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  1. Article ; Online: Methods to increase response to postal and electronic questionnaires.

    Edwards, Philip James / Roberts, Ian / Clarke, Mike J / DiGuiseppi, Carolyn / Woolf, Benjamin / Perkins, Chloe

    The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    2023  Volume 11, Page(s) MR000008

    Abstract: Background: Self-administered questionnaires are widely used to collect data in epidemiological research, but non-response reduces the effective sample size and can introduce bias. Finding ways to increase response to postal and electronic ... ...

    Abstract Background: Self-administered questionnaires are widely used to collect data in epidemiological research, but non-response reduces the effective sample size and can introduce bias. Finding ways to increase response to postal and electronic questionnaires would improve the quality of epidemiological research.
    Objectives: To identify effective strategies to increase response to postal and electronic questionnaires.
    Search methods: We searched 14 electronic databases up to December 2021 and manually searched the reference lists of relevant trials and reviews. We contacted the authors of all trials or reviews to ask about unpublished trials; where necessary, we also contacted authors to confirm the methods of allocation used and to clarify results presented.
    Selection criteria: Randomised trials of methods to increase response to postal or electronic questionnaires. We assessed the eligibility of each trial using pre-defined criteria.
    Data collection and analysis: We extracted data on the trial participants, the intervention, the number randomised to intervention and comparison groups and allocation concealment. For each strategy, we estimated pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) in a random-effects model. We assessed evidence for selection bias using Egger's weighted regression method and Begg's rank correlation test and funnel plot. We assessed heterogeneity amongst trial odds ratios using a Chi
    Main results: Postal We found 670 eligible trials that evaluated over 100 different strategies of increasing response to postal questionnaires. We found substantial heterogeneity amongst trial results in half of the strategies. The odds of response almost doubled when: using monetary incentives (odds ratio (OR) 1.86; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.73 to 1.99; heterogeneity I
    Authors' conclusions: Researchers using postal and electronic questionnaires can increase response using the strategies shown to be effective in this Cochrane review.
    MeSH term(s) Male ; Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Reminder Systems ; Sample Size ; Smartphone ; Electronics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-30
    Publishing country England
    Document type Systematic Review ; Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 1469-493X
    ISSN (online) 1469-493X
    DOI 10.1002/14651858.MR000008.pub5
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  2. Article ; Online: Red light camera interventions for reducing traffic violations and traffic crashes: A systematic review.

    Cohn, Ellen G / Kakar, Suman / Perkins, Chloe / Steinbach, Rebecca / Edwards, Phil

    Campbell systematic reviews

    2020  Volume 16, Issue 2, Page(s) e1091

    Abstract: Background: Road traffic crashes are a major and increasing cause of injury and death around the world. In 2015, there were almost 6.3 million motor vehicle traffic crashes in the United States. Of these, approximately 1.7 million (27%) involved some ... ...

