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Article ; Online: Cenozoic migration of a desert plant lineage across the North Atlantic

Denk, Thomas / Bouchal, Johannes M. / Güner, H. Tuncay / Coiro, Mario / Butzmann, Rainer / Pigg, Kathleen B. / Tiffney, Bruce H.

New Phytologist. 2023 June, v. 238, no. 6 p.2668-2684

2023

Abstract: Previous paleobotanical work concluded that Paleogene elements of the sclerophyllous subhumid vegetation of western Eurasia and western North America were endemic to these disjunct regions, suggesting that the southern areas of the Holarctic flora were ... ...

Abstract	Previous paleobotanical work concluded that Paleogene elements of the sclerophyllous subhumid vegetation of western Eurasia and western North America were endemic to these disjunct regions, suggesting that the southern areas of the Holarctic flora were isolated at that time. Consequently, molecular studies invoked either parallel adaptation to dry climates from related ancestors, or long‐distance dispersal in explaining disjunctions between the two regions, dismissing the contemporaneous migration of dry‐adapted lineages via land bridges as unlikely. We report Vauquelinia (Rosaceae), currently endemic to western North America, in Cenozoic strata of western Eurasia. Revision of North American fossils previously assigned to Vauquelinia confirmed a single fossil‐species of Vauquelinia and one of its close relative Kageneckia. We established taxonomic relationships of fossil‐taxa using diagnostic character combinations shared with modern species and constructed a time‐calibrated phylogeny. The fossil record suggests that Vauquelinia, currently endemic to arid and subdesert environments, originated under seasonally arid climates in the Eocene of western North America and subsequently crossed the Paleogene North Atlantic land bridge (NALB) to Europe. This pattern is replicated by other sclerophyllous, dry‐adapted and warmth‐loving plants, suggesting that several of these taxa potentially crossed the North Atlantic via the NALB during Eocene times.
Keywords	Eocene epoch ; Vauquelinia ; flora ; fossils ; paleobotany ; phylogeny ; subhumid zones ; vegetation ; xerophytes ; Eurasia ; Europe ; North America
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-06
Size	p. 2668-2684.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	208885-x
ISSN	1469-8137 ; 0028-646X
ISSN (online)	1469-8137
ISSN	0028-646X
DOI	10.1111/nph.18743
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: ANATOMICALLY PRESERVED GLOSSOPTERIS STEMS WITH ATTACHED LEAVES FROM THE CENTRAL TRANSANTARCTIC MOUNTAINS, ANTARCTICA.

Pigg, Kathleen B / Taylor, Thomas N

American journal of botany

2018 Volume 80, Issue 5, Page(s) 500–516

Abstract: Stems and buds of Glossopteris skaarensis Pigg and buds of G. schopfii Pigg from the Permian Skaar Ridge locality in the central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica demonstrate the first anatomically preserved glossopterids known with stem/leaf ... ...

Abstract	Stems and buds of Glossopteris skaarensis Pigg and buds of G. schopfii Pigg from the Permian Skaar Ridge locality in the central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica demonstrate the first anatomically preserved glossopterids known with stem/leaf attachment. Stems of G. skaarensis are 1-12 mm in diameter ( = 3.1 mm) with a broad pith, poorly defined primary xylem, and a zone of secondary xylem up to 6 mm thick. Pycnoxylic wood conforming to Araucarioxylon Kraus is composed of tracheids with uni- to biseriate oval to hexagonal bordered pits on radial walls, uniseriate rays one to a few cells high, and cupressoid to taxodioid cross-field pitting. Stems have a narrow zone of secondary phloem, aerenchymatous cortex with scattered sclereids, and sometimes a narrow periderm. Two wedge-shaped leaf traces each bifurcate to form four strands in the base of each petiole. Small axillary branches are vascularized by double branch traces that fuse at the margin of the main axis. Buds of G. skaarensis have leaves with narrow lateral laminae and a thickened midrib containing a wide lacuna, delicate vascular strands, and a prominent hypodermis. In contrast, buds of G. schopfii have uniformly thick leaves with prominent, circular vascular bundle sheaths. These anatomical details are used to reconstruct individual types of glossopterid plants, providing new information toward understanding the ecology and evolution of this important group of Permian seed plants.
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-08-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2935-x
ISSN	1537-2197 ; 0002-9122
ISSN (online)	1537-2197
ISSN	0002-9122
DOI	10.1002/j.1537-2197.1993.tb13833.x
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Article ; Online: Cenozoic migration of a desert plant lineage across the North Atlantic.

