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  1. Article ; Online: Plastic pigs and public secrets in translational neonatology in Denmark

    Mie S. Dam / Per T. Sangild / Mette N. Svendsen

    Palgrave Communications, Vol 6, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    2020  Volume 10

    Abstract: Abstract This paper explores how a translational research platform in Denmark uses piglets as infant models. Drawing on meanings of “public” as “open” and “visible,” we track how researchers and clinicians together and separately turn research piglets ... ...

    Abstract Abstract This paper explores how a translational research platform in Denmark uses piglets as infant models. Drawing on meanings of “public” as “open” and “visible,” we track how researchers and clinicians together and separately turn research piglets and premature infants into both public and un-public beings in laboratory and clinical settings. In these complex multispecies relationships, researchers and clinicians alike create and retain certain “zones of unknowing” in which intimate cross-species care relations are fostered. While critical social scientists call for greater public recognition of animals in accounts of human health, our study demonstrates that “zones of unknowing” enable the involved professionals to care simultaneously for neonatal beings and the greater public good. To account for the efforts involved in contributing to the greater public good, we introduce the term “publication work.” We argue that publication work relies as much on porosity between species and spaces as on actively drawing boundaries between species and between public and private spaces. Plastic pigs and public secrets are crucial to realise the ambition of more-than-human public health.
    Keywords Social Sciences ; H
    Subject code 336
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-05-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Palgrave Macmillan
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article: Heat treatment and irradiation reduce anti-bacterial and immune-modulatory properties of bovine colostrum

    Nguyen, Duc Ninh / Andrew J. Currie / Shuqiang Ren / Stine B. Bering / Per T. Sangild

    Elsevier Ltd Journal of functional foods. 2019 June, v. 57

    2019  

    Abstract: Colostrum contains bioactive components protecting the newborn intestine against bacteria. It is unclear how to optimize processing conditions with highest product bioactivity. Non-pasteurized (BC00), standard-pasteurized (72 °C-15 s, BC72), gently- ... ...

    Abstract Colostrum contains bioactive components protecting the newborn intestine against bacteria. It is unclear how to optimize processing conditions with highest product bioactivity. Non-pasteurized (BC00), standard-pasteurized (72 °C-15 s, BC72), gently-pasteurized bovine colostrums without (63 °C-30 min, BC63) and with gamma-irradiation (BC63g) were tested for effects on bacterial growth inhibition (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis), intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) proliferation and cytokine secretion in vitro. Thermal processing decreased endogenous bacteria and IgG levels. All BCs inhibited bacterial growth 1–2 h after inoculation, but only BC00, BC63 and BC63g retained activity after 4–24 h. After 4 h, the activity against S. epidermidis of BC63g was lower than BC00 but still potent when mixed with formula. All BCs stimulated IEC proliferation, with the most pronounced responses for BC00. Only BC00 and BC63 increased IL-8 secretion in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated IECs. Thermal processing reduced bioactivity and combined gentle pasteurization and gamma-irradiation improved BC sterility and bioactivity, relative to standard pasteurization.
    Keywords Escherichia coli ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Staphylococcus epidermidis ; bacteria ; bacterial growth ; bioactive compounds ; bioactive properties ; cow colostrum ; gamma radiation ; growth retardation ; immunoglobulin G ; interleukin-8 ; intestinal mucosa ; irradiation ; neonates ; pasteurization ; secretion
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2019-06
    Size p. 182-189.
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2511964-3
    ISSN 1756-4646
    ISSN 1756-4646
    DOI 10.1016/j.jff.2019.04.012
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  3. Article ; Online: Precision Medicine for Neonatal Sepsis

    Sherrianne Ng / Tobias Strunk / Pingping Jiang / Tik Muk / Per T. Sangild / Andrew Currie

    Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, Vol

    2018  Volume 5

    Abstract: Neonatal sepsis remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality especially in the preterm infant population. The ability to promptly and accurately diagnose neonatal sepsis based on clinical evaluation and laboratory blood tests remains ... ...

