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  1. Article: The role of viral interference in shaping RSV epidemics following the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic.

    Li, Ke / Thindwa, Deus / Weinberger, Daniel M / Pitzer, Virginia E

    medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences

    2024  

    Abstract: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) primarily affects infants, young children, and older adults, with seasonal outbreaks in the United States (US) peaking around December or January. Despite the limited implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions, ... ...

    Abstract Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) primarily affects infants, young children, and older adults, with seasonal outbreaks in the United States (US) peaking around December or January. Despite the limited implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions, disrupted RSV activity was observed in different countries following the 2009 influenza pandemic, suggesting possible viral interference from influenza. Although interactions between the influenza A/H1N1 pandemic virus and RSV have been demonstrated at an individual level, it remains unclear whether the disruption of RSV activity at the population level can be attributed to viral interference. In this work, we first evaluated changes in the timing and intensity of RSV activity across 10 regions of the US in the years following the 2009 influenza pandemic using dynamic time warping. We observed a reduction in RSV activity following the pandemic, which was associated with intensity of influenza activity in the region. We then developed an age-stratified, two-pathogen model to examine various hypotheses regarding viral interference mechanisms. Based on our model estimates, we identified three mechanisms through which influenza infections could interfere with RSV: 1) reducing susceptibility to RSV coinfection; 2) shortening the RSV infectious period in coinfected individuals; and 3) reducing RSV infectivity in coinfection. Our study offers statistical support for the occurrence of atypical RSV seasons following the 2009 influenza pandemic. Our work also offers new insights into the mechanisms of viral interference that contribute to disruptions in RSV epidemics and provides a model-fitting framework that enables the analysis of new surveillance data for studying viral interference at the population level.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2024.02.25.24303336
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: The blossoming of methods and software in computational biology.

    Mac Gabhann, Feilim / Pitzer, Virginia E / Papin, Jason A

    PLoS computational biology

    2023  Volume 19, Issue 8, Page(s) e1011390

    MeSH term(s) Computational Biology ; Software
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-17
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Editorial
    ZDB-ID 2193340-6
    ISSN 1553-7358 ; 1553-734X
    ISSN (online) 1553-7358
    ISSN 1553-734X
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011390
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Predicted effectiveness of vaccines and extended half-life monoclonal antibodies against RSV hospitalizations in children.

    Zheng, Zhe / Weinberger, Daniel M / Pitzer, Virginia E

    NPJ vaccines

    2022  Volume 7, Issue 1, Page(s) 127

    Abstract: Several vaccines and extended half-life monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) have shown promise in clinical trials. We used age-structured transmission models to predict the possible impact of various RSV prevention ... ...

    Abstract Several vaccines and extended half-life monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) have shown promise in clinical trials. We used age-structured transmission models to predict the possible impact of various RSV prevention strategies including maternal immunization, live-attenuated vaccines, and long-lasting mAbs. Our results suggest that maternal immunization and long-lasting mAbs are likely to be highly effective in preventing RSV hospitalizations in infants under 6 months of age, averting more than half of RSV hospitalizations in neonates. Live-attenuated vaccines could reduce RSV hospitalizations in vaccinated age groups and are also predicted to have a modest effect in unvaccinated age groups because of disruptions to transmission. Compared to year-round vaccination, a seasonal vaccination program at the country level provides at most a minor advantage regarding efficiency. Our findings highlight the substantial public health impact that upcoming RSV prevention strategies may provide.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-27
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2059-0105
    ISSN (online) 2059-0105
    DOI 10.1038/s41541-022-00550-5
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Spatiotemporal patterns of diarrhea incidence in Ghana and the impact of meteorological and socio-demographic factors.

    Asare, Ernest O / Warren, Joshua L / Pitzer, Virginia E

    Frontiers in epidemiology

    2022  Volume 2

    Abstract: Background: Diarrhea remains a significant public health problem and poses a considerable financial burden on Ghana's health insurance scheme. In order to prioritize district-level hotspots of diarrhea incidence for effective targeted interventions, it ... ...

