022 Jan. 08, v. 6, no. 1

2022

Abstract: Soil phosphorus (P) solubility and kinetics partly control dissolved P losses to surface water and uptake by plants. While previous studies have focused on batch techniques for measuring soil P desorption kinetics, flow-through techniques are more ... ...

Abstract	Soil phosphorus (P) solubility and kinetics partly control dissolved P losses to surface water and uptake by plants. While previous studies have focused on batch techniques for measuring soil P desorption kinetics, flow-through techniques are more realistic because they simulate P removal from the system, akin to runoff, leaching, and plant uptake. The objectives were to measure soil P desorption by a flow-through technique at two flow rates and several batch methods, and utilize both for understanding how flow rate impacts the thermodynamics and kinetics of soil P desorption. Desorption obeyed first-order kinetics in two different phases: an initial rapid desorption phase followed by a gradual release. Desorption was limited by equilibrium and the kinetics of physical processes as demonstrated by an interruption test. Dilution-promoted desorption occurred with increasing cumulative volume, which increased desorption rate via first-order kinetics. The batch tests that simulated cumulative solution volume and time of flow-through were similar to the flow-through results; however, the batch methods overestimated the desorption rates due to less limitations to diffusion. Fast flow rates desorbed less P, but at a greater speed than slow flow rates. The differences were due to contact time, cumulative time, and solution volume, which ultimately controlled the potential for chemical reactions to be realized through physical processes. The interaction between these processes will control the quantity and rate of desorption that buffer P in non-point drainage losses and plant uptake.
Keywords	desorption ; drainage ; phosphorus ; runoff ; soil ; solubility ; surface water ; thermodynamics
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0108
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ISSN	2571-8789
DOI	10.3390/soilsystems6010006
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: How Much Phosphorus Uptake Is Required for Achieving Maximum Maize Grain Yield? Part 1: Luxury Consumption and Implications for Yield

Penn, Chad J. / Camberato, James J. / Wiethorn, Matthew A.

Agronomy. 2022 Dec. 28, v. 13, no. 1

2022

Abstract: Development of a more precise and process-based tool for making phosphorus (P) recommendations requires detailed understanding of plant P uptake needs. Future adaptation of a nutrient uptake model for this purpose must utilize a mass-balance approach. ... ...

Abstract	Development of a more precise and process-based tool for making phosphorus (P) recommendations requires detailed understanding of plant P uptake needs. Future adaptation of a nutrient uptake model for this purpose must utilize a mass-balance approach. The objectives of this study were to determine the minimum P uptake mass required for achieving maximum grain yield of maize and to evaluate plant P partitioning over a range of P uptake. Three maize hybrids were grown under optimal conditions using sand-culture hydroponics for precise control of the root environment. Plants were grown to maturity with six different P concentrations followed by biomass and nutrient partitioning analysis of various maize parts. Phosphorus uptake occurred in three phases with two steps of luxury consumption; (i) increased uptake with increased grain yield and total biomass until maximum grain yield was attained at 580 mg P uptake, (ii) further P uptake with increase in total biomass until 730 mg P uptake, but with decrease in grain yield; and (iii) additional P uptake with little to no increase in total biomass and continued decrease in grain yield. Luxury consumption of P implies that excess P fertility is an economic drag for grain production.
Keywords	agronomy ; biomass ; corn ; grain yield ; hydroponics ; models ; nutrient uptake ; phosphorus
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-1228
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2607043-1
ISSN	2073-4395
ISSN	2073-4395
DOI	10.3390/agronomy13010095
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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