    Abstract Neonatal sepsis remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality especially in the preterm infant population. The ability to promptly and accurately diagnose neonatal sepsis based on clinical evaluation and laboratory blood tests remains challenging. Advances in high-throughput molecular technologies have increased investigations into the utility of transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic approaches as diagnostic tools for neonatal sepsis. A systems-level understanding of neonatal sepsis, obtained by using omics-based technologies (at the transcriptome, proteome or metabolome level), may lead to new diagnostic tools for neonatal sepsis. In particular, recent omic-based studies have identified distinct transcriptional signatures and metabolic or proteomic biomarkers associated with sepsis. Despite the emerging need for a systems biology approach, future studies have to address the challenges of integrating multi-omic data with laboratory and clinical meta-data in order to translate outcomes into precision medicine for neonatal sepsis. Omics-based analytical approaches may advance diagnostic tools for neonatal sepsis. More research is needed to validate the recent systems biology findings in order to integrate multi-dimensional data (clinical, laboratory and multi-omic) for future translation into precision medicine for neonatal sepsis. This review will discuss the possible applications of omics-based analyses for identification of new biomarkers and diagnostic signatures for neonatal sepsis, focusing on the immune-compromised preterm infant and considerations for clinical translation.
    Keywords systems biology ; diagnosis ; infection ; neonate ; sepsis ; preterm infant ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
    Subject code 610
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-07-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article ; Online: FortiColos – a multicentre study using bovine colostrum as a fortifier to human milk in very preterm infants

    Agnethe M. Ahnfeldt / Nana Hyldig / Yanqi Li / Susanne Soendergaard Kappel / Lise Aunsholdt / Per T. Sangild / Gitte Zachariassen

    Trials, Vol 20, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    study protocol for a randomised controlled pilot trial

    2019  Volume 9

    Abstract: Abstract Background Very preterm infants (< 32 weeks gestation) have a relatively high nutrient requirement for growth and development. The composition of human milk is often inadequate to ensure optimal growth so it is common to fortify human milk for ... ...

    Abstract Abstract Background Very preterm infants (< 32 weeks gestation) have a relatively high nutrient requirement for growth and development. The composition of human milk is often inadequate to ensure optimal growth so it is common to fortify human milk for very preterm infants with nutrient fortifiers based on bovine milk. However, there are concerns that bovine milk-based fortifiers may increase the risk of feeding intolerance, necrotizing enterocolitis and late-onset sepsis. We hypothesize that a bovine colostrum-based product is a suitable alternative to bovine milk-based products when used as a fortifier to human milk in very preterm infants. Methods/Design In an open-label multicentre randomised controlled pilot trial, 200 very preterm infants (26 + 0 to 30 + 6 weeks gestation at birth) will be randomly allocated to a bovine colostrum-based or a bovine milk-based fortifier added to mother’s own milk and/or human donor milk. Outcomes are growth rate, incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis and late-onset sepsis, a series of paraclinical endpoints, and practical feasibility of using the novel fortifier for very preterm infants. Discussion The optimal enteral diet and feeding regimen for very preterm infants remain debated; this clinical trial will document the feasibility, safety and preliminary efficacy of using bovine colostrum, rich in nutrients and bioactive factors, as a novel fortifier for human milk to very preterm infants. Data on infant growth, metabolism, gut function and immunity will be assessed from clinical data as well as blood and stool samples. Trial registration Registered retrospectively 25 May 2018 at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03537365.
    Keywords Bovine colostrum ; bovine colostrum-based fortifier ; bovine milk-based fortifier ; fortification of human milk ; mother’s own milk ; human donor milk ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
    Subject code 610
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-05-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher BMC
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article: Processing of whey modulates proliferative and immune functions in intestinal epithelial cells

    Nguyen, Duc Ninh / Dereck E.W. Chatterton / Per T. Sangild / Stine B. Bering / Yanqi Li

    American Dairy Science Association Journal of dairy science. 2016 Feb., v. 99, no. 2

    2016  

    Abstract: Whey protein concentrate (WPC) is often subjected to heat treatment during industrial processing, resulting in protein denaturation and loss of protein bioactivity. We hypothesized that WPC samples subjected to different degrees of thermal processing are ...