Denk, Thomas / Bouchal, Johannes M / Güner, H Tuncay / Coiro, Mario / Butzmann, Rainer / Pigg, Kathleen B / Tiffney, Bruce H

The New phytologist

2023 Volume 238, Issue 6, Page(s) 2668–2684

Abstract	Previous paleobotanical work concluded that Paleogene elements of the sclerophyllous subhumid vegetation of western Eurasia and western North America were endemic to these disjunct regions, suggesting that the southern areas of the Holarctic flora were isolated at that time. Consequently, molecular studies invoked either parallel adaptation to dry climates from related ancestors, or long-distance dispersal in explaining disjunctions between the two regions, dismissing the contemporaneous migration of dry-adapted lineages via land bridges as unlikely. We report Vauquelinia (Rosaceae), currently endemic to western North America, in Cenozoic strata of western Eurasia. Revision of North American fossils previously assigned to Vauquelinia confirmed a single fossil-species of Vauquelinia and one of its close relative Kageneckia. We established taxonomic relationships of fossil-taxa using diagnostic character combinations shared with modern species and constructed a time-calibrated phylogeny. The fossil record suggests that Vauquelinia, currently endemic to arid and subdesert environments, originated under seasonally arid climates in the Eocene of western North America and subsequently crossed the Paleogene North Atlantic land bridge (NALB) to Europe. This pattern is replicated by other sclerophyllous, dry-adapted and warmth-loving plants, suggesting that several of these taxa potentially crossed the North Atlantic via the NALB during Eocene times.
MeSH term(s)	Phylogeny ; Plants ; Fossils ; Desert Climate ; Acclimatization
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	208885-x
ISSN	1469-8137 ; 0028-646X
ISSN (online)	1469-8137
ISSN	0028-646X
DOI	10.1111/nph.18743
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Urticaceae leaves with stinging trichomes were already present in latest early Eocene Okanogan Highlands, British Columbia, Canada.

DeVore, Melanie L / Nyandwi, Alphonse / Eckardt, Winnie / Bizuru, Elias / Mujawamariya, Myriam / Pigg, Kathleen B

American journal of botany

2020 Volume 107, Issue 10, Page(s) 1449–1456

Abstract: Premise: Paleontologists use tooth form to assess diets of fossil mammals. Plants would also be expected to adapt their morphology to respond to herbivory. Fossil nettle leaves with definitive stinging trichomes (tribe Urticeae, family Urticaceae) are ... ...

Abstract	Premise: Paleontologists use tooth form to assess diets of fossil mammals. Plants would also be expected to adapt their morphology to respond to herbivory. Fossil nettle leaves with definitive stinging trichomes (tribe Urticeae, family Urticaceae) are described from the early Eocene upland lacustrine floras of the Okanogan Highlands, British Columbia, Canada. This is the first report of stinging trichomes in the fossil record. Their occurrence in western North America at a time of major large herbivorous mammal radiation suggests they acted, as they do today, as a deterrent for mammal herbivory. Methods: Fossil leaf compressions and extant leaves were photographed with standard methods. Focus-shift stacking was used to layer photos of the fossil leaves. Results: Urticaceous fossil leaves from the Okanogan Highlands greatly resemble their modern relatives in leaf morphology and particularly in both stinging and nonstinging trichomes. Nettles are common components of the flora of the Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda. This region is used as a modern analogue for the Okanogan Highlands, based on comparable elevation, equable conditions that host both similar floras and large folivores. Conclusions: Nettles in tribe Urticeae (Urticaceae) producing leaves with stinging and nonstinging trichomes were already present in the early Eocene of western North America at a pivotal time during the early radiation of modern mammalian herbivore groups. They offer tantalizing evidence of a selective response that plants may have developed to protect themselves from the evolving mammalian herbivores of that time.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; British Columbia ; Fossils ; North America ; Plant Leaves ; Trichomes ; Urticaceae
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2935-x
ISSN	1537-2197 ; 0002-9122
ISSN (online)	1537-2197
ISSN	0002-9122
DOI	10.1002/ajb2.1548
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Urticaceae leaves with stinging trichomes were already present in latest early Eocene Okanogan Highlands, British Columbia, Canada

DeVore, Melanie L. / Nyandwi, Alphonse / Eckardt, Winnie / Bizuru, Elias / Mujawamariya, Myriam / Pigg, Kathleen B.

