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  1. Article ; Online: Geysers, Boiling Groundwater and Tectonics: The 3D Subsurface Resistive Structure of the Haukadalur Hydrothermal Field, Iceland

    Lupi, Matteo / Collignon, Marine / Fischanger, Federico / Carrier, Aurore / Trippanera, Daniele / Pioli, Laura

    Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 2022 Nov., v. 127, no. 11 p.e2022JB024040-

    2022  

    Abstract: Geysers are among the most fascinating geological features on Earth. Yet, little is still known about their hydrogeological structure at depth. To shed light on the spatial relationships between the vertical conduits and the aquifers feeding them, we ... ...

    Abstract Geysers are among the most fascinating geological features on Earth. Yet, little is still known about their hydrogeological structure at depth. To shed light on the spatial relationships between the vertical conduits and the aquifers feeding them, we conducted a 3D geoelectrical campaign in the Haukadalur hydrothermal field, Iceland. We deployed 24 Iris Fullwavers across the hydrothermal field and inverted resistivity and chargeability measurements. Additionally, we measured temperature variations inside Strokkur and Great Geysir geysers showing temperature fluctuations pointing out the oscillatory behavior that characterizes the geysering cycle of the geysers. By combining a semi‐quantitative temperature distribution of the thermal springs across the hydrothermal field with the inversion of the geoelectrical data, we highlight the control that extensional tectonics have on the distribution of fluids across the hydrothermal field. We also point out the occurrence of a common deep groundwater reservoir feeding the hydrothermal centers. Induced polarization data show that the geysers are fed by sub‐vertical water‐filled fracture zones. The geysers are found at the margins of highly resistive regions where we speculate boiling groundwater and vapor is found. Our proposed model suggests that local waters feeding the main groundwater reservoir downwell from the nearby region and then convect upwards, phase transitioning into vapor at about 200 m depth. From here, fluids flow toward the surface through pipes cutting a highly pressurized and hot system. This study shows to the best of our knowledge the first full 3D tomographic image of a hydrothermal field hosting geysers.
    Keywords geophysics ; groundwater ; models ; research ; tectonics ; temperature ; tomography ; vapors ; Iceland
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-11
    Publishing place John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    Document type Article ; Online
    Note JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ISSN 2169-9313
    DOI 10.1029/2022JB024040
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  2. Article ; Online: After the emergence of the Acheulean at Melka Kunture (Upper Awash, Ethiopia): From Gombore IB (1.6 Ma) to Gombore Iγ (1.4 Ma), Gombore Iδ (1.3 Ma) and Gombore II OAM Test Pit C (1.2 Ma)

    Mussi, M. / Altamura, Flavio / Di Bianco, Luca / Bonnefille, Raymonde / Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Sabine / Geraads, Denis / Melis, Rita T. / Panera, Joaquin / Piarulli, Flavia / Pioli, Laura / Ruta, Giancarlo / Sánchez-Dehesa Galán, Sol / Méndez Quintas, Eduardo

    Quaternary International. 2023 May, v. 657 p.3-25

    2023  

    Abstract: While the emergence of the Acheulean is well documented in East Africa at ~1.7 Ma, subsequent developments are less well understood and to some extent controversial. Here, we provide robust evidence regarding the time period between 1.6 Ma and 1.2 Ma, ... ...

    Abstract While the emergence of the Acheulean is well documented in East Africa at ~1.7 Ma, subsequent developments are less well understood and to some extent controversial. Here, we provide robust evidence regarding the time period between 1.6 Ma and 1.2 Ma, based on an interdisciplinary approach to the stratigraphic sequences exposed in the Gombore gully of Melka Kunture, in the upper Awash Valley of Ethiopia. Throughout the Pleistocene, the environment differed significantly from elsewhere in Africa because of the elevation at 2000 m asl, the cooler and rainy climate, the Afromontane vegetation, the development of endemic animal species, and the recurrent impact of volcanic activity. At Gombore IB, dated ~1.6 Ma, remains of Homo erectus/ergaster have been discovered, associated with a rich early Acheulean assemblage. The techno-typological analysis of the lithic record from Gombore Iγ (~1.4 Ma) and Gombore Iδ (~1.3 Ma), where substantial areas have been excavated, and the contrasting evidence from Gombore OAM Test Pit C (~1.2 Ma), suggest that the scarcity or lack of large flakes and large cutting tools at the two earlier sites is possibly not just the outcome of sampling bias, but rather of the adaptation of H. erectus/ergaster to the local resources, in a relatively isolated environment. The sites of Gombore gully provide new evidence on the complex pattern of human evolution and adaptation in East Africa during the Lower Pleistocene.
    Keywords Homo ; Pleistocene epoch ; climate ; evolution ; humans ; indigenous species ; vegetation ; volcanic activity ; Ethiopia ; Melka Kunture ; Lower Pleistocene ; Acheulean ; Volcanism ; Homo erectus/Ergaster adaptation
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2023-05
    Size p. 3-25.
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article ; Online
    Note NAL-AP-2-clean ; Pre-press version
    ISSN 1040-6182
    DOI 10.1016/j.quaint.2021.02.031
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  3. Article ; Online: Magma fragmentation and particle size distributions in low intensity mafic explosions: the July/August 2015 Piton de la Fournaise eruption.