    Abstract Whey protein concentrate (WPC) is often subjected to heat treatment during industrial processing, resulting in protein denaturation and loss of protein bioactivity. We hypothesized that WPC samples subjected to different degrees of thermal processing are associated with different levels of bioactive proteins and effects on proliferation and immune response in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). The results showed that low-heat-treated WPC had elevated levels of lactoferrin and transforming growth factor-β2 compared with that of standard WPC. The level of aggregates depended on the source of whey, with the lowest level being found in WPC derived from acid whey. Following acid activation, WPC from acid whey enhanced IEC proliferation compared with WPC from sweet whey or nonactivated WPC. Low-heat-treated WPC from acid whey induced greater secretion of IL-8 in IEC than either standard WPC from acid whey or low-heat-treated WPC from sweet whey. Following acid activation (to activate growth factors), low-heat-treated WPC from sweet whey induced higher IL-8 levels in IEC compared with standard WPC from sweet whey. In conclusion, higher levels of bioactive proteins in low-heat-treated WPC, especially from acid whey, may enhance proliferation and cytokine responses of IEC. These considerations could be important to maintain optimal bioactivity of infant formulas, including their maturational and immunological effects on the developing intestine.
    Keywords bioactive properties ; growth factors ; heat treatment ; immune response ; infant formulas ; interleukin-8 ; intestinal mucosa ; lactoferrin ; protein denaturation ; protein depletion ; secretion ; whey ; whey protein concentrate
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2016-02
    Size p. 959-969.
    Publishing place Elsevier Inc.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 242499-x
    ISSN 1525-3198 ; 0022-0302
    ISSN (online) 1525-3198
    ISSN 0022-0302
    DOI 10.3168/jds.2015-9965
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  6. Article: Bovine lactoferrin regulates cell survival, apoptosis and inflammation in intestinal epithelial cells and preterm pig intestine

    Nguyen, Duc Ninh / Allan Stensballe / Dereck E.W. Chatterton / Emøke Bendixen / Per T. Sangild / Pingping Jiang

    Journal of proteomics. 2016 Apr. 29, v. 139

    2016  

    Abstract: Bovine lactoferrin (bLF) may modulate neonatal intestinal inflammation. Previous studies in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) indicated that moderate bLF doses enhance proliferation whereas high doses trigger inflammation. To further elucidate cellular ... ...