    Abstract Background: Diarrhea remains a significant public health problem and poses a considerable financial burden on Ghana's health insurance scheme. In order to prioritize district-level hotspots of diarrhea incidence for effective targeted interventions, it is important to understand the potential drivers of spatiotemporal patterns of diarrhea. We aimed to identify the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of diarrhea incidence in Ghana and explore how meteorological and socio-demographic factors influence the patterns.
    Methods: We used monthly district-level clinically diagnosed diarrhea data between 2012 and 2018 obtained from the Centre for Health Information and Management of the Ghana Health Services. We utilized a hierarchical Bayesian spatiotemporal modeling framework to evaluate potential associations between district-level monthly diarrhea incidence and meteorological variables (mean temperature, diurnal temperature range, surface water presence) and socio-demographic factors (population density, Gini index, District League Table score) in Ghana. In addition, we investigated whether these associations were consistent across the four agro-ecological zones.
    Results: There was considerable spatial heterogeneity in diarrhea patterns across the districts, with clusters of high diarrhea risk areas mostly found in the transition and savannah zones. The average monthly temporal patterns of diarrhea revealed a weak biannual seasonality with major and minor peaks in June and October, respectively, coinciding with the major and minor rainy seasons. We found a significant association between both meteorological and socio-demographic factors and diarrhea risk, but the strength and direction of associations differed across the four agro-ecological zones. Surface water presence demonstrated consistently positive, while diurnal temperature range and population density demonstrated consistently negative associations with diarrhea both overall and across the agro-ecological zones.
    Conclusions: Although overall diarrhea incidence is declining in Ghana, our results revealed high-risk districts that could benefit from district-specific tailored intervention strategies to improve control efforts. Ghana health sector policy-makers can use these results to assess the effectiveness of ongoing interventions at the district level and prioritize resource allocation for diarrhea control.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-08
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2674-1199
    ISSN (online) 2674-1199
    DOI 10.3389/fepid.2022.871232
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Household studies provide key insights on the transmission of, and susceptibility to, SARS-CoV-2.

    Pitzer, Virginia E / Cohen, Ted

    The Lancet. Infectious diseases

    2020  Volume 20, Issue 10, Page(s) 1103–1104

    MeSH term(s) Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; China ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral ; Retrospective Studies ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/epidemiology
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-06-17
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 2061641-7
    ISSN 1474-4457 ; 1473-3099
    ISSN (online) 1474-4457
    ISSN 1473-3099
    DOI 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30514-4
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 5743: Show issues Location:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
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    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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  6. Article ; Online: Asymptomatic Transmission and the Infection Fatality Risk for COVID-19: Implications for School Reopening.

    Vermund, Sten H / Pitzer, Virginia E

    Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

    2020  Volume 72, Issue 9, Page(s) 1493–1496

    Abstract: Asymptomatic infection occurs for numerous respiratory viral diseases, including influenza and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We seek to clarify confusion in 3 areas: age-specific risks of transmission and/or disease; various definitions for the ... ...

    Abstract Asymptomatic infection occurs for numerous respiratory viral diseases, including influenza and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We seek to clarify confusion in 3 areas: age-specific risks of transmission and/or disease; various definitions for the COVID-19 "mortality rate," each useful for specific purposes; and implications for student return strategies from preschool through university settings.
    MeSH term(s) Asymptomatic Infections ; COVID-19 ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Influenza, Human/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Schools
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-06-25
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 1099781-7
    ISSN 1537-6591 ; 1058-4838
    ISSN (online) 1537-6591
    ISSN 1058-4838
    DOI 10.1093/cid/ciaa855
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    Zs.A 1505: Show issues Location:
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    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG)
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    Zs.MO 480: Show issues

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  7. Article ; Online: Assessment and optimization of respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis in Connecticut, 1996-2013.

    Artin, Ben / Pitzer, Virginia E / Weinberger, Daniel M

    Scientific reports

    2021  Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 10684

    Abstract: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes seasonal respiratory infection, with hospitalization rates of up to 50% in high-risk infants. Palivizumab provides safe and effective, yet costly, immunoprophylaxis. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) ... ...