    Edwards, Matthew J / Pioli, Laura / Harris, Andrew J L / Gurioli, Lucia / Thivet, Simon

    Scientific reports

    2020  Volume 10, Issue 1, Page(s) 13953

    Abstract: Understanding magma fragmentation mechanisms in explosive eruptions is a key requirement for volcanic hazard assessment, eruption management and risk mitigation. This paper focuses on a type case small explosivity eruption (July-August 2015 eruption of ... ...

    Abstract Understanding magma fragmentation mechanisms in explosive eruptions is a key requirement for volcanic hazard assessment, eruption management and risk mitigation. This paper focuses on a type case small explosivity eruption (July-August 2015 eruption of Piton de la Fournaise). These eruptions, despite being often overlooked, are exceedingly frequent on local-to-global scales and constitute a significant hazard in vent-proximal areas, which are often populated by guides, tourists and, indeed, volcanologists due to their accessibility. The explosions presented here are ideal cases for the study of the dynamics of magma fragmentation and how it relates to the size distribution of scoria generated at the vent. We documented these events visually and thermally, and characterised the products through sample-return. This allowed us to describe small-scale gas bursts sending ejecta up to 30 m during intermittent lava fountains. Surface tension instabilities and inertial forces played a major role in fragmentation processes and generated particles with coarse-skewed distributions and median diameters ranging from - 8 to - 10 ϕ. However, with time distributions of particles in the most energetic fountains shifted towards more symmetrical shapes as median grains sizes became finer. Analyses of sequences of images demonstrate that the evolution of particle size distributions with time is due to instability of magma droplets and (in-flight) fragmentation.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-08-18
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-020-69976-y
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: A surge in obsidian exploitation more than 1.2 million years ago at Simbiro III (Melka Kunture, Upper Awash, Ethiopia).

    Mussi, Margherita / Mendez-Quintas, Eduardo / Barboni, Doris / Bocherens, Hervé / Bonnefille, Raymonde / Briatico, Giuseppe / Geraads, Denis / Melis, Rita T / Panera, Joaquin / Pioli, Laura / Domínguez, Andrea Serodio / Jara, Susana Rubio

    Nature ecology & evolution

    2023  Volume 7, Issue 3, Page(s) 337–346

    Abstract: Pleistocene archaeology records the changing behaviour and capacities of early hominins. These behavioural changes, for example, to stone tools, are commonly linked to environmental constraints. It has been argued that, in earlier times, multiple ... ...

    Abstract Pleistocene archaeology records the changing behaviour and capacities of early hominins. These behavioural changes, for example, to stone tools, are commonly linked to environmental constraints. It has been argued that, in earlier times, multiple activities of everyday life were all uniformly conducted at the same spot. The separation of focused activities across different localities, which indicates a degree of planning, according to this mindset characterizes later hominins since only 500,000 years ago. Simbiro III level C, in the upper Awash valley of Ethiopia, allows us to test this assumption in its assemblage of stone tools made only with obsidian, dated to more than 1.2 million years (Myr) old. Here we first reconstruct the palaeoenvironment, showing that the landscape was seasonally flooded. Following the deposition of an accumulation of obsidian cobbles by a meandering river, hominins began to exploit these in new ways, producing large tools with sharp cutting edges. We show through statistical analysis that this was a focused activity, that very standardized handaxes were produced and that this was a stone-tool workshop. We argue that at Simbiro III, hominins were doing much more than simply reacting to environmental changes; they were taking advantage of new opportunities, and developing new techniques and new skills according to them.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Fossils ; Ethiopia ; Hominidae ; Glass
    Chemical Substances obsidian (12244-39-2)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-19
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 2397-334X
    ISSN (online) 2397-334X
    DOI 10.1038/s41559-022-01970-1
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Insights into the palaeobiology of an early Homo infant: multidisciplinary investigation of the GAR IVE hemi-mandible, Melka Kunture, Ethiopia.