    Abstract Bovine lactoferrin (bLF) may modulate neonatal intestinal inflammation. Previous studies in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) indicated that moderate bLF doses enhance proliferation whereas high doses trigger inflammation. To further elucidate cellular mechanisms, we profiled the porcine IEC proteome after stimulation with bLF at 0, 0.1, 1 and 10g/L by LC-MS-based proteomics. Key pathways were analyzed in the intestine of formula-fed preterm pigs with and without supplementation of 10g/L bLF. Levels of 123 IEC proteins were altered by bLF. Low bLF doses (0.1–1g/L) up-regulated 11 proteins associated with glycolysis, energy metabolism and protein synthesis, indicating support of cell survival. In contrast, a high bLF dose (10g/L) up-regulated three apoptosis-inducing proteins, down-regulated five anti-apoptotic and proliferation-inducing proteins and 15 proteins related to energy and amino acid metabolism, and altered three proteins enhancing the hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) pathway. In the preterm pig intestine, bLF at 10g/L decreased villus height/crypt depth ratio and up-regulated the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and HIF-1α, indicating elevated intestinal apoptosis and inflammation. In conclusion, bLF dose-dependently affects IECs via metabolic, apoptotic and inflammatory pathways. It is important to select an appropriate dose when feeding neonates with bLF to avoid detrimental effects exerted by excessive doses.The present work elucidates dose-dependent effects of bLF on the proteomic changes of IECs in vitro supplemented with data from a preterm pig study confirming detrimental effects of enteral feeding with the highest dose of bLF (10g/L). The study contributes to further understanding on mechanisms that bLF, as an important milk protein, can regulate the homeostasis of the immature intestine. Results from this study urge neonatologists to carefully consider the dose of bLF to supplement into infant formula used for preterm neonates.
    Keywords amino acid metabolism ; apoptosis ; cell viability ; dairy protein ; dose response ; energy ; energy metabolism ; enteral feeding ; glycolysis ; homeostasis ; hypoxia-inducible factor 1 ; infant formulas ; inflammation ; intestinal mucosa ; lactoferrin ; neonates ; protein synthesis ; proteome ; proteomics ; swine ; villi
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2016-0429
    Size p. 95-102.
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2400835-7
    ISSN 1876-7737 ; 1874-3919
    ISSN (online) 1876-7737
    ISSN 1874-3919
    DOI 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.03.020
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  7. Article: Parenteral lipids and partial enteral nutrition affect hepatic lipid composition but have limited short term effects on formula-induced necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm piglets

    Vegge, Andreas / Bo Wiinberg / Lotte Lauritzen / Per T. Sangild / Stine B. Bering / Thomas Thymann

    Clinical nutrition. 2014,

    2014  

    Abstract: Rapid transition from total parenteral nutrition (TPN) to enteral feeding is a risk factor for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants. We hypothesized that partial enteral nutrition with colostrum, increased proportion of n-3 polyunsaturated ... ...

    Abstract Rapid transition from total parenteral nutrition (TPN) to enteral feeding is a risk factor for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants. We hypothesized that partial enteral nutrition with colostrum, increased proportion of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), or exclusion of lipid in TPN would affect short term NEC sensitivity and liver function.Preterm piglets were fed for three days after birth: 1) TPN with a standard lipid emulsion (Nutriflex Lipid Plus, TPN control group, n = 19), 2) PN plus bovine colostrum as partial enteral nutrition (PN/COL, n = 18), 3) TPN with fish oil (FO) lipids (Omegaven, TPN/FO, n = 19), or 4) TPN with no lipid (TPN/NL, n = 22). After TPN, piglets were fed formula for two days before tissue collection.None of the treatments had consistent effect on NEC incidence (∼40–50% across all groups), intestinal morphology and function, relative to TPN. In the liver, there were no signs of steatosis but PN/COL decreased the n-6 PUFA levels, leading to higher n-3/n-6 ratio, GGT activity, and plasma cholesterol and albumin levels, relative to TPN (all p < 0.05). TPN/FO increased the hepatic n-3 levels and n-3/n-6 ratio. TPN/NL treatment led to decreased hepatic n-6 level, n-3/n-6 ratio and bilirubin, albumin and triglycerides, and lowered blood clotting strength (−30%, TPN/NL vs. TPN/COL, p < 0.05).Partial enteral nutrition with colostrum, increased n-3 PUFAs in TPN, or removal of lipid from the TPN, all affect hepatic lipids and proteins in preterm neonates. These effects do not translate into improved hepatic function or NEC resistance, at least not short term.
    Keywords albumins ; bilirubin ; blood coagulation ; cholesterol ; cow colostrum ; emulsions ; enteral feeding ; enterocolitis ; fish oils ; lipid composition ; liver ; liver function ; neonates ; omega-3 fatty acids ; omega-6 fatty acids ; piglets ; polyunsaturated fatty acids ; premature birth ; risk factors ; total parenteral nutrition ; triacylglycerols
    Language English
    Size p. .
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note Pre-press version
    ZDB-ID 604812-2
    ISSN 1532-1983 ; 0261-5614
    ISSN (online) 1532-1983
    ISSN 0261-5614
    DOI 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.03.004
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  8. Article ; Online: Protective effects of transforming growth factor β2 in intestinal epithelial cells by regulation of proteins associated with stress and endotoxin responses.

