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  1. Article ; Online: Risk and protective factors predictive of marital instability in U.S. military couples.

    Pflieger, Jacqueline C / Richardson, Sabrina M / Stander, Valerie A / Allen, Elizabeth S

    Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43)

    2021  Volume 36, Issue 5, Page(s) 791–802

    Abstract: The objective of this study was to predict marital instability from a range of risk and protective factors in a large, representative cohort of military couples participating in the Millennium Cohort Family Study. Online and paper surveys were ... ...

    Abstract The objective of this study was to predict marital instability from a range of risk and protective factors in a large, representative cohort of military couples participating in the Millennium Cohort Family Study. Online and paper surveys were administered to service members and their spouses in 2011-2013, which captured couples' demographic and background characteristics, family stressors, military experiences, and mental health risk factors as well as protective factors including family communication, and military support and satisfaction. Approximately 3 years later, change in marital status was examined among participants who completed a follow-up survey (
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Humans ; Male ; Marriage/psychology ; Military Personnel/psychology ; Personal Satisfaction ; Protective Factors ; Spouses/psychology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-12-20
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 619328-6
    ISSN 1939-1293 ; 0893-3200
    ISSN (online) 1939-1293
    ISSN 0893-3200
    DOI 10.1037/fam0000949
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  2. Article ; Online: Longitudinal Patterns of Military Spousal Alcohol Consumption: Findings From the Millennium Cohort Family Study.

    Sparks, Alicia C / Williams, Christianna S / Pflieger, Jacqueline C / Jacobson, Isabel / Corry, Nida H / Radakrishnan, Sharmini / Stander, Valerie A

    Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs

    2022  Volume 83, Issue 4, Page(s) 546–555

    Abstract: Objective: Alcohol use in the military is prevalent and has short- and long-term health, safety, and career consequences. Although several studies have examined service members' alcohol consumption, few have focused on alcohol use among military spouses. ...

    Abstract Objective: Alcohol use in the military is prevalent and has short- and long-term health, safety, and career consequences. Although several studies have examined service members' alcohol consumption, few have focused on alcohol use among military spouses. This study assessed factors at individual, interpersonal, and organizational levels to determine associations with risky alcohol use among military spouses.
    Method: Data from baseline and first follow-up of the Millennium Cohort Family Study were used (
    Results: Among spouses in this sample, 19% were risky drinkers at follow-up. Baseline alcohol use status was associated with risky drinking at follow-up. Most spouses (64.2%) did not change their drinking behavior between baseline and follow-up; those who did change were nearly evenly split between an increasing (17.0%) versus decreasing (18.7%) pattern. Risk factors included male gender, cigarette smoking, elevated symptoms of post-traumatic stress, marital separation, and service member deployment with combat.
    Conclusions: Although most military spouses were not engaging in risky drinking, one in five were, with about half of these having moved into the risky drinking category over time. Risky alcohol use among spouses has ramifications for themselves, the service member, and the family unit.
    MeSH term(s) Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology ; Alcohol Drinking/psychology ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Military Personnel/psychology ; Research Design ; Spouses
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-07-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2266450-6
    ISSN 1938-4114 ; 1934-2683 ; 1937-1888 ; 0096-882X
    ISSN (online) 1938-4114 ; 1934-2683
    ISSN 1937-1888 ; 0096-882X
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  3. Article ; Online: Alcohol misuse and separation from military service: A dyadic perspective.

    Porter, Ben / Rodriguez, Lindsey M / Woodall, Kelly A / Pflieger, Jacqueline C / Stander, Valerie A

    Addictive behaviors

    2020  Volume 110, Page(s) 106512

    Abstract: Objective: Alcohol misuse is a prevalent problem among military service members and their spouses. Service member alcohol misuse may contribute to poor job performance, legal infractions, and failure to meet physical standards. Spousal alcohol misuse ... ...