    Abstract Background: Road traffic crashes are a major and increasing cause of injury and death around the world. In 2015, there were almost 6.3 million motor vehicle traffic crashes in the United States. Of these, approximately 1.7 million (27%) involved some form of injury and 32,166 (0.5%) resulted in one or more fatalities (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2016, Traffic Safety Facts 2013: A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates System). The most common cause of urban crashes appears to be drivers running red lights or ignoring other traffic controls and injuries occur in 39% of all of these types of crashes (Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, IIHS, 2018, Red light running). While many drivers obey traffic signals, the possibility for violations exists due to issues such as driver distraction, aggressive driving behaviors, or a deliberate decision to ignore the traffic signal. One researcher suggests that eliminating traffic violations could reduce road injury crashes by up to 40% (Zaal, 1994,
    Objectives: This report updates and expands upon the previous Cochrane systematic review of RLCs. The aim of this review is to systematically review and synthesize the available evidence on the effectiveness of RLCs on the incidence of red light violations and the incidence and severity of various types of traffic crashes.
    Search methods: This study uses a four-part search strategy that involves: (a) searching 27 online electronic bibliographic databases for published and unpublished evaluations of RLCs; (b) searching the websites of 46 international institutes and research agencies focusing on transportation issues for reports and other gray literature; (c) searching the reference lists of published studies to identify additional published and unpublished works; and (d) conducting a keyword search using Google and Google Scholar to search for additional gray literature.
    Selection criteria: The criteria for inclusion were determined before the search process began. To be eligible, studies must have assessed the impact of RLCs on red light violations and/or traffic crashes. Studies must have employed a quantitative research design that involved randomized controlled trials, quasi-random controlled trials, a controlled before-after design, or a controlled interrupted time series. Research that incorporated additional interventions, such as speed cameras or enhanced police enforcement, were excluded, although normal routine traffic enforcement in the nonintervention control condition was not excluded. Both published and unpublished reports were included. Studies were eligible regardless of the country in which they were conducted or the date of publication. Qualitative, observational, or descriptive studies that did not include formal comparisons of treatment and control groups were excluded from this research.
    Data collection and analysis: Initial searches produced a total of 5,708 references after duplicates were removed. After title and abstract screening, a total of 121 references remained. Full-text review of these works identified 28 primary studies meeting the inclusion criteria, in addition to the 10 studies identified in the prior Cochrane review. Because several of the primary studies reported on multiple independent study areas, this report evaluates 41 separate analyses. At least two review authors independently assessed all records for eligibility, assessed methodological risk of bias, and extracted data from the full-text reports; disagreements were resolved by discussion with a third review author. To facilitate comparisons between studies, a standardized summary measure based on relative effects, rather than differences in effects, was defined for each outcome. Summary measures were calculated for all studies when possible. When at least three studies reported the same outcome, the results were pooled in a meta-analysis. Pooled meta-analyses were carried out when at least three studies reported the same outcome; otherwise, the results of individual studies were described in a narrative. Heterogeneity among effect estimates was assessed using
    Results: The results of this systematic review suggest that RLCs are associated with a statistically significant reduction in crash outcomes, although this varies by type of crash, and suggest a reduction in red light violations. RLCs are associated with a a 20% decrease in total injury crashes, a 24% decrease in right angle crashes and a 29% decrease in right angle injury crashes. Conversely, however, RLCs are also associated with a statistically significant increase in rear end crashes of 19%. There was also some evidence that RLCs were associated with a large reduction in crashes due to red light violations. There is no evidence to suggest that study heterogeneity is consistently explained by either country or risk of bias, nor did the presence or absence of warning signs appear to impact the effectiveness of RLCs. Studies accounting for regression to the mean tend to report more moderate decreases for right angle crashes resulting in injury than studies not accounting for regression to the mean. Studies with better control for confounders reported a nonsignificant decrease in right angle crashes, compared with a significant decrease for all studies.
    Authors' conclusions: The evidence suggests that RLCs may be effective in reducing red light violations and are likely to be effective in reducing some types of traffic crashes, although they also appear linked to an increase in rear end crashes. Several implications for policymakers and practitioners have emerged from this research. The costs and benefits of RLCs must be considered when implementing RLC programs. The potential benefits of a reduction in traffic violations and in some types of injury crashes must be weighed against the increased risk of other crash types. The economic implications of operating an RLC program also must be considered, including the costs of installation and operation as well as the economic impact of RLC effects.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-06-29
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2762761-5
    ISSN 1891-1803 ; 1891-1803
    ISSN (online) 1891-1803
    ISSN 1891-1803
    DOI 10.1002/cl2.1091
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Reduced street lighting at night and health: A rapid appraisal of public views in England and Wales.

    Green, Judith / Perkins, Chloe / Steinbach, Rebecca / Edwards, Phil

    Health & place

    2015  Volume 34, Page(s) 171–180

    Abstract: Financial and carbon reduction incentives have prompted many local authorities to reduce street lighting at night. Debate on the public health implications has centred on road accidents, fear of crime and putative health gains from reduced exposure to ... ...

    Abstract Financial and carbon reduction incentives have prompted many local authorities to reduce street lighting at night. Debate on the public health implications has centred on road accidents, fear of crime and putative health gains from reduced exposure to artificial light. However, little is known about public views of the relationship between reduced street lighting and health. We undertook a rapid appraisal in eight areas of England and Wales using ethnographic data, a household survey and documentary sources. Public concern focused on road safety, fear of crime, mobility and seeing the night sky but, for the majority in areas with interventions, reductions went unnoticed. However, more private concerns tapped into deep-seated anxieties about darkness, modernity 'going backwards', and local governance. Pathways linking lighting reductions and health are mediated by place, expectations of how localities should be lit, and trust in local authorities to act in the best interests of local communities.
    MeSH term(s) Anthropology, Cultural ; Cost Control ; Crime/prevention & control ; England ; Humans ; Lighting/economics ; Lighting/trends ; Public Health ; Public Opinion ; Safety ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Wales
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-06-06
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1262540-1
    ISSN 1873-2054 ; 1353-8292
    ISSN (online) 1873-2054
    ISSN 1353-8292
    DOI 10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.05.011
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Historic air pollution exposure and long-term mortality risks in England and Wales: prospective longitudinal cohort study.

    Hansell, Anna / Ghosh, Rebecca E / Blangiardo, Marta / Perkins, Chloe / Vienneau, Danielle / Goffe, Kayoung / Briggs, David / Gulliver, John

    Thorax

    2016  Volume 71, Issue 4, Page(s) 330–338

    Abstract: Introduction: Long-term air pollution exposure contributes to mortality but there are few studies examining effects of very long-term (>25 years) exposures.: Methods: This study investigated modelled air pollution concentrations at residence for 1971, ...