American journal of botany. 2020 Oct., v. 107, no. 10

2020

Abstract: PREMISE: Paleontologists use tooth form to assess diets of fossil mammals. Plants would also be expected to adapt their morphology to respond to herbivory. Fossil nettle leaves with definitive stinging trichomes (tribe Urticeae, family Urticaceae) are ... ...

Abstract	PREMISE: Paleontologists use tooth form to assess diets of fossil mammals. Plants would also be expected to adapt their morphology to respond to herbivory. Fossil nettle leaves with definitive stinging trichomes (tribe Urticeae, family Urticaceae) are described from the early Eocene upland lacustrine floras of the Okanogan Highlands, British Columbia, Canada. This is the first report of stinging trichomes in the fossil record. Their occurrence in western North America at a time of major large herbivorous mammal radiation suggests they acted, as they do today, as a deterrent for mammal herbivory. METHODS: Fossil leaf compressions and extant leaves were photographed with standard methods. Focus‐shift stacking was used to layer photos of the fossil leaves. RESULTS: Urticaceous fossil leaves from the Okanogan Highlands greatly resemble their modern relatives in leaf morphology and particularly in both stinging and nonstinging trichomes. Nettles are common components of the flora of the Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda. This region is used as a modern analogue for the Okanogan Highlands, based on comparable elevation, equable conditions that host both similar floras and large folivores. CONCLUSIONS: Nettles in tribe Urticeae (Urticaceae) producing leaves with stinging and nonstinging trichomes were already present in the early Eocene of western North America at a pivotal time during the early radiation of modern mammalian herbivore groups. They offer tantalizing evidence of a selective response that plants may have developed to protect themselves from the evolving mammalian herbivores of that time.
Keywords	Eocene epoch ; Urticaceae ; flora ; fossils ; herbivores ; highlands ; leaf morphology ; leaves ; mammals ; national parks ; British Columbia ; Rwanda
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-10
Size	p. 1449-1456.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2935-x
ISSN	1537-2197 ; 0002-9122
ISSN (online)	1537-2197
ISSN	0002-9122
DOI	10.1002/ajb2.1548
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: A review of the plants of the Princeton chert (Eocene, British Columbia, Canada)1

Pigg, Kathleen B / Melanie L. DeVore

Botany. 2016 July 8, v. 94, no. 9

2016

Abstract: The Princeton chert is one of the most completely studied permineralized floras of the Paleogene. Remains of over 30 plant taxa have been described in detail, along with a diverse assemblage of fungi that document a variety of ecological interactions ... ...

Abstract	The Princeton chert is one of the most completely studied permineralized floras of the Paleogene. Remains of over 30 plant taxa have been described in detail, along with a diverse assemblage of fungi that document a variety of ecological interactions with plants. As a flora of the Okanagan Highlands, the Princeton chert plants are an assemblage of higher elevation taxa of the latest early to earliest middle Eocene, with some components similar to those in the related compression floras. However, like the well-known floras of Clarno, Appian Way, the London Clay, and Messel, the Princeton chert provides an additional dimension of internal structure. In the present study, we outline the history of Princeton chert plant research, starting with Boneham and others, and extending into studies by Stockey and her students and colleagues. These studies were undertaken primarily at the University of Alberta, Edmonton. We then re-examine the individual elements of the Princeton chert flora, using the framework of the currently recognized Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG III) phylogeny and in light of recent fossil discoveries. We hope that this update will bring to mind new aspects of the significance of the Princeton chert flora to Paleogene paleobiology, biogeography, and plant evolution.
Keywords	altitude ; biogeography ; flora ; fossils ; fungi ; highlands ; Magnoliophyta ; phylogeny ; students ; British Columbia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2016-0708
Size	p. 661-681.
Publishing place	NRC Research Press
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2467208-7
ISSN	1916-2804 ; 1916-2790
ISSN (online)	1916-2804
ISSN	1916-2790
DOI	10.1139/cjb-2016-0079
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Article ; Online: New evidence of the reproductive organs of Glossopteris based on permineralized fossils from Queensland, Australia. II: pollen-bearing organ Ediea gen. nov.