    Abstract Objective: Alcohol misuse is a prevalent problem among military service members and their spouses. Service member alcohol misuse may contribute to poor job performance, legal infractions, and failure to meet physical standards. Spousal alcohol misuse may indicate problems with military life. However, limited information is available about how alcohol misuse in military families affects occupational outcomes, specifically military attrition.
    Method: The current study examined 7,965 opposite sex married couples from the Millennium Cohort Family Study with one military and one civilian/veteran partner. Both partners reported on three measures of alcohol misuse (binge drinking, alcohol problems, and heavy weekly drinking). The associations between each partner's measures of alcohol misuse and subsequent military separation were evaluated using logistic regression. Sex, concordance of alcohol misuse, mental health, and service branch were explored as moderators.
    Results: In fully adjusted models, service member alcohol problems were directly related to military separation. Additionally, service member heavy weekly drinking was strongly associated with military separation among female service members but not male service members. Service member and spouse binge drinking interacted such that when only one partner reported binge drinking military separation was less likely, but both partners' binge drinking conveyed a marginally increased risk of military separation.
    Conclusions: Prevalence of alcohol misuse was high among military families. Service member alcohol misuse was more strongly related to military separation than spouse alcohol misuse. Additionally, heavy weekly drinking among female service members may be an indicator of a significant issue that merits interventions aimed at retaining these service members.
    MeSH term(s) Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology ; Alcohol-Related Disorders ; Alcoholism/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Military Personnel ; Spouses
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-06-15
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 197618-7
    ISSN 1873-6327 ; 0306-4603
    ISSN (online) 1873-6327
    ISSN 0306-4603
    DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106512
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  4. Article ; Online: Partner Effects: Analyzing Service Member and Spouse Drinking Over Time.

    Joneydi, Rayan / Sparks, Alicia C / Kolenikov, Stas / Jacobson, Isabel G / Knobloch, Leanne K / Williams, Christianna S / Pflieger, Jacqueline C / Corry, Nida H / Stander, Valerie A

    American journal of preventive medicine

    2023  Volume 65, Issue 4, Page(s) 627–639

    Abstract: Introduction: Excessive alcohol use is a significant problem in the military. Although there is a growing emphasis on family-centered alcohol prevention approaches, little is known about the interplay between partners' drinking behaviors. This study ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Excessive alcohol use is a significant problem in the military. Although there is a growing emphasis on family-centered alcohol prevention approaches, little is known about the interplay between partners' drinking behaviors. This study examines how service members and their spouses influence each other's drinking behavior over time and explores the complex individual, interpersonal, and organizational factors that may contribute to alcohol use.
    Methods: A sample of 3,200 couples from the Millennium Cohort Family Study was surveyed at baseline (2011-2013) and follow-up (2014-2016). The research team estimated how much partners' drinking behaviors influenced one another from baseline to follow-up using a longitudinal structural equation modeling approach. Data analyses were conducted in 2021 and 2022.
    Results: Drinking patterns converged between spouses from baseline to follow-up. Participants' own baseline drinking had a small but significant effect on changes in their partners' drinking from baseline to follow-up. Results from a Monte Carlo simulation showed that the longitudinal model could reliably estimate this partner effect in the presence of several potential sources of bias, including partner selection. The model also identified several common risk and protective factors for drinking shared by both service members and their spouses.
    Conclusions: Findings suggest that changing the drinking habits of one spouse could lead to a change in the drinking habits of the other, which supports family-centered alcohol prevention approaches in the military. Dual-military couples especially may benefit from targeted interventions because they face a higher risk of unhealthy alcohol consumption.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Spouses ; Alcoholism/prevention & control ; Military Personnel ; Cohort Studies ; Ethanol
    Chemical Substances Ethanol (3K9958V90M)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-13
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 632646-8
    ISSN 1873-2607 ; 0749-3797
    ISSN (online) 1873-2607
    ISSN 0749-3797
    DOI 10.1016/j.amepre.2023.04.002
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  5. Article: Military Life Stressors, Family Communication and Satisfaction: Associations with Children's Psychosocial Outcomes.