    Duc Ninh Nguyen / Pingping Jiang / Susanne Jacobsen / Per T Sangild / Emøke Bendixen / Dereck E W Chatterton

    PLoS ONE, Vol 10, Iss 2, p e

    2015  Volume 0117608

    Abstract: Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2 is an important anti-inflammatory protein in milk and colostrum. TGF-β2 supplementation appears to reduce gut inflammatory diseases in early life, such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in young mice. However, the ... ...

    Abstract Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2 is an important anti-inflammatory protein in milk and colostrum. TGF-β2 supplementation appears to reduce gut inflammatory diseases in early life, such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in young mice. However, the molecular mechanisms by which TGF-β2 protects immature intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) remain to be more clearly elucidated before interventions in infants can be considered. Porcine IECs PsIc1 were treated with TGF-β2 and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and changes in the cellular proteome were subsequently analyzed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-MS and LC-MS-based proteomics. TGF-β2 alone induced the differential expression of 13 proteins and the majority of the identified proteins were associated with stress responses, TGF-β and Toll-like receptor 4 signaling cascades. In particular, a series of heat shock proteins had similar differential trends as previously shown in the intestine of NEC-resistant preterm pigs and young mice. Furthermore, LC-MS-based proteomics and Western blot analyses revealed 20 differentially expressed proteins following treatment with TGF-β2 in LPS-challenged IECs. Thirteen of these proteins were associated with stress response pathways, among which five proteins were altered by LPS and restored by TGF-β2, whereas six were differentially expressed only by TGF-β2 in LPS-challenged IECs. Based on previously reported biological functions, these patterns indicate the anti-stress and anti-inflammatory effects of TGF-β2 in IECs. We conclude that TGF-β2 of dietary or endogenous origin may regulate the IEC responses against LPS stimuli, thereby supporting cellular homeostasis and innate immunity in response to bacterial colonization, and the first enteral feeding in early life.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 500
    Language English
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  9. Article: Minimal Enteral Nutrition to Improve Adaptation After Intestinal Resection in Piglets and Infants

    Aunsholt, Lise / Niels Qvist / Per T. Sangild / Andreas Vegge / Barbara Stoll / Douglas G. Burrin / Palle Bekker Jeppesen / Thomas Eriksen / Steffen Husby / Thomas Thymann

    Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2017 Feb. 1, v. 22, no. 10

    2017  

    Abstract: Background: Minimal enteral nutrition (MEN) may induce a diet-dependent stimulation of gut adaptation following intestinal resection. Bovine colostrum is rich in growth factors, and we hypothesized that MEN with colostrum would stimulate intestinal ... ...

    Abstract Background: Minimal enteral nutrition (MEN) may induce a diet-dependent stimulation of gut adaptation following intestinal resection. Bovine colostrum is rich in growth factors, and we hypothesized that MEN with colostrum would stimulate intestinal adaptation, compared with formula, and would be well tolerated in patients with short bowel syndrome. Methods: In experiment 1, 3-day-old piglets with 50% distal small intestinal resection were fed parenteral nutrition (PN, n = 10) or PN plus MEN given as either colostrum (PN-COL, n = 5) or formula (PN-FORM, n = 9) for 7 days. Intestinal nutrient absorption and histomorphometry were performed. In experiment 2, tolerance and feasibility of colostrum supplementation were tested in a pilot study on 5 infants who had undergone intestinal resection, and they were compared with 5 resected infants who served as controls. Results: In experiment 1, relative wet-weight absorption and intestinal villus height were higher in PN-COL vs PN (53% vs 23% and 362 ± 13 vs 329 ± 7 µm, P < .05). Crypt depth and tissue protein synthesis were higher in PN-COL (233 ± 7 µm, 22%/d) and PN-FORM (262 ± 13 µm, 22%/d) vs PN (190 ± 4 µm, 9%/d, both P < .05). In experiment 2, enteral colostrum supplementation was well tolerated, and no infants developed clinical signs of cow’s milk allergy. Conclusion: Minimal enteral nutrition feeding with bovine colostrum and formula induced similar intestinal adaptation after resection in piglets. Colostrum was well tolerated by newly resected infants, but the clinical indication for colostrum supplementation to infants subjected to intestinal resection remains to be determined.
    Keywords absorption ; cow colostrum ; digestive system ; digestive system diseases ; enteral feeding ; growth factors ; infants ; milk allergy ; parenteral feeding ; patients ; piglets ; protein synthesis ; resection ; villi
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2017-0201
    Size p. 1-8.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 800861-9
    ISSN 0148-6071
    ISSN 0148-6071
    DOI 10.1177/0148607117690527
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  10. Article: Human milk oligosaccharide effects on intestinal function and inflammation after preterm birth in pigs