Nishida, Harufumi / Pigg, Kathleen B / Kudo, Kensuke / Rigby, John F

Journal of plant research

2013 Volume 127, Issue 2, Page(s) 233–240

Abstract: Ediea homevalensis H. Nishida, Kudo, Pigg & Rigby gen. et sp. nov. is proposed for permineralized pollen-bearing structures from the Late Permian Homevale Station locality of the Bowen Basin, Queensland, Australia. The taxon represents unisexual fertile ... ...

Abstract	Ediea homevalensis H. Nishida, Kudo, Pigg & Rigby gen. et sp. nov. is proposed for permineralized pollen-bearing structures from the Late Permian Homevale Station locality of the Bowen Basin, Queensland, Australia. The taxon represents unisexual fertile shoots bearing helically arranged leaves on a central axis. The more apical leaves are fertile microsporophylls bearing a pair of multi-branched stalks on their adaxial surfaces that each supports a cluster of terminally borne pollen sacs. Proximal to the fertile leaves there are several rows of sterile scale-like leaves. The pollen sacs (microsporangia) have thickened and dark, striate walls that are typical of the Arberiella type found in most pollen organs presumed to be of glossopterid affinity. An examination of pollen organs at several developmental stages, including those containing in situ pollen of the Protohaploxypinus type, provides the basis for a detailed analysis of these types of structures, which bear similarities to both compression/impression Eretmonia-type glossopterid microsporangiate organs and permineralized Eretmonia macloughlinii from Antarctica. These fossils demonstrate that at least some Late Permian pollen organs were simple microsporophyll-bearing shoot systems and not borne directly on Glossopteris leaves.
MeSH term(s)	Biological Evolution ; Cycadopsida/anatomy & histology ; Cycadopsida/classification ; Cycadopsida/genetics ; Fossils ; Geography ; Plant Leaves/anatomy & histology ; Plant Leaves/classification ; Plant Leaves/genetics ; Plant Shoots/anatomy & histology ; Plant Shoots/classification ; Plant Shoots/genetics ; Pollen/anatomy & histology ; Pollen/classification ; Pollen/genetics ; Queensland
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-10-29
Publishing country	Japan
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2077362-6
ISSN	1618-0860 ; 0918-9440
ISSN (online)	1618-0860
ISSN	0918-9440
DOI	10.1007/s10265-013-0601-3
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Article: New evidence of the reproductive organs of Glossopteris based on permineralized fossils from Queensland, Australia. II: pollen-bearing organ Ediea gen. nov

Nishida, Harufumi / Pigg, Kathleen B / Kudo, Kensuke / Rigby, John F

Journal of plant research. 2014 Mar., v. 127, no. 2

2014

Abstract	Ediea homevalensis H. Nishida, Kudo, Pigg & Rigby gen. et sp. nov. is proposed for permineralized pollen-bearing structures from the Late Permian Homevale Station locality of the Bowen Basin, Queensland, Australia. The taxon represents unisexual fertile shoots bearing helically arranged leaves on a central axis. The more apical leaves are fertile microsporophylls bearing a pair of multi-branched stalks on their adaxial surfaces that each supports a cluster of terminally borne pollen sacs. Proximal to the fertile leaves there are several rows of sterile scale-like leaves. The pollen sacs (microsporangia) have thickened and dark, striate walls that are typical of the Arberiella type found in most pollen organs presumed to be of glossopterid affinity. An examination of pollen organs at several developmental stages, including those containing in situ pollen of the Protohaploxypinus type, provides the basis for a detailed analysis of these types of structures, which bear similarities to both compression/impression Eretmonia-type glossopterid microsporangiate organs and permineralized Eretmonia macloughlinii from Antarctica. These fossils demonstrate that at least some Late Permian pollen organs were simple microsporophyll-bearing shoot systems and not borne directly on Glossopteris leaves.
Keywords	developmental stages ; fossils ; leaves ; pollen ; shoots ; Queensland
Language	English
Dates of publication	2014-03
Size	p. 233-240.
Publishing place	Springer-Verlag
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2077362-6
ISSN	1618-0860 ; 0918-9440
ISSN (online)	1618-0860
ISSN	0918-9440
DOI	10.1007/s10265-013-0601-3
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Article: Shirleya grahamae gen. et sp. nov. (Lythraceae), Lagerstroemia-like fruits from the middle Miocene Yakima Canyon flora, central Washington State, USA.