    Abstract Introduction: Long-term air pollution exposure contributes to mortality but there are few studies examining effects of very long-term (>25 years) exposures.
    Methods: This study investigated modelled air pollution concentrations at residence for 1971, 1981, 1991 (black smoke (BS) and SO2) and 2001 (PM10) in relation to mortality up to 2009 in 367,658 members of the longitudinal survey, a 1% sample of the English Census. Outcomes were all-cause (excluding accidents), cardiovascular (CV) and respiratory mortality.
    Results: BS and SO2 exposures remained associated with mortality decades after exposure-BS exposure in 1971 was significantly associated with all-cause (OR 1.02 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.04)) and respiratory (OR 1.05 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.09)) mortality in 2002-2009 (ORs expressed per 10 μg/m(3)). Largest effect sizes were seen for more recent exposures and for respiratory disease. PM10 exposure in 2001 was associated with all outcomes in 2002-2009 with stronger associations for respiratory (OR 1.22 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.44)) than CV mortality (OR 1.12 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.25)). Adjusting PM10 for past BS and SO2 exposures in 1971, 1981 and 1991 reduced the all-cause OR to 1.16 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.26) while CV and respiratory associations lost significance, suggesting confounding by past air pollution exposure, but there was no evidence for effect modification. Limitations include limited information on confounding by smoking and exposure misclassification of historic exposures.
    Conclusions: This large national study suggests that air pollution exposure has long-term effects on mortality that persist decades after exposure, and that historic air pollution exposures influence current estimates of associations between air pollution and mortality.
    MeSH term(s) Air Pollution/analysis ; Air Pollution/history ; England ; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects ; Environmental Exposure/analysis ; Environmental Exposure/history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Oxides/adverse effects ; Oxides/history ; Particulate Matter/adverse effects ; Particulate Matter/history ; Prospective Studies ; Respiratory Tract Diseases/etiology ; Respiratory Tract Diseases/history ; Respiratory Tract Diseases/mortality ; Risk Factors ; Smoke/adverse effects ; Sulfur Compounds/adverse effects ; Sulfur Compounds/history ; Time Factors ; Wales
    Chemical Substances Oxides ; Particulate Matter ; Smoke ; Sulfur Compounds ; sulfur monoxide (13827-32-2)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-02-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Historical Article ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 204353-1
    ISSN 1468-3296 ; 0040-6376
    ISSN (online) 1468-3296
    ISSN 0040-6376
    DOI 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207111
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  5. Article ; Online: The effect of reduced street lighting on road casualties and crime in England and Wales: controlled interrupted time series analysis.

    Steinbach, Rebecca / Perkins, Chloe / Tompson, Lisa / Johnson, Shane / Armstrong, Ben / Green, Judith / Grundy, Chris / Wilkinson, Paul / Edwards, Phil

    Journal of epidemiology and community health

    2015  Volume 69, Issue 11, Page(s) 1118–1124

    Abstract: Background: Many local authorities in England and Wales have reduced street lighting at night to save money and reduce carbon emissions. There is no evidence to date on whether these reductions impact on public health. We quantified the effect of 4 ... ...

    Abstract Background: Many local authorities in England and Wales have reduced street lighting at night to save money and reduce carbon emissions. There is no evidence to date on whether these reductions impact on public health. We quantified the effect of 4 street lighting adaptation strategies (switch off, part-night lighting, dimming and white light) on casualties and crime in England and Wales.
    Methods: Observational study based on analysis of geographically coded police data on road traffic collisions and crime in 62 local authorities. Conditional Poisson models were used to analyse longitudinal changes in the counts of night-time collisions occurring on affected roads during 2000-2013, and crime within census Middle Super Output Areas during 2010-2013. Effect estimates were adjusted for regional temporal trends in casualties and crime.
    Results: There was no evidence that any street lighting adaptation strategy was associated with a change in collisions at night. There was significant statistical heterogeneity in the effects on crime estimated at police force level. Overall, there was no evidence for an association between the aggregate count of crime and switch off (RR 0.11; 95% CI 0.01 to 2.75) or part-night lighting (RR 0.96; 95% CI 0.86 to 1.06). There was weak evidence for a reduction in the aggregate count of crime and dimming (RR 0.84; 95% CI 0.70 to 1.02) and white light (RR 0.89; 95% CI 0.77 to 1.03).
    Conclusions: This study found little evidence of harmful effects of switch off, part-night lighting, dimming, or changes to white light/LEDs on road collisions or crime in England and Wales.
    MeSH term(s) Accidents, Traffic/trends ; Carbon Footprint/standards ; Cost Control ; Crime/trends ; Databases, Factual ; England/epidemiology ; Humans ; Interrupted Time Series Analysis ; Lighting/economics ; Lighting/standards ; Lighting/trends ; Poisson Distribution ; Wales/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-07-28
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 391868-3
    ISSN 1470-2738 ; 0142-467X ; 0141-7681 ; 0143-005X
    ISSN (online) 1470-2738
    ISSN 0142-467X ; 0141-7681 ; 0143-005X
    DOI 10.1136/jech-2015-206012
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