    Rasmussen, Stine O / Duc Ninh Nguyen / Lena Martin / Mette V. Østergaard / Michael Roggenbuck / Per T. Sangild / Silvia Rudloff / Stine B. Bering

    Journal of nutritional biochemistry. 2017 Feb., v. 40

    2017  

    Abstract: Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) may mediate prebiotic and anti-inflammatory effects in newborns. This is particularly important for preterm infants who are highly susceptible to intestinal dysfunction and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). We ... ...

    Abstract Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) may mediate prebiotic and anti-inflammatory effects in newborns. This is particularly important for preterm infants who are highly susceptible to intestinal dysfunction and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). We hypothesized that HMO supplementation of infant formula (IF) improves intestinal function, bacterial colonization and NEC resistance immediately after preterm birth, as tested in a preterm pig model. Mixtures of HMOs were investigated in intestinal epithelial cells and in preterm pigs (n=112) fed IF supplemented without (CON) or with a mixture of four HMOs (4-HMO) or >25 HMOs (25-HMO, 5–10 g/L given for 5 or 11 days). The 25-HMO blend decreased cell proliferation and both HMO blends decreased lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-8 secretion in IPEC-J2 cells, relative to control (P<.05). All HMOs were found in urine and feces of HMO-treated pigs, and short-chain fatty acids in the colon were higher in HMO vs. CON pigs (P<.05). After 5 days, NEC lesions were similar between HMO and CON pigs and 25-HMO increased colon weights (P<.01). After 11 days, the 4-HMO diet did not affect NEC (56 vs. 79%, P=.2) but increased dehydration and diarrhea (P<.05) and expression of immune-related genes (IL10, IL12, TGFβ, TLR4; P<.05). Bacterial adherence and diversity was unchanged after HMO supplementation. Conclusion: Complex HMO-blends affect intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and gut gene expression and fermentation in preterm pigs. However, the HMOs had limited effects on NEC and diarrhea when supplemented to IF. Longer-term exposure to HMOs may be required to improve the immature intestinal function in formula-fed preterm neonates.
    Keywords anti-inflammatory activity ; bacterial adhesion ; bacterial colonization ; breast milk ; cell proliferation ; colon ; diarrhea ; enterocolitis ; feces ; fermentation ; gene expression ; genes ; infant formulas ; inflammation ; interleukin-10 ; interleukin-12 ; interleukin-8 ; intestinal mucosa ; models ; neonates ; oligosaccharides ; prebiotics ; premature birth ; secretion ; short chain fatty acids ; swine ; Toll-like receptor 4 ; transforming growth factor beta ; urine ; covid19
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2017-02
    Size p. 141-154.
    Publishing place Elsevier Inc.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 1014929-6
    ISSN 1873-4847 ; 0955-2863
    ISSN (online) 1873-4847
    ISSN 0955-2863
    DOI 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.10.011
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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