    Briggs, Ernestine C / Fairbank, John A / Tunno, Angela M / Lee, Robert C / Corry, Nida H / Pflieger, Jacqueline C / Stander, Valerie A / Murphy, Robert A

    Journal of child & adolescent trauma

    2019  Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 75–87

    Abstract: Families experience multiple stressors as a result of military service. The purpose of this study was to examine facets of military life and family factors that may impact child psychosocial and mental health functioning. Using baseline data from the ... ...

    Abstract Families experience multiple stressors as a result of military service. The purpose of this study was to examine facets of military life and family factors that may impact child psychosocial and mental health functioning. Using baseline data from the Millennium Cohort Family Study, this study examined family demographics and composition (age, number of children), military life stressors (injury, family, and deployment stressors), family communication and satisfaction as assessed by the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale-IV, parental social functioning assessed via the Short Form Health Survey-36, and child mental health and behavioral functioning (parental reports of clinician-diagnosed mental health conditions such as depression) and an adapted version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Injury- and family-related military stressors were significant indicators of heightened risk for child mental health conditions, whereas greater levels of parental social functioning and family satisfaction were associated with lower risk of child mental health conditions. Differential associations were found in child functioning when military-related variables (e.g., service component), sociodemographic, and family composition factors (number and age of the children in the home) were examined. These findings underscore the importance of examining the "whole child" within the broader ecological and military family context to understand factors associated with children's mental and behavioral health. The results from the present study highlight the complex relationships that may be at play, which, in turn, have considerable implications for the development of policies to support children and families encountering multiple stressors related to a parent's military service.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-05-21
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2502136-9
    ISSN 1936-153X ; 1936-1521
    ISSN (online) 1936-153X
    ISSN 1936-1521
    DOI 10.1007/s40653-019-00259-z
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  6. Article ; Online: Do specific transitional patterns of antisocial behavior during adolescence increase risk for problems in young adulthood?

    Cook, Emily C / Pflieger, Jacqueline C / Connell, Arin M / Connell, Christian M

    Journal of abnormal child psychology

    2014  Volume 43, Issue 1, Page(s) 95–106

    Abstract: Latent transition analysis was used to identify patterns and trajectories of antisocial behavior (ASB) and their association with young adult outcomes in a nationally representative sample of adolescents (N = 5,422; 53.9% female). Participants were on ... ...

    Abstract Latent transition analysis was used to identify patterns and trajectories of antisocial behavior (ASB) and their association with young adult outcomes in a nationally representative sample of adolescents (N = 5,422; 53.9% female). Participants were on average 13.96 years of age (SD = 1.06) at wave 1 of the study. Latent class analysis identified four classes of ASB including a non-ASB class, an aggressive class, a petty theft class, and a serious ASB class. In general, youth who were classified as serious stable ASB were the most at risk for problematic functioning in young adulthood. Youth who escalated to more serious patterns of ASB or reduced involvement also were at greater risk of negative outcomes in young adulthood compared to stable non-ASB youth, although they generally fared better than youth involved in stable patterns of more serious ASB. Gender differences indicated that involvement in ASB was a greater risk factor for alcohol use among boys and a greater risk factor for depression among girls in young adulthood. Results are discussed in terms of the predictive validity of classes of ASB to functioning in young adulthood and the implications of this research for prevention efforts.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adolescent Behavior/psychology ; Adult ; Aggression/psychology ; Alcohol Drinking/psychology ; Antisocial Personality Disorder/psychology ; Crime/psychology ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Risk ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-06-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 193136-2
    ISSN 1573-2835 ; 0091-0627
    ISSN (online) 1573-2835
    ISSN 0091-0627
    DOI 10.1007/s10802-014-9880-y
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  7. Article ; Online: The Impact of Military and Nonmilitary Experiences on Marriage: Examining the Military Spouse's Perspective.