    Abstract Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes seasonal respiratory infection, with hospitalization rates of up to 50% in high-risk infants. Palivizumab provides safe and effective, yet costly, immunoprophylaxis. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends palivizumab only for high-risk infants and only during the RSV season. Outside of Florida, the current guidelines do not recommend regional adjustments to the timing of the immunoprophylaxis regimen. Our hypothesis is that adjusting the RSV prophylaxis regimen in Connecticut based on spatial variation in the timing of RSV incidence can reduce the disease burden compared to the current AAP-recommended prophylaxis regimen. We obtained weekly RSV-associated hospital admissions by ZIP-code in Connecticut between July 1996 and June 2013. We estimated the fraction of all Connecticut RSV cases occurring during the period of protection offered by immunoprophylaxis ("preventable fraction") under the AAP guidelines. We then used the same model to estimate protection conferred by immunoprophylaxis regimens with alternate start dates, but unchanged duration. The fraction of RSV hospitalizations preventable by the AAP guidelines varies by county because of variations in epidemic timing. Prophylaxis regimens adjusted for state- or county-level variation in the timing of RSV seasons are superior to the AAP-recommended regimen. The best alternative strategy yielded a preventable fraction of 95.1% (95% CI 94.7-95.4%), compared to 94.1% (95% CI 93.7-94.5%) for the AAP recommendation. In Connecticut, county-level recommendations would provide only a minimal additional benefit while adding complexity. Initiating RSV prophylaxis based on state-level data may improve protection compared with the AAP recommendations.
    MeSH term(s) Connecticut/epidemiology ; Geography, Medical ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Incidence ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Public Health Surveillance ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/epidemiology ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/history ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/virology ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human ; Seasons
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-21
    Publishing country England
    Document type Historical Article ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-021-90107-8
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Advancing code sharing in the computational biology community.

    Cadwallader, Lauren / Mac Gabhann, Feilim / Papin, Jason / Pitzer, Virginia E

    PLoS computational biology

    2022  Volume 18, Issue 6, Page(s) e1010193

    MeSH term(s) Computational Biology ; Computer Simulation ; Software
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Editorial
    ZDB-ID 2193340-6
    ISSN 1553-7358 ; 1553-734X
    ISSN (online) 1553-7358
    ISSN 1553-734X
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010193
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  9. Article ; Online: Strategies for typhoid conjugate vaccines in endemic nations - Authors' reply.

    Pitzer, Virginia E / Pollard, Andrew J / Bilcke, Joke

    The Lancet. Infectious diseases

    2021  Volume 21, Issue 3, Page(s) 321–322

    MeSH term(s) Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Humans ; Salmonella typhi/immunology ; Typhoid Fever/epidemiology ; Typhoid Fever/prevention & control ; Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines ; Vaccines, Conjugate
    Chemical Substances Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines ; Vaccines, Conjugate
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Letter ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 2061641-7
    ISSN 1474-4457 ; 1473-3099
    ISSN (online) 1474-4457
    ISSN 1473-3099
    DOI 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00018-9
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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 5743: Show issues Location:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
    bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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  10. Article: Incorporating data from multiple endpoints in the analysis of clinical trials: example from RSV vaccines.

    Prunas, Ottavia / Willemsen, Joukje E / Bont, Louis / Pitzer, Virginia E / Warren, Joshua L / Weinberger, Daniel M

    medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences

    2023  

    Abstract: Background: To achieve licensure, interventions typically must demonstrate efficacy against a primary outcome in a randomized clinical trial. However, selecting a single primary outcome : Method: We simulated data from three different populations in ... ...

    Abstract Background: To achieve licensure, interventions typically must demonstrate efficacy against a primary outcome in a randomized clinical trial. However, selecting a single primary outcome
    Method: We simulated data from three different populations in which the efficacy of the intervention and the correlation among outcomes varied. We developed a novel permutation-based approach that represents a weighted average of individual outcome test statistics (
    Results: When the vaccine efficacy against different outcomes was similar,
    Conclusions: Analyzing multiple endpoints using a weighted permutation method can increase power while controlling the type I error rate in settings where outcomes share similar characteristics, like RSV outcomes. We developed an R package,
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2023.02.07.23285596
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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