Pigg, Kathleen B / Devore, Melanie L

American journal of botany

2005 Volume 92, Issue 2, Page(s) 242–251

Abstract: Shirleya grahamae Pigg & DeVore gen. et sp. nov. (Lythraceae) is established for silicified fruits from the middle Miocene Yakima Canyon of central Washington State, USA. The capsules are 10 mm long × 11.5-12.5 mm wide, enclosed in a persistent floral ... ...

Abstract	Shirleya grahamae Pigg & DeVore gen. et sp. nov. (Lythraceae) is established for silicified fruits from the middle Miocene Yakima Canyon of central Washington State, USA. The capsules are 10 mm long × 11.5-12.5 mm wide, enclosed in a persistent floral tube and contain 5-7 locules. They are loculicidally dehiscent, fracturing into fragments and leaving the central axis free. Placentation is axile. Five to seven mature seeds are tightly packed per locule, often with several smaller seeds. Seeds are winged, anatropous, and narrowly attached subapically to the central axis, curving basally and radially within the fruit. They are up to ∼4.6 mm long × 1.9 mm wide, with a small, triangular embryo cavity and a prominent distal wing. The inflated wing is filled with a bilobed parenchymatous pad of tissue with a central cavity. Shirleya grahamae is assigned to the Lythraceae, and is most similar to Lagerstroemia, based on the synapomorphies of distally winged seeds and revolute cotyledons. Shirleya differs from Lagerstroemia in seed arrangement, and pericarp and wing anatomy. This study provides the first anatomical information about a Miocene Lagerstroemia-like fruit and documents further diversity of the Lythraceae in the Neogene of northwestern North America.
Language	English
Publishing date	2005-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2935-x
ISSN	1537-2197 ; 0002-9122
ISSN (online)	1537-2197
ISSN	0002-9122
DOI	10.3732/ajb.92.2.242
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Paleoactaea gen. nov. (Ranunculaceae) fruits from the Paleogene of North Dakota and the London Clay.

Pigg, Kathleen B / Devore, Melanie L

American journal of botany

2005 Volume 92, Issue 10, Page(s) 1650–1659

Abstract: Paleoactea nagelii Pigg & DeVore gen. et sp. nov. is described for a small, ovoid ranunculaceous fossil fruit from the Late Paleocene Almont and Beicegel Creek floras of North Dakota, USA. Fruits are 5-7 mm wide, 4.5-6 mm high, 10-13 mm long, and ... ...

Abstract	Paleoactea nagelii Pigg & DeVore gen. et sp. nov. is described for a small, ovoid ranunculaceous fossil fruit from the Late Paleocene Almont and Beicegel Creek floras of North Dakota, USA. Fruits are 5-7 mm wide, 4.5-6 mm high, 10-13 mm long, and bilaterally symmetrical, containing 10-17 seeds attached on the upper margin in 2-3 rows. A distinctive honeycomb pattern is formed where adjacent seeds with prominent palisade outer cell layers abut. Seeds are flattened, ovoid, and triangular. To the inside of the palisade cells, the seed coat has a region of isodiametric cells that become more tangentially elongate toward the center. The embryo cavity is replaced by an opaline cast. This fruit bears a striking resemblance to extant Actaea, the baneberry (Ranunculaceae), an herbaceous spring wildflower of North Temperate regions. A second species, Paleoactaea bowerbanki (Reid & Chandler) Pigg & DeVore nov. comb., is recognized from the Early Eocene London Clay flora, based on a single fruit. This fruit shares most of the organization and structure of P. nagelii but is larger and has a thicker pericarp. This study documents a rare Paleocene occurrence of a member of the buttercup family, a family that is today primarily herbaceous, and demonstrates a North Atlantic connection for an Actaea-like genus in the Paleogene.
Language	English
Publishing date	2005-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2935-x
ISSN	1537-2197 ; 0002-9122
ISSN (online)	1537-2197
ISSN	0002-9122
DOI	10.3732/ajb.92.10.1650
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