    Pflieger, Jacqueline C / LeardMann, Cynthia A / McMaster, Hope S / Donoho, Carrie J / Riviere, Lyndon A

    Journal of traumatic stress

    2018  Volume 31, Issue 5, Page(s) 719–729

    Abstract: There has been conflicting research regarding direct association between deployments and marital quality, particularly from the military spouse's perspective. In the current study, we sought to extend past research by examining the direct association ... ...

    Abstract There has been conflicting research regarding direct association between deployments and marital quality, particularly from the military spouse's perspective. In the current study, we sought to extend past research by examining the direct association between both military and nonmilitary experiences and military spouse marital quality using 2011-2013 baseline data from the Millennium Cohort Family Study, a large sample of military couples representing all U.S. service branches and components. Military experiences were assessed using electronic deployment records to capture the number and length of deployments since 2001, and service members reported combat experience and symptoms indicative of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Military spouses reported on service members' recent time away from home, nonmilitary family stressors, and marital quality. Results of the logistic regression model adjusted for demographic, relationship, and military covariates indicated that most military experiences did not have a direct statistical association with low marital quality except service member PTSD, odds ratio (OR) = 1.54, 95% CI [1.17, 2.04]. Rather, nonmilitary experiences of the military spouse, including lack of social support, OR = 2.68, 95% CI [2.07, 3.47]; caregiver burden, OR = 1.56, 95% CI [1.22, 1.99]; work-family conflict, OR = 1.42, 95% CI [1.18, 1.69]; and financial strain, OR = 1.27, 95% CI [1.03, 1.55], increased odds of low marital quality. Implications of these findings include providing additional supports to address nonmilitary family stressors that are particularly salient to military spouses with an aim to promote marital quality.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Alcoholism/epidemiology ; Anxiety/epidemiology ; Case-Control Studies ; Depression/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Military Family/psychology ; Military Personnel/psychology ; Military Personnel/statistics & numerical data ; Prospective Studies ; Spouses/psychology ; Spouses/statistics & numerical data ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology ; United States ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-10-19
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 639478-4
    ISSN 1573-6598 ; 0894-9867
    ISSN (online) 1573-6598
    ISSN 0894-9867
    DOI 10.1002/jts.22321
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    Zs.A 2386: Show issues Location:
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  8. Article ; Online: Racial/ethnic differences in patterns of sexual risk behavior and rates of sexually transmitted infections among female young adults.

    Pflieger, Jacqueline C / Cook, Emily C / Niccolai, Linda M / Connell, Christian M

    American journal of public health

    2013  Volume 103, Issue 5, Page(s) 903–909

    Abstract: Objectives: We examined patterns of sexual behavior and risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in young adulthood for Black, Hispanic, and White females.: Methods: We used a nationally representative sample of 7015 female young adults from ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: We examined patterns of sexual behavior and risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in young adulthood for Black, Hispanic, and White females.
    Methods: We used a nationally representative sample of 7015 female young adults from wave III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Sexual risk items assessed behaviors occurring in the previous 6 years and past year to determine classes of sexual risk and links to STIs in young adulthood.
    Results: Latent class analysis revealed 3 sexual risk classes for Black and Hispanic youths and 4 sexual risk classes for White youths. The moderate and high risk classes had the highest probabilities of risky sexual partners, inconsistent condom use, and early age of sexual initiation, which significantly increased odds for STIs compared with recent abstainers.
    Conclusions: We found different classes of sexual behavior by race/ethnicity, with Black and Hispanic young women most at risk for STIs in young adulthood. Preventive efforts should target younger adolescents and focus on sexual partner behavior.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adolescent Behavior/ethnology ; Adolescent Behavior/psychology ; African Americans/psychology ; African Americans/statistics & numerical data ; Age Factors ; Bayes Theorem ; Condoms/statistics & numerical data ; European Continental Ancestry Group/psychology ; European Continental Ancestry Group/statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Health Surveys ; Hispanic Americans/psychology ; Hispanic Americans/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Retrospective Studies ; Sexual Behavior/ethnology ; Sexual Behavior/psychology ; Sexual Behavior/statistics & numerical data ; Sexual Partners ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases/ethnology ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases/prevention & control ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-03-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 121100-6
    ISSN 1541-0048 ; 0090-0036 ; 0002-9572
    ISSN (online) 1541-0048
    ISSN 0090-0036 ; 0002-9572
    DOI 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301005
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  9. Article: Parenting processes and dating violence: the mediating role of self-esteem in low- and high-SES adolescents.