    Le Cabec, Adeline / Colard, Thomas / Charabidze, Damien / Chaussain, Catherine / Di Carlo, Gabriele / Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Sabine / Hublin, Jean-Jacques / Melis, Rita T / Pioli, Laura / Ramirez-Rozzi, Fernando / Mussi, Margherita

    Scientific reports

    2021  Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 23087

    Abstract: Childhood is an ontogenetic stage unique to the modern human life history pattern. It enables the still dependent infants to achieve an extended rapid brain growth, slow somatic maturation, while benefitting from provisioning, transitional feeding, and ... ...

    Abstract Childhood is an ontogenetic stage unique to the modern human life history pattern. It enables the still dependent infants to achieve an extended rapid brain growth, slow somatic maturation, while benefitting from provisioning, transitional feeding, and protection from other group members. This tipping point in the evolution of human ontogeny likely emerged from early Homo. The GAR IVE hemi-mandible (1.8 Ma, Melka Kunture, Ethiopia) represents one of the rarely preserved early Homo infants (~ 3 years at death), recovered in a richly documented Oldowan archaeological context. Yet, based on the sole external inspection of its teeth, GAR IVE was diagnosed with a rare genetic disease-amelogenesis imperfecta (AI)-altering enamel. Since it may have impacted the child's survival, this diagnosis deserves deeper examination. Here, we reassess and refute this diagnosis and all associated interpretations, using an unprecedented multidisciplinary approach combining an in-depth analysis of GAR IVE (synchrotron imaging) and associated fauna. Some of the traits previously considered as diagnostic of AI can be better explained by normal growth or taphonomy, which calls for caution when diagnosing pathologies on fossils. We compare GAR IVE's dental development to other fossil hominins, and discuss the implications for the emergence of childhood in early Homo.
    MeSH term(s) Amelogenesis Imperfecta ; Animals ; Archaeology/methods ; Biological Evolution ; Dental Enamel/anatomy & histology ; Ethiopia ; Female ; Fossils ; Geography ; Head ; Hominidae/growth & development ; Humans ; Interdisciplinary Research ; Mandible/abnormalities ; Mandible/growth & development ; Paleontology/methods ; Synchrotrons ; Tooth/growth & development
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-11-29
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-021-02462-1
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Shallow factors controlling the explosivity of basaltic magmas

    Edwards, Matthew John / Pioli, Laura / Andronico, Daniele / Scollo, Simona / Ferrari, Ferruccio / Cristaldi, Antonio

    The 17–25 May 2016 eruption of Etna Volcano (Italy)

    2018  

    Abstract: Highlights • Combination of data from various disciplines to describe in detail an eruption at Mount Etna. • Glass and phenocryst microprobe analysis provides evidence of the interaction of multiple magma bodies. • Shallow magma systems can control ... ...

    Abstract Highlights • Combination of data from various disciplines to describe in detail an eruption at Mount Etna. • Glass and phenocryst microprobe analysis provides evidence of the interaction of multiple magma bodies. • Shallow magma systems can control eruptive complexity in small-medium scale eruptions at frequently active, open-vent volcanoes. Abstract We present a detailed physical and geochemical analysis of a small-scale eruption at the type basaltic volcano, Mount Etna, Italy, that spanned 9 days in May 2016. A complexity rarely seen within the short timeframe was present with the style of activity manifesting as outgassing, strombolian explosions to weak fountaining, and lava flows, while the eruption migrated between most of the summit craters. Through microprobe analysis of phenocrysts, groundmass glasses and melt inclusions we define geochemical trends by differentiating the eruptive products into two groups – the explosive tephra produced by lava fountaining, and lava and scoria emitted during Strombolian explosions. We highlight plagioclase and olivine compositions and variations in glass compositions as evidence for the eruption of multiple magma bodies. The eruptive sequence was triggered and fed by a batch of magma reaching the surface after limited degassing and crystallisation. Despite its small mass (about 0.01% of the total erupted magma), it generated three lava fountains occurring within a four-day timespan, producing ash-rich plumes which reached heights of a few km above the vent. The same batch destabilised a much larger mass (the remaining 99.99%) of crystal-richer magma stored at shallow depth that then erupted as lava from the same vent system in temporal continuity with the initial batch. The eruption was concluded by minor spattering and final Strombolian activity. The compositions of the magma batches suggest that the shallow magma reservoir likely exists as a network of interconnected dykes, probably fed by the same that partly erupted in the years/months preceding the May 2016 ...
    Subject code 660
    Language English
    Publisher Elsevier
    Publishing country de
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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