    Pflieger, Jacqueline C / Vazsonyi, Alexander T

    Journal of adolescence

    2006  Volume 29, Issue 4, Page(s) 495–512

    Abstract: The current investigation tested a model in which low self-esteem mediated the effects by parenting processes (monitoring, closeness, and support) on measures of dating violence (victimization, perpetration, attitudes, and perceptions) in a sample of ... ...

    Abstract The current investigation tested a model in which low self-esteem mediated the effects by parenting processes (monitoring, closeness, and support) on measures of dating violence (victimization, perpetration, attitudes, and perceptions) in a sample of adolescents (n=809; mean age=16.4 years) from both low- and high-socioeconomic (SES) backgrounds. Hierarchical regression analyses provided evidence that low self-esteem partially mediated the link between parenting processes and dating violence, with unique differences observed between low- and high-SES youth. Specifically, in low-SES youth, low self-esteem mediated the relationship between closeness as well as support and dating violence behaviours, while in high-SES youth, it only mediated the relationship between maternal support and dating violence attitudes.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Attitude ; Domestic Violence ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Parenting ; Regression Analysis ; Self Concept ; Social Class ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires
    Language English
    Publishing date 2006-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 303529-3
    ISSN 1095-9254 ; 0140-1971
    ISSN (online) 1095-9254
    ISSN 0140-1971
    DOI 10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.10.002
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  10. Article ; Online: Mental Health of Children of Deployed and Nondeployed US Military Service Members: The Millennium Cohort Family Study.

    Fairbank, John A / Briggs, Ernestine C / Lee, Robert C / Corry, Nida H / Pflieger, Jacqueline C / Gerrity, Ellen T / Amaya-Jackson, Lisa M / Stander, Valerie A / Murphy, Robert A

    Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP

    2018  Volume 39, Issue 9, Page(s) 683–692

    Abstract: Objective: Families experience multiple stressors as a result of military service. The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations among service member deployment experiences, family and military factors, and children's mental health using ...

    Abstract Objective: Families experience multiple stressors as a result of military service. The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations among service member deployment experiences, family and military factors, and children's mental health using baseline data from the Millennium Cohort Family Study, a study designed to evaluate the health and mental health effects of military service on families, including children.
    Method: This study examined administrative data on deployment status (combat, noncombat, and no deployments), as well as service member- and spouse-reported data on deployment experiences and family functioning in relation to the mental health of children in the family who were aged 9 to 17 years.
    Results: Most children were not reported to have mental health, emotional, or behavioral difficulties regardless of parental deployment status. For an important minority of children, however, parental deployments with combat, compared with those with no deployment, were associated with a parental report of attention-deficit disorder/attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and depression as diagnosed by a clinical provider, after accounting for demographics, psychosocial context, and military factors. Children's odds of a parental report of depression were significantly higher in both the combat and the noncombat deployment groups than in the no deployment group.
    Conclusion: These findings extend our understanding of the association between parental deployments and children's mental health, with implications for services and training mental health providers serving military families.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/epidemiology ; Child ; Cohort Studies ; Depression/epidemiology ; Family ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Military Personnel/statistics & numerical data ; United States/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-08-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 603379-9
    ISSN 1536-7312 ; 0196-206X
    ISSN (online) 1536-7312
    ISSN 0196-206X
    DOI